NLM Unacademy

Force
The concept of force is used to explain mutual interaction between two material bodies as the action of
one body on another in form of push or pull, which brings out or tries to bring out a change in the state
of motion of the two bodies. A mutual interaction between two bodies, which creates force on one
body, also creates force on the other body. Force on body under study is known as action and the
force applied by this body on the other is known as reaction.
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Newton has published three laws, which describe how forces affect motion of a body on which they act.
These laws are fundamental in nature in the sense that the first law gives concept of force, inertia and the
inertial frames; the second law defines force and the third law action and reaction as two aspects of mutual
interaction between two bodies.
The First Law

Every material body has tendency to preserve its state of rest, or of uniform motion in a straight line,
unless it is compelled to change that state by external forces impressed on it.
• Inertia
* The tendency of a material body to preserve its present state of uniform motion or of rest is
known as inertia of the body. It was first conceived by Galileo.
* Inertia is a physical quantity and mass of a material body is measure of its inertia.
• Inertial Frame of Reference
* The first law requires a frame of reference in which only the forces acting on a body can be
responsible for any acceleration produced in the body and not the acceleration of the frame of
reference. These frames of reference are known as inertial frames.
* All none - accelerating frame are inertial.
The Second Law

* A body of mass m in translational motion with velocity v , if acted upon with a net external force F , the
second law suggests:
 d 
F  (mv)
dt
* If mass of the body is constant, the above equation relates the acceleration a of the body with the net

force F acting on it.
 d  
F  (mv)  ma
dt
* The first law provides concept of force and the second law provides the quantitative definition of
force, therefore the second law is also valid only in inertial frames.
NUCLEUS-92, Rajeev Gandhi Nagar, Kota (Raj.) India 324005, Mob. 9358006181, 9783197831 1
* SI unit of force is newton. It is abbreviated as N. One newton equals to one kilogram-meter per
second square.
1 N = 1 kg-m/s2
Dimensions of force are MLT–2
The Third Law
Force is always a two-body interaction. The first law describes qualitatively and the second law
describes quantitatively what happens to a body if a force acts on it, but do not reveal anything about
what happens to the other body participating in the interaction responsible for the force.
The third law accounts for this aspect of the force and states that every action on a body has equal and
opposite reaction of same nature on the other body participating in the interaction.
Spring Force
When no force acts on a spring, it is in relaxed condition i.e. neither compressed nor elongated.
Consider a spring attached to a fixed support at one of its end and the other end is free. If we neglect
gravity, it remains in relaxed state. When it is pushed by a force F, it is compressed and displacement
x of its free end is called compression. When the spring is pulled by a force F, it is elongated and
displacement x of its free end is called elongation. Various forces developed in these situations are
shown in the following figure.
* The force applied by the spring on the wall and the force applied by the wall on the spring make a third
law action-reaction pair. Similarly, force by hand on the spring and the force by spring on the hand
make another third law action-reaction pair.
Hooke's Law:
How spring force varies with deformation in length x of the spring is also shown in the following figure.
The force F varies linearly with x and acts in a direction opposite to x. Therefore, it is expressed by the
following equation
F = – kx
Here, the minus (–) sign represents the fact that force F is always opposite to x.
* The constant of proportionality k is known as force constant of the spring or simply as spring
constant.
* The slope modulus of the graph equals to the spring constant.
* SI unit of spring constant is newton per meter or (N/m).
* Dimensions of spring constant are MT–2.
Translational Equilibrium
A body in state of rest or moving with constant velocity is said to be in translational equilibrium. Thus if
a body is in translational equilibrium in a particular inertial frame of reference, it must have no linear
acceleration. When it is at rest, it is in static equilibrium, whereas if it is moving at constant velocity it is
in dynamic equilibrium.
Conditions for translational equilibrium
For a body to be in translational equilibrium, no net force must act on it i.e. vector sum of all the forces
acting on it must be zero.
   
If several external forces F1 , F2 ..... Fi ..... and Fn act simultaneously
on a body and the body is in translational equilibrium, the resultant of
these forces must be zero.
 
F i 0
   
If the forces F1 , F2 ..... Fi .....and Fn are expressed in Cartesian components,
we have :
F ix 0 F iy 0 F iz 0
If a body is acted upon by a single external force, it cannot be in equilibrium.

