MODULE 1

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D MANINGDING 1
CHAPTER I. PRINCIPLE OF STATICS 2. DYNAMICS

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES STATICS OF RIGID BODIES The study of bodies is in

1.Explain the fundamental principle related to Statics of
Rigid Bodies.
2.Understand the concepts of force systems.
3.Discuss the introduction of free-body diagram
4. Identify the difference between the vector and scalar
quantities.
5.Discuss the parallelogram and triangular law
6.Review the unit of measurement.
1.1 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS & DEFINITION f
ENGINEERING MECHANICS IS the branch of science which
describes and predicts the condition of rest or motion of
bodies under the action of forces.
equilibrium. This means there are no unbalanced forces on
the body, thus the body is at rest or moving at a uniform
velocity.
DYNAMICS OF RIGID BODIES is the branch of mechanics which
deals with the study of bodies in motion.
1.2. FORCE SYSTEM
FORCE may be defined as the action of one body on
another body that affects the state of motion or rest of
body. In late 17th century , sir Isaac Newton summarized
the effect effects of force in three basic laws.

MECHANICS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE BRANCHES:

1. RIGID-BODIES MECHANICS

2. DEFORMABLE-RIGID BODIES

3. FLUID MECHANICS

Mechanics of Rigid Bodies: This course deals solely with

the mechanics of rigid bodies. A rigid body is a body
which does not deform under the influence of forces.
➢ FIRST LAW: Any body at rest will remain at
.RIGID- BODIES MECHANICS DEALS WITH
rest and any body in motion will move
1. STATICS

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 uniformly in a straight line, unless acted ➢ THIRD LAW: For every force of action, there is
upon by the force.( EQUILIBRIUM) a reaction that is equal in magnitude, opposite
in direction and has the same line of action.

F2 Force A on B
F1
Force of B on A
V A B

F3 C. Action-reaction

a. Equilibrium

➢ SECOND LAW: The time rate of change of momentum

is equal to the force producing it, and the
change takes place in the direction in which
the force is acting.

F=mxa
a
F

b. Accelerated Motion

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CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE

A force is characterized by its (a) Point Of Application

(b)Magnitude, (c) direction /position of its line of
action

a) Point of Application: Defines the point where the

force is applied.
b) Magnitude: Refers to the quantity of force, a
numerical measure of the intensity.
Basic unit Of a force
a.SI (Metric) system
1.0 (kg.m)/s^2= 1.0 N(Newton)
b.English System
1.0 (slug.ft)/s^2= 1.0 lb(pound)
c) Direction can be defined by:
Rope pulling on an eyebolt
2. SENSE OF A FORCE: specifies direction (positive or
negative) in which the force moves along the line of
action. Graphically, the sense can be represented by
an arrowhead
3. TENSION AND COMPRESSION FORCE
a. Tension Force: may be described as the pulling
force transmitted through a rope, string or wire
b. Compression force: is the action or state of being
squished down or pressed down.

1. Line of action refresents an infinite straight line

along which the force is acting.

a. Force in Tension b. Force in Compression

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 RIGID BODIES Types of forces
In Statics, we deal with a body of matter which
undergoes no deformation. Force systems are often identified by the type or
types of system on which they act.
Rigid bodies defined as a definite amount of the 1. Collinear- All forces acting along the same
matters the parts of which are fixed in position straight line
relative to each other.

(a) Original, unloaded box. (b) Rigid body (example: stone) (c) Deformable body (example: foam).

Force System any arrangement where two or more forces act 2. Coplanar- All forces acting in the same plane
on a body or on a group of related bodies. otherwise they are non-coplanar.

Forces in a buttress system

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 3. Parallel- Forces that act in the same or opposite directions at 4. Coplanar, Parallel- all forces are parallel and
different points on an object. act in the same plane.

4.Concurrent- forces that all act on the same point.

A beam supported by a series of columns

5. Coplanar ,Concurrent- all forces intersects at a

common point and lie in the same plane

Loads applied to a roof truss.

