UNIT 1

Introduction to Simple Stress,

Strain& Thermal Stresses

CONTENTS
Chapter 1.I
drlerwable
Simple Stress & Strain
Basic of Stress & Strain
Elastic Constants
Stress-Strain Diagram
Hooke's Law

Poisson's Ratio
Shear Stresses
Stresses in the components Subjected to Multi-Axial Forces

Statically Indeterminate Systems

Chapter 1.2
Thermal Stresses
Change in length
Thermal Strain
Thermal Stress

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Mechanics of Salids I 1-2

I.l: Simple Stress 8 Strain

Chapter
1.1.1 Basics of Stress and Strain
of deformable bodies or Resistant Bodi es
he subject Mechanics of Solids is the study
Resistant bodies are those, which are capable of transmitting the required force with Soe with some
TOTiceable deformation. While transmitting these forces, the body 1s Ssubjected to interma
a
resisting forces, which helps the body to transmit required load without breaking. These
the atoms of the
These
tsisting torces are induced in body because of intermolecular bond between
Ody, which attracts its neighbor atoms with an attraction force (Vander Waal's force). The
attraction force enables the body to resist the applied load so that the body will not detorm, Due
to this a resisting force induces over the volume of body which is opposite in sense of load

applied. When we consider the induced resisting force per unit area this particular term is called
fress ad due to this body starts deforming and changes its dimension, and the ratio of change
in dimension to the
original dimension is called Strain.
The
subject "Mechanics of solids" is based on the stress and strain calculation under various
loading conditions.
1.1.2 Derivation for Relation of Stress
Consider a bar of any cross-section area 'A'.
Let us assume a
member under tension the
applied, an internal resisting force F is set up in magnitude
of load applied is P due to this load
the body.

AA (Small element
area)
P AF
PP

Fig. (a)
Consider a small elemental area AA and the force
Fig. (b)
on that small
stress i.e. resisting force per unit area is: elemental area be AFthen,
= lim _ dF
AA 0 AA
dA
dF = odA

Aeming, stress are unutormly distributed on the

stress is constant [ o =constant] plane of cross-section of the har honi
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For equilibrium condition the resisting force must be equal to appied force therefore ie F - P.

In the above relation the P is not applied suddenly but it is applied gradually. Therefore.

sometime this stress is also called average stress"

L1.1.3 Longitudinal Stress and its Types

The stress which acts normal to the cross section (ie. at 9 with cross-sectiom) of the
member is called normal stress or direct stress. The longitudinal stress is one which acts alomg
lomgitudinal axis of member under load.

There are two types of normal stress:

6) Tensile stress i) Compressive stress
i) Tensile stress: When load is applied to a member which tends to elongate the member, the
load is called Tensile load. In this condition the stress produced in the member is called
Tensile stress.

Tensile Tensile
load (P) load (P)

Stress
P o r P =GA

Stress

P
orP = oAA

At sectionX-X the nature of stress and resisting force setup within the body is to balance the
effect of externally applied force and this stress is so that it would also tend to elongate the
member (see figure above). Assuming stresses to be uniformly distributed on the cross-
section.