If a body is in equilibrium under the action of only two external forces, the forces must be equal and
opposite.
If a body is in equilibrium under action of three forces, their resultant must be zero; therefore, according
to the triangle law of vector addition they must be coplanar and make a closed triangle.
   
F1  F2  F3  0 
The situation can be analyzed by either graphical method or analytical method.

• Analytical method makes use of Cartesian components. Since
the forces involved make a closed triangle, they lie in a

plane and a two-dimensional Cartesian frame can be used
to resolve the forces. As far as possible orientation of the
x-y frame is selected in such a manner that angles made by
forces with axes should have convenient values.
F
x  0  F1 x  F2 x  F3 x  0
F
y  0  F1 y  F2 y  F3 y  0
Problems involving more than three forces should be analyzed by analytical method. However, in some
situations, there may be some parallel or anti-parallel forces and they should be combined first to minimize
the number of forces. This may sometimes lead a problem involving more than three forces to a three-
force system.
Example
(1) A box of weight 103 N is held in equilibrium with the help of two strings OA and OB as shown in figure-
I. The string OA is horizontal. Find the tensions in both the strings.
Fig. I
Solution
Free body diagram of the box
Analytical Method: Use Cartesian components

F x 0  T2 cos 60   T ...(i)
F y
0  T2 sin 60   1 0 3 ...(ii)
From equation (i) & (ii) we have T1=10N and T2=20N
Example
(2) Two boxes A and B of masses m and M respectively are suspended by a system of
pulleys are in equilibrium as shown. Express M in terms of m.
Solution
Since tension on both sides of a pulley are equal and string is massless therefore tension everywhere on
the string must have same magnitude.
FBD of block A FBD of pulley FBD of Block B

 
For equilibrium of block A  F  0  T = mg ...(i)
 
For equilibrium of pulley attached to block B F  0  F = 2T ...(ii)
 
For equilibrium of block B  F  0  F = Mg ...(iii)
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we have M = 2m
Example
(3) A block of mass m placed on a smooth floor is
connected to a fixed support with the help of a spring of
force constant k. It is pulled by a rope as shown in the
figure. Tension force T of the rope is increased gradually
without changing its direction, until the block losses
contact from the floor. The increase in rope tension T is
so gradual that acceleration in the block can be neglected.
(a) Well before the block losses contact from the floor, draw its free body diagram.
(b) What is the necessary tension in the rope so that the block looses contact from the floor?
(c) What is the extension in the spring, when the block looses contact with the floor?
Solution
(a) Free body diagram of the block, well before it looses contact with the floor.
(b) When the block is about to leave the floor, it is not pressing the floor.
Therefore N = 0 and the block is in equilibrium.
F x 0  T cos   kx ...(i)
F y 0  T sin   mg ...(ii)
From equations (ii), we have T = mgcosec 
mg cot 
(c) From equation (i) and (ii), we have x 
k
Example
(4) Two blocks A and B of masses m1 and m2 connected by uniform string of mass m and length  are
placed on smooth floor as shown in the figure. The string also lies on the floor. The block A is pulled
by a constant force F.
(a) Find accelerations a of both the blocks and tensions TA and TB at the ends of the string.
(b) Find an expression for tension T in the string at a distance x from the rear block in terms of TA, TB,
m,  and x.
Solution
It is obvious that both the blocks and the whole string move with the same acceleration say it is 'a'. Since
string has mass it may have different tensions at different points.
(a) Applying NLM to block A.
TA : Tension of the string at end connected to block A.
N1 : Normal reaction of floor
F x  ma x  F  TA  m 1 a ...(i)
F y 0  N1  m 1 g ...(ii)
Applying NLM to the rope
TB : Tension of string at end connected to block B.

N : Normal reaction of floor
F x  ma x  TA  TB  ma ...(iii)
F y 0  N  mg ...(iv)
Applying NLM to the block B

TB : Tension of string
N2 : Normal reaction from floor
F x  ma x  TB  m 2 a ...(v)
F y 0  N2  m 2 g ...(vi)
From equations (i), (iii) and (v), we have
a
F
TA 
m  m2  F TB 
m2 F
m  m1  m 2 ...(vii) m  m1  m2
...(viii) m  m1  m 2 ...(ix)
(b) To find tension at a point x distance away from block B, we can consider string of length x or –x.
Let as consider length of string x and apply NLM.
mx
: mass of length x.