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6. Non-coplanar, parallel- all forces are parallel
to each other, but not all lie in the same plane.
Column loads in a concrete building.
7. Non-coplanar, concurrent-all forces intersects at
a common point but do not all lie in the same
plane.
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES |
One component of a three-dimensional space frame
8. Non-coplanar,non-concurrent - all forces are
skewed
Array of forces acting simultaneously
on a house.
1.3.Introduction to Free-Body Diagrams
One of the most important concepts in mechanics is
that of the free-body diagram. A sketch of the isolated
body which shows only forces acting upon the body is
defined as a free-body diagram. The forces acting on the
free body diagram are the action forces, also called the
applied forces. The reaction forces are those exerted by
the free body upon other bodies. The free body may
consist of an entire assembled structure or an isolated
part of it.
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 i1.4.Scalar and Vector Quantities Introduction

Scalar Quantity has only magnitude, but no direction.

Example: Length, mass, volume, pressure

Example:

30KN+100KN=130 KN

Vector Quantity has both magnitude and direction.

Example: Displacement, velocity, acceleration

Example:

30 KN + 100KN = 70 KN

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i1.5.Parallelogram Law and Triangle Law
Parallelogram Law
The resultant of two forces is the diagonal of the
parallelogram formed on the vectors of these forces.
Two vectors can be added to give a resultant; this
resultant in turn can be added to a third vector
Triangle Law
If two forces are represented by their free vectors
placed tip to tail, their resultant vector is the third
side of the triangle, the direction of the resultant
being from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the
last vector.
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1.6. UnitS Of Measurement
Units are arbitrary names we give to the physical
quantities.
We will work with two units in Statics:
1. International System (S.I)
The International System of Units, abbreaviated SI
after the French “Systѐme International d’ Unitѐs” is a
modern version of the metric system which has received
worldwide recognition. As shown in Table 1-1, the SI
system defines length in meters(m), time in seconds(s),
and mass in kilograms (kg). The unit of force, called
(N), is derived from F=ma. Thus, 1 newton is equal to a
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force required to give 1 kilogram of mass an acceleration 𝑊 32.2𝑓𝑡
𝑚= (𝑔 = )
of 1m/s2(N=kg. m/s2). 𝑔 𝑠2

If the weight of a body located at the “standard

location” is to be determined in Newton’s, then W=mg must
be applied. Here measurements give g=9.80665 m/s2, 1 slug
however, for calculations, the value of g=9.81 m/s2 will
be used. Thus,
32.2 lb
W=mg (g=9.81 m/s2)

1 kg

9.81 N

2.U.S. Costumary (USCS)/ English System

In the U.S. customary system of units (FPS) length is

measured in feet(ft), time in seconds(s), and force in
pounds(lb), in table 1-1.The unit of mass , called a
slug, is derived from F=ma.Hence, 1 slug is equal to the
amount of matter accelerated at 1 ft/s2 when acted upon
by a force of 1 lb(slug=lb.ft/s2).Therefore, if the
measurements are made at the “standard location”,where
g=32.2 ft/s2, thus

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 Conversion Of Units B.WEIGHT/MASS

A.Length Units in English System

1 pound (lb) 16 ounces (oz)
Units in English System 1 ton (T) 2000 pounds(lb)
1 foot(ft) 12 inches(in) 1 slug 32,174 pounds(lb)
1 yard(yd) 3 feet(ft)
1 yard(yd) 36 inches(in)
1 mile(mi) 5280 feet(ft) Units in Metric System
1 gram(g) 1000milligrams (mg)
1 gram (g) 100 centigrams(cg)
Units in Metric System 1 gram (g) 10 decigrams (dg)
1 meter(m) 1000 millimeters(mm) 1 decagram (dag) 10 grams(g)
1 meter(m) 100 centimeters(cm) 1 hectogram (hg) 100 grams (g)
1 meter(m) 10 decimeters(dm) 1 kilograms (kg) 1000 grams(g)
1 decameter(dam) 10 meters(m)
1 hectometer(hm) 100 meters(m)
1 kilometer(km) 1000 meters(m) System to System Conversions
1 ounce 28.3 grams(gram)
1 pound 0.45 kilogram(kg)
System to System Conversions 1 slug 14.59 kilogram(kg)
1 inch(in) 2.54 centimeters(cm)
1 meter(m) 3.28 feet(ft)
1 mile 1.61 kilometer(km)

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C. FORCES Metrix Prefixes in everyday use

