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ENGINEERING MECHANICS IS the branch of science which FORCE may be defined as the action of one body on
describes and predicts the condition of rest or motion of another body that affects the state of motion or rest of
bodies under the action of forces. body. In late 17th century , sir Isaac Newton summarized
the effect effects of force in three basic laws.
MECHANICS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE BRANCHES:
1. RIGID-BODIES MECHANICS
2. DEFORMABLE-RIGID BODIES
3. FLUID MECHANICS
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 2
Force A on B
F2
F1 Force of B on A
A B
V
b. Action-reaction
F3
a. Equilibrium
F=mxa
Ground resistance on a building
a
For example, if a building with a weight W is placed on the
F
ground, we can say that the building is exerting a downward force
of W on the ground. However, for the building to remain stable on
b. Accelerated Motion the resisting ground surface without sinking completely, the
ground must resist with an upward force of equal magnitude. If
the ground resisted with a force less than W, where R < W, the
building would settle. On the other hand, if the ground exerted
THIRD LAW: For every force of action, there is an upward force greater than W (R > W), the building would rise
a reaction that is equal in magnitude, opposite (levitate).
in direction and has the same line of action.
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 3
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FORCE Notes:
The sense and direction can be either written
A force is characterized by its (a) magnitude, (b)
as (down and to the right, up and to the left)
direction, (c) point of application/position of its line
of action It can be also expressed in terms of 360 deg.(
i,e. 112 degrees, 273 degrees,87.5 degrees). In
a) Point of Application: Defines the point where the the later case, one begins with zero and
force is applied. increases clockwise with the direction of the
b) Magnitude: Refers to the quantity of force, a arrow head until 360 is reached.
numerical measure of the intensity.
c) Direction can be defined by:
TENSION AND COMPRESSION FORCE
1. Line of action refresents an infinite straight line a. Tension Force: may be described as the pulling
along which the force is acting. force transmitted through a rope, string or wire
b. Compression force: is the action or state of being
squished down or pressed down.
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 4
2. Coplanar- All forces acting in the same plane.
RIGID BODIES
In Statics, we deal with a body of matter which
undergoes no deformation.
(a) Original, unloaded box. (b) Rigid body (example: stone) (c) Deformable body (example: foam).
Forces in a buttress system
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 5
4. Coplanar ,Concurrent- all forces intersects at a
common point and lie in the same plane 6. Non-coplanar, concurrent-all forces intersects at
a common point but do not all lie in the same
plane.
5. Non-coplanar, parallel- all forces are parallel One component of a three-dimensional space frame
to each other, but not all lie in the same plane.
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 6
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FORCE Treating the nail as the body under consideration, we can
then say that forces F and S are external forces. They are
EXTERNAL FORCE-the external effect of a force tends to being applied outside the boundaries of the nail. External
change the state of motion of a body. forces represent the action of other bodies on the rigid
body. Let’s consider just a portion of the nail and examine
- are the forces that the forces acting on it. In the frictional force S plus
emanate from the outside the system the force R (the resistance generated by the nail internally)
- are those which are resist the applied force F. This internal force R is responsi-
applied to the element such as beam or column. ble for keeping the nail from pulling apart.
INTERNAL FORCE- the internal effect of a force is to
produce stress and deformation in the body on which the 1.3.Introduction to Free-Body Diagrams
forces acts.
One of the most important concepts in mechanics is
that of the free-body diagram. A sketch of the isolated
body which shows only forces acting upon the body is
If we remove the nail and examine the forces acting on it,
we discover frictional forces that develop on the embedded defined as a free-body diagram. The forces acting on the
surface of the nail to resist the withdrawal force F free body diagram are the action forces, also called the
applied forces. The reaction forces are those exerted by
the free body upon other bodies. The free body may
consist of an entire assembled structure or an isolated
Withdrawal force on a nail. part of it.
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 7
Vector Quantity has both magnitude and direction.
Parallelogram Law
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 8
Triangle Law standard unit of length is defined, one can then use it to
define distances and geometric properties of a body as
If two forces are represented by their free vectors multiples of this unit.
placed tip to tail, their resultant vector is the third
side of the triangle, the direction of the resultant 2. Mass is a measure of a quantity of matter that is used to
compare the action of one body with that of another. This
being from the tail of the first vector to the tip of the
properly manifests itself as a gravitational attraction
last vector.
between two bodies and provides a measure of the resistance
of matter to a change in velocity.
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 9
force required to give 1 kilogram of mass an acceleration 𝑊 32.2𝑓𝑡
𝑚= (𝑔 = )
of 1m/s2(N=kg. m/s2). 𝑔 𝑠2
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 10
Example1.1: Convert the quantities 300 lb and 52 slug/ft 3 to EXERCISE 1:
appropriate SI Units.
PROBLEM 1. Determine the weight in N of a cylinder whose
Solution mass is 1400 kg. Convert the mass of the cylinder to
Using table 1.1. , 1 lb=4.448 N slugs and then determine its weight in pounds.
4.448 𝑁
300 lb.s = 300lb ( 1 𝑙𝑏
)
52𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 14.59𝑘𝑔 1 𝑓𝑡
52 slug/ ft3 =( 𝑓𝑡3
)(( 1 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔 ) (0.3048) 3
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 11
References:
ES11 – STATICS OF RIGID BODIES | PREPARED BY: ENGR. RUTH ANN D. MANINGDING 12