Tx = Tension at distance x
Nx = Normal reaction of floor
mx
F x  ma x  Tx  TB 

a ...(x)
From equation (vii), (viii), (ix) and (x), we have Tx   m x  m 2  F

   m  m1  m 2
System of Interconnected bodies
In system of interconnected bodies, several bodies are interconnected in various manners through some
sort of physical links. Sometimes these physical links includes ropes and pulleys and sometimes the
bodies under investigation are pushing each other through direct contact. In systems consisting of bodies
interconnected through ropes and pulleys, relation between their accelerations depends on the arrangement
of the ropes and pulleys. In addition, in system where bodies push each other, they affect relation
between their accelerations due to their shapes.
String Constraint
When two objects are connected through a string and if the string have the following properties :
(a) The length of the string remains constant i.e. inextensible string.
(b) Always remains tight, does not slacks.
Then the parameters of the motion of the objects along the length of the string and in the direction of
extension have a definite relation between them.
Steps for String Constraint
Step 1. Identify all the objects and number of strings in the problem.
Step 2. Assume variable to represent the parameters of motion such as displacement, velocity
acceleration etc.
(i) Object which moves along a line can be specified by one variable.
(ii) Object moving in a plane are specified by two variables.
(iii) Objects moving in 3-D requires three variables to represent the motion.
Step 3. Identify a single string and divide it into different linear sections and write in the
equation format.  1+  2+  3+  4+  5+  6 = 
Step 4. Differentiate with respect to time
d 1 d 2 d 3
   ....  0
dt dt dt
d 1
= represents the rate of increment of the portion 1, end points are always in contact with
dt
d
some object so take the velocity of the object along the length of the string dt1  V1  V2
Take positive sign if it tends to increase the length and negative sign if it tends to decrease the
length. Here +V1 represents that upper end is tending to increase the length at rate V1 and
lower end is tending to increase the length at rate V2.
Step 5. Repeat all above steps for different-different strings.
Let us consider a problem given below
Here 1 + 2 = constant
d 1 d 2
+ 0
dt dt VP VP
1
(V1 – VP) + (VP – V2) = 0 2
V1
V1  V2 V2
Vp =
2
Similarly,
a1  a2
aP = Remember this result
2
Wedge Constraint
Conditions :
(i) There is a regular contact between two objects.
(ii) Objects are rigid.
The relative velocity perpendicular to the contact plane of the two rigid objects is always zero
if there is a regular contact between the objects. Wedge constraint is applied for each contact.
In other words,
Components of velocity along perpendicular direction to the contact plane of the two objects
is always equal if there is no deformations and they remain in contact.
Example
(1) Two boxes A and B of masses m and M interconnected by an ideal rope and ideal pulleys, are held at
rest as shown. When it is released, box B accelerates downwards. Find accelerations of the blocks.
A B
Solution.
We first show tension forces applied by the string on the box A and the pulley connected to box B. Since
the string, as well as the pulleys, both are ideal; the string applies tension force of equal magnitude
everywhere. Denoting the tension force by T, we show it in the adjacent figure.
T T
T
aA A B aB
We first explore relation between accelerations aA and aB of the boxes A and B, which can be written
either by using constrained relation.
y
T
x maA
A
mg
aA = 2aB ...(i)
Applying Newton’s Laws of motion to box A
F y  ma y  T  mg  ma A ...(i)
y
T T x
0×aB
Applying Newton’s Laws of motion to the pulley
F y  ma y  2 T  F  0  a B
y
2T
F = 2T ...(iii) x
Applying Newton’s Laws of motion to box B A
MaB
F y  ma y  Mg  2 T  Ma B ...(iv) Mg
From equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we have
 M  2m   M  2m 
aA  2  g and a B   g
 M  4m   M  4m 
Example
(2) In the system shown in figure, block m1 slides down a friction less inclined plane. The pulleys and strings
are ideal. Find the accelerations of the blocks.
Solution
Tension forces applied by the strings are shown in the adjacent figure.
2T
2T
T
m2 a2
m1
a1
Let the block m1 is moving down the plane with an acceleration a1 and m2 is moving upwards with
accelerations a2. Relation between accelerations a1 and a2 of the blocks can be obtained easily by string
constrained.
a1 = 2a2 ...(i) m1gsin