Text Symbol Factor

Table 1.1. System Of Units tera T 1E+12
giga G 1E+09
NAME LENGTH TIME MASS FORCE mega M 1000000
Internationa Meter(m) Second(s) Kiligram(kg) Newton(N)
kilo k 1000
l System Of (kg.m)/S2
hecto h 100
units(SI)
deca da 10
U.S. Foot(ft) Second(s) Slug Pound
none none 1
Customary (lb)
FPS deci d 0.1
centi c 0.01
milli m 0.001
micro u 0.000001
Table 1.2. Common Conversion Factors nano n 1E-09
pico p 1E-12
Quantity Unit of Unit of
Measurement (FPS) measurement(SI)
Force 1 Lb 4.448 N
Mass 1 Slug 14.59Kg
Length 1 ft 0.3048m

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Convert the following: 4. 75 miles per hr to meter per second

1.550 km to cm 𝒎𝒊 𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝒌𝒎 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝟏 𝒉𝒓 𝟏 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒎

𝟕𝟓 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟒
𝒉𝒓 𝟏 𝒎𝒊 𝟏 𝒌𝒎 𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝟔𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒄 𝒔
2.10 meters to inches

3. 100.35 hectograms to slug

4. 75 miles per hr to meter per second

Example1.1: Convert the quantities 300 lb.s and 52 slug/ft3 to
5. 1 (slug.ft)/s^2 to (kg.m)/s^2 appropriate SI Units.
Solution: Solution
1.500 km to cm Using table 1.2. , 1 lb=4.448 N
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎 4.448 𝑁
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝒎𝒙 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 300 lb.s = 300lb.s x ( )
𝟏 𝒌𝒎 1 𝑙𝑏

= 1334.4 N.s= 1.33 KN.s ans.

2.10 meters to inches Since Slug = 14.59 kg and 1 ft =0.3048 m, then

52𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 14.59𝑘𝑔 1 𝑓𝑡
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 52 slug/ ft3 =( )(( )( ) 3
𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟑𝟗𝟑. 𝟕𝟎 𝒊𝒏 𝑓𝑡3 1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 0.3048
𝟏𝒎 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 𝒄𝒎
= 26.8(103) Kg/m3
3.100.35 hectograms to slug
=26.8 Mg/m3 ans.
𝟏𝒌𝒈 𝟏 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 𝒉𝒈𝒙 𝒙 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈
𝟏𝟎 𝒉𝒈 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟗𝒌𝒈

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D MANINGDING 13
Example 2.2. Determine the weight in N of a cylinder
whose mass is 1400 kg. Convert the mass of the car to
slugs and then determined its weight in pounds.
a. Weigt of a car in N
EXERCISE 1.6
PROBLEM 1. Determine the weight in N of a cylinder whose
mass is 1400 kg. Convert the mass of the cylinder to
slugs and then determine its weight in pounds.

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 1400(9.81) = 13,734𝑁 𝑎𝑛𝑠

b. Mass of the car into slugs

1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
𝑚 = 1400𝑘𝑔 [ ] = 95.956 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔𝑠
14.594𝑘𝑔

c. Weight of car in pounds’

𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = (95.956)(32.2) = 3089.783𝑙𝑏

PROBLEM#2.Convert each of the following to three

significant figures: (a)20 lb.ft to N.m, (b) 450 lb/ft3
to KN/m3, and (c)15 ft/h to mm/s.

Problem#3. The density (mass/volume)of aluminum is 5.26

slug/ft3. Determine its density in SI units. Use an
appropriate prefix.

Proble#4. Water has a density of 1.94 slug/ft3. What is

the density expressed in SI units?Express the answer to
three significant figures.

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References:

Portrait of Newton at 46 by Godfrey Kneller,1689,

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-
IsaacNewton-1689.jpg

Barry Onouye, Kevin Kane, C 2012, Statics and

Strength of Materials for Architecture and Building
Construction 4th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.,
Prentice Hall, One Lake Street ,Upper Saddle River,
New Jersey 07458

R. C. HIBBELER,C 2013, Engineering Mechanics Statics 13th

edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson Prentice Hall
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Singer,Ferdinand L,C 1954,Engineering Mechanics, 2nd

edition,Harper & Row, New York, Evanston & London

Action and Reaction Force acting on wall figure

https://www.google.com/search?q=action+and+reaction+forces+act
s+on+wall&rlz=1C1CHZN_enPH936PH937&sxsrf=AOaemvKG-
1pPOFaGeCsi77JFDA10gnbYDQ:1631503064342&source=lnms&tbm=isch&s
a=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWgObE_vryAhUGQfUHHRwSD5IQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=13
66&bih=657#imgrc=WnsVwfEzNueJbM

ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D MANINGDING 15
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D MANINGDING 16