m1g
Applying Newton’s laws to analyze motion of block m1 

m1gcos
T
F x  ma x  m 1 g sin   T  m 1 a 1 ...(ii) N m1a1
Applying Newton’s laws to analyze motion of block m2
F y  ma y  2 T  m 2 g  m 2 a 2 ...(iii)
2T y
x m2 a
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we have m2
m2 g
2(2m 1 sin   m 2 ) 2m 1 g sin   m 2 g
a1  g a2 
4m 1  m 2 4m 1  m 2
FRICTION
Whenever surfaces in contact are pressing each other slide or tend to slide over each other, opposing
forces are generated tangentially to the surfaces in contact. These tangential forces, which oppose sliding
or tendency of sliding between two surfaces are called frictional forces. Frictional forces on both bodies
constitute third law action-reaction pair.
Types of Friction
Before we proceed further into detailed account of frictional phenomena, it is advisable to become
familiar with different types of frictional forces. All types of frictional phenomenon can be categorized
into dry friction, fluid friction, and internal friction.
Dry Friction
It exists when two solid un-lubricated surfaces are in contact under the condition of sliding or tendency
of sliding. It is also known as Coulomb friction.
Fluid Friction
Fluid friction is developed when adjacent layers of a fluid move at different velocities and gives birth
to phenomena, which we call viscosity of the fluid. Resistance offered to motion of a solid body in a
fluid also comes in this category and commonly known as viscous drag. We will study this kind of
friction in fluid mechanics.
Internal Friction
When solid materials are subjected to deformation, internal resistive forces developed because of
relative movement of different parts of the solid. These internal resistive forces constitute a system of
force, which is defined as internal friction. They always cause loss of energy.
Frictional forces exist everywhere in nature and result in loss of energy that is primarily dissipated in
form of heat. Wear and tear of moving bodies is another unwanted result of friction. Therefore,
sometimes, we try to reduce their effects – such as in bearings of all types, between piston and the
inner walls of the cylinder of an IC engine, flow of fluid in pipes, and aircraft and missile propulsion
through air. Though these examples create a negative picture of frictional forces, yet there are other
situations where frictional forces become essential and we try to maximize the effects. It is the friction
between our feet and the earth surface, which enables us to walk and run. Both the traction and
braking of wheeled vehicles depend on friction.
Types of Dry Friction
Dry friction
Static Friction Kinetic Friction
Laws of Friction
When a normal force N exists between two surfaces, and we try to slide them over each other, the force
of static friction (fs) acts before sliding initiates. It can have a value maximum up to the limiting friction
(fsm).
fs  fsm
The limiting friction is experimentally observed proportional to the normal reaction between surfaces in
contact.
fsm   s N
Here S is the constant of proportionality. It is known as the coefficient of static friction for the two
surfaces involved.
When sliding starts between the surfaces, the frictional Friction Static Friction Kinetic Friction
force rapidly drops to a characteristic value, which
always opposes the sliding. This characteristic fsm
fk
frictional force is known as kinetic friction (fk).
Kinetic friction is experimentally found proportional
to the normal reaction between surfaces in contact.
F
Tangentially applied force
fk   k N
Here k is the constant of proportionality. It is known as the coefficient of kinetic friction for the two
surfaces involved.
The frictional forces between any pair of surfaces are decided by the respective coefficients of friction.
The coefficients of friction are dimensionless constants and have no units. The coefficient of static fiction
(s) is generally larger than the coefficient of kinetic friction (k) but never become smaller; at the most
both of them may be equal. Therefore, the magnitude of kinetic friction is usually smaller than the limiting
static friction (fsm) and sometimes kinetic friction becomes equal to the limiting static friction but it can
never exceed the limiting friction.
The limiting static friction and the kinetic friction between any pair of solid surfaces follow these two empirical
laws.
• Frictional forces are independent of measured area of contact.
• Both the limiting static friction and kinetic friction are proportional to the normal force pressing the
surfaces in contact.
Angle of Friction
The angle of friction is the angle between resultant contact force of and normal reaction N, when
sliding is initiating. It is denoted
fsm  s N
by  tan     s
N N
• For smooth surface  = 0
Angle of Repose ()
A body is placed on an inclined plane and the angle of inclination
is gradually increased. At some angle of inclination the body starts
sliding down the plane due to gravity. This angle of inclination is
called angle of repose ().
Angle of repose is that minimum angle of inclination at which a body
placed on the inclined starts sliding down due to its own weight.
Thus,for this instant ;
angle of repose = angle of friction.
Example
(1) A block of mass 1 kg is at rest on a rough horizontal surface, where coefficients of static
and kinetic friction are 0.2 and 0.15. Find the frictional forces if a horizontal force
(a) F = 1N (b) F = 1.96 N (c) F = 2.5 N is applied on a block
Solution
Maximum force of friction is the limiting friction fsm = 0.2 × 1 × 9.8 N = 1.96 N
(a) For F = 1 N, F < fsm
So, body is in rest means static friction is present and hence fs = F= 1 N
(b) For F = 1.96 N, F = fsm = 1.96 N. The block is about to slide, therefore f = 1.96 N
(c) For F = 2.5 N, So F > fsm
Now body is sliding and kinetic friction acts.
Therefore f = fk = kN = k mg = 0.15 × 1 × 9.8 = 1.47 N
Example
(2) Length of a uniform chain is L and coefficient of static friction is between the chain and the table top.
Calculate the maximum length of the chain which can hang from the table without sliding.
Solution
Let y be the maximum length of the chain that can hang
without causing the portion of chain on table to slide.
Length of chain on the table = (L – y)
M
Weight of part of the chain on table 
L
 L  y g
M
Weight of hanging part of the chain  yg
L
For equilibrium with maximum portion hanging, limiting friction = weight of hanging part of the chain
M M L

L
 L  y  g  yg  y 
L 1
Example
(3) An insect crawls on the inner surface of hemispherical bowl of radius r. If the coefficient of friction
between an insect and bowl is  and the radius of the bowl is r, find the maximum height to which the
insect can crawl up.
Solution
The insect can crawl up, the bowl till the component of its weight tangent to the bowl is balanced by
limiting frictional force.
F n 0  N  mg cos  ...(i)
F  0 fsm  mgin  ...(ii)

Force of limiting friction f sm = N ...(iii)
From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), tan =  ...(iv)
 1 
h  r  r cos   r 1 
2 
 1 
Example
(4) A body of mass M is kept on a rough horizontal ground (static friction coefficient = s). A person
is trying to pull the body by applying a horizontal force F, but the body is not moving. What is the
contact force between the ground and the block.
Solution
Therefore Mg  R  Mg 1+  2s
Example
(5) Two blocks with masses m1=1 kg and m2 = 2 kg are connected
by a string and slide down a plane inclined at an angle =45°

with the horizontal. The coefficient of sliding friction between m1
and plane is 1=0.4 and that between m2 and plane is 2=0.2.
Calculate the common acceleration of the two blocks and the
tension in the string.
Solution
As 2 < 1, block m2 has greater acceleration than m1 if we separately consider the motion of
blocks. But they are connected so they move together as a system with common acceleration.
So acceleration of the blocks :
a =
m 1  m 2  g sin   1 m1 g cos   2 m 2 g cos 
m1  m2
1  1 1
1  2 10     0.4  1  10   0.2  2  10 
22
2 2 2
= = ms–2
1 2 3 2
For block m2 : m2gsin – 2 m 2 g cos  –T = m2a  T= m2gsin  – 2 m 2 g cos   m 2 a
1 1 22 2
= 2×10× – 0.2 × 2 × 10 × – 2× = N
2 2 3 2 3 2
Example
(6) A body of mass m rests on a horizontal floor with which it has a coefficient of static friction .
It is desired to make the body move by applying the minimum possible force F. Find the magnitude of F
and the direction in which it has to be applied.
Solution
Let the force F be applied at an angle with the horizontal as shown in figure.
F y  0  N = mg – F sin  ...(i) N = mg – F sin  ...(i)
F x  0  F cos  > fsm  F cos  > N [as fsm = N] ...(ii)
Substituting value of N from equation (i) in (ii),
 mg
F ...(iii)
(cos    sin )
For the force F to be minimum (cos  + sin ) must be maximum,
 mg
maximum value of cos + sin is 1  2 so that Fmin  with  = tan–1 ()
1  2
Example
(7) A book of 1 kg is held against a wall by applying a force F perpendicular to the wall. If µS = 0.2,
what is the minimum value of F ?
Solution
The situation is shown in fig. The forces acting on the book are– `
For book to be at rest it is essential that Mg = fs
But fs max = µSN and N = F
Mg 1  9.8
 Mg = µSF  F  = = 49 N
s 0.2
Example
(8) A is a 100 kg block and B is a 200 kg block. As shown in fig., the
block A is attached to a string tied to a wall. The coefficient of friction
between A and B is 0.2 and the coefficient of friction between B and
floor is 0.3. Then calculate the minimum force required to move the block
B.(g =10 m/s2).
Solution
When B is tied to move, by applying a force F, then the frictional forces acting on the block B are
f1 and f2 with limiting values, f1 = (µS)AmAg and f2 = (µS)B (mA + mB)g
Then minimum value of F should be (for just tending to move),
F = f1 + f2 = 0.2 × 100 g + 0.3 × 300 g = 110 g = 1100 N
Inertial Reference Frames and Newton’s laws of motion

In Newton’s laws of motion, force is conceived as two-body interaction that can be the only agent
producing acceleration in a body. As far as we observe motion of a body from an inertial frame, any
acceleration observed in a body can only be due to some forces acting on the body. All the three laws
are in perfect agreement with the observed facts and we say that all the laws holds true in inertial
reference frames.
Non-Inertial Reference Frames and Newton’s laws of motion
A body if at rest or in uniform velocity motion relative to some inertial frame net forces acting on it must
be zero. Now if motion of the same body is observed relative to a non-inertial frame, it will be observed
moving with acceleration that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the acceleration of the
non-inertial frame. This observed acceleration of the body is purely a kinematical effect. But to explain
this observed acceleration relative to the non-inertial frame according to Newton’s laws of motion, we
have assume a force must be acting on the body. This force has to be taken equal to product of mass of
the body and opposite of acceleration vector of the non-inertial frame. Since this force is purely an
assumption and not a result of interaction of the body with any other body, it is a fictitious force. This
fictitious force is known as pseudo force or inertial force.
The pseudo force equals to the product of mass of the concerned body and the acceleration of the frame
of reference in a direction opposite to the acceleration of the frame of reference.
Example
(1) A pendulum of mass m is suspended from the ceiling of a train moving with an acceleration 'a' as shown
in figure. Find the angle  in equilibrium position.
Solution
Non–inertial frame of reference (Train)
Tcos
T

O'
ma  ma
a Tsin
F.B.D. of bob
mg' mg
mg
F.B.D. of bob w.r.t. train. (physical forces + pseudo force) : with respect to train, bob is in equilibrium
a  a
 Fy = 0  T cos  = mg and Fx = 0  T sin  = ma tan      tan 1  
g  g
Example
(2) The weight of a body is simply the force exerted by earth on the body. If body is on an accelerated
platform, the body experiences fictitious force, so the weight of the body appears changed and this
new weight is called apparent weight. Let a man of weight W = Mg be standing in a lift.
We consider the following cases :
(a) (b) (c) (d)

a=0 a a<g a>g
g g
g g
W´ = M (g – a) W´ = –M (g – a)
(Negative)
W´ = M g
W´ = M(g + a)
Case
(a) If the lift moving with constant velocity v upwards or downwards. In this case there is no accelerated
motion hence no pseudo force experienced by observer inside the lift. So apparent weight
W´ = Mg Actual weight.
(b) If the lift is accelerated upward with constant acceleration a. Then net forces acting
on the man are (i) weight W = Mg downward (ii) fictitious force F0=Ma downward.
So apparent weight W´ = W + F0 = Mg + Ma = M(g + a)
(c) If the lift is accelerated downward with acceleration a < g . Then fictitious force F0 = Ma acts
upward while weight of man W = Mg always acts downward. So apparent weight
W´= W + F0 = Mg – Ma = M(g–a)
Special Case :
If a = g then W´ = 0 (condition of weightlessness).Thus, in a freely falling lift the man will experience
weightlessness.
(d) If lift accelerates downward with acceleration a > g . Then as in Case c . Apparent weight W´
=M(g–a) is negative, i.e., the man will be accelerated upward and will stay at the ceiling of the
lift.
Example
A passenger on a large ship sailing in a quiet sea hangs a ball from the ceiling of her cabin by means of a
long thread. Whenever the ship accelerates, she notes that the pendulum ball lags behind the point of
suspension and so the pendulum no longer hangs vertically. How large is the ship’s acceleration when the
pendulum stands at an angle of 5° to the vertical?
Solution
T
The ball is accelerated by the force T sin5°.
Tcos 
5°
T
Therefore T sin5° = ma 5°
ma ma T sin 
Vertical component F = 0, so T cos5° = mg
FBD of ball
By solving a = g tan 5° = 0.0875 g = 0.86 m/s² mg

mg
EXERCISE (S-1)
HCV worked out Example(Chapter No.5 - 1 to 5 )
1. A block is placed on a rough horizontal plane. Three horizontal forcesare applied on the block as shown
in the figure. If the block is in equilibrium, find the friction force acting on the block.
y
400N 37°
300N
x
200N 53°
2. A force F applied to an object of mass m1 produces an acceleration of 3.00 m/s2. The same force
applied to a second object of mass m2 produces an acceleration of 1.00 m/s2.
(i) What is the value of the ratio m1 / m2 ?
(ii) If m1 and m2 are combined, find their acceleration under the action of the force F.
3. A 40 kg boy climbs a rope that passes over an ideal pulley. The other end of the rope is attached to a
60 kg weight placed on the ground. What is the maximum upward acceleration the boy can have without
lifting the weight? If he climbs the rope with upward acceleration 2 g, with what acceleration the weight
will rise up?
4. In the figure shown, all surfaces are smooth and block A and wedge B have mass 10 kg and 20 kg
respectively, and the system is in equilibrium. Find normal reaction between block A & B, spring force
and normal reaction of ground on block B. (g= 10 m/s2).
B
37°
5. A train of mass 1000 ton is moving with an acceleration of 0.5 m/s2 and the resistance to the motion is
200 N per ton. If the last bogie of 200 ton is suddenly detached from the train, what will be the new
acceleration of the train?
6. The system shown adjacent is in equilibrium. Find the acceleration of

K
the blocks A, B & C all of equal masses m at the instant when
(Assume springs to be ideal) A
(i) The spring between ceiling & A is cut.
B
(ii) The string (inextensible) between A & B is cut.
(iii) The spring between B & C is cut. K
Also find the tension in the string when the system is at rest and in the above 3 cases.
C
7. In the system shown, pulley and strings are ideal. The vertically upward pull F is being increased gradually,
find magnitude of Fand acceleration of the 5 kg block at the moment the 10 kg block leaves the floor.
F
m M
HCV Exercise(Chapter No. 5 - 1 to 20)
HCV work out Example (Chapter No. 5 - 6 to 11 )

8. Force F is applied on upper pulley. If F = 30t N where t is time in second. Find the time when m1 loses
contact with floor.
F =30t N
m1 m2
m1 = 4kg m2 = 1kg
9. Two blocks of masses 2.0 kg and 3.0 kg are connected by light inextensible string. The string passes
over an ideal pulley pivoted to a fixed axel on a smooth incline plane as shown in the figure. When the
blocks are released, find magnitude of their accelerations.
30° 2kg
3kg
10. The block A is moving downward with constant velocity v0. Find the velocity of the block B, when the
string makes an angle  with the horizontal
A
B 
HCV Exercise(Chapter No. 5 - 22 to 42)
11. Find force in newton which mass A exerts on mass B if B is moving towards right with 3 m/s2. Also find
mass of A.(All surfaces are smooth)
A
3 m/s2
1 kg
37° B
12. Rod A can slide in vertical direction pushing the triangular wedge B towards left. The wedge is moving
toward right with uniform acceleration aB. Find acceleration of the rod A.
A
B
37°
13. Calculate the relative acceleration of A w.r.t. B if B is moving with acceleration a0 towards right.
a0
A B

14. In the figure shown the acceleration ofA is, a A  (15 ˆi  15 ˆj) m/s2. IfA is sliding on B then the acceleration
of B is y
A
B x
37°
15. In the figure, what should be mass m so that block A slides up with a constant velocity?
A
1kg m
37°
=0.5
16. A block of mass 1 kg is horizontally thrown with a velocity of 10 m/s on a stationary long plank of mass
2 kg whose surface has  = 0.5. Plank rests on frictionless surface. Find the time when block comes to
rest w.r.t. plank.
17. Block M slides down on frictionless incline as shown. Find the minimum friction coefficient so that m
does not slide with respect to M.
m
M
37°
18. Find the acceleration of the blocks and magnitude & direction of frictional force between block A and
table, if block A is pulled towards left with a force of 50 N.
x
A
F=50N
5Kg
=0.8
g=10 m/s2
B
4Kg
19. Coefficient of friction between 5 kg and 10 kg block is 0.5. If friction between them is 20 N. What is the
value of force being applied on 5 kg. The floor is frictionless.
20. The diagram shows particles A and B, of masses 0.2 kg and m kg respectively, connected by a light
inextensible string which passes over a fixed smooth peg. The system is released from rest, with B at a
height of 0.25 m above the floor. B descends, hitting the floor 0.5 s later. All resistances to motion may
be ignored.
A
0.2 kg B
m kg
0.25m
(i) Find the acceleration of B as it descends.

(ii) Find the tension in the string while B is descending and find also the value of m.
(iii) When B hits the floor it comes to rest immediately, and the string becomes slack. Find the length of
time for which B remains at rest on the ground before being jerked into motion again.
21. A 1kg block B rests as shown on a bracket A of same mass. Constant forces F1 = 20N and F2 = 8 N
start to act at time t = 0 when the distance of block B from pulley is 50cm. Time when block B reaches
the pulley is _________.
50cm
F1 F2
A
B
A
22. A block of mass m lies on wedge of mass M as shown in figure. Answer following parts separately.
m
M
(i) With what minimum acceleration must the wedge be moved towards right horizontally so that block m
falls freely.
(ii) Find the minimum friction coefficient required between wedge M and ground so that it does not move
while block m slips down on it.
23. A force of 100 N is applied on a block of mass 3 kg as shown in figure. The coefficient of friction
between the wall and the surface of the block is 1/4. Calculate frictional force acting on the block.
30°
F=100N
24. A block of mass 15 kg is resting on a rough inclined plane as shown in figure.The block is tied up by a
horizontal string which has a tension of 50 N. Calculate the minimum coefficient of friction between the
block and inclined plane.
45°
25. A 2 kg block A is attached to one end of a light string that passes over an an ideal pulley and a 1 kg sleeve
B slides down the other part of the string with an acceleration of 5 m/s2 with respect to the string. Find
the acceleration of the block, acceleration of sleeve and tension in the string. [g = 10 m/s2]
B
A
EXERCISE (S-2)
1. A ladder is hanging from ceiling as shown in figure. Three men A, B and C of ABC masses 40 kg, 60 kg,
and 50 kg are climbing the ladder. Man A is going up withretardation 2 m/s2, C is going up with an
acceleration of 1 m/s2 and man B isgoing up with a constant speed of 0.5 m/s. Find the tension in the
string supportingthe ladder. [g = 9.8 m/s2]
2. Three identical balls are placed on a frictionless horizontal surface touching each other. They stick to
each other because of adhesive. Another ball of same radius and mass m is placed over the void created
by the three balls. Find the forces applied by the balls kept on the floor to each other if the system
remains in equilibrium.
3. The system shown in the figure is initially in equilibrium. A is of

mass 2m and B,C, D and E are of mass m. Certain actions are
performed on the system. Every action has been taken
individually when the system is intact.Find the direction and C
magnitude of acceleration of the blocks after each action of the
B D
following actions has been taken
(i) Spring 1 is cut Spring 1 Spring 2
(ii) Spring 2 is cut
(iii) String between C and D is cut. A E
(iv) String between B and C is cut.
4. A box of mass m is placed on a smooth horizontal platform as shown in the figure. The platform is made
to move in direction 30° above the horizontal with acceleration a so that the contact force between the
box and the platform becomes 3mg/2. Find the magnitude of the acceleration.
a
m 30°
5. A smooth right circular cone of semi vertical angle  = tan–1(5/12) is at rest on a horizontal plane. A
rubber ring of mass 2.5 kg which under a tension of 15N has an extension of 10 cm is placed on the
cone as shown. Find the increase in the radius of the ring in equilibrium.
6. Two men of masses m1 and m2 hold on the opposite ends of a rope passing over a frictionless pulley. The
man m1 climbs up the rope with an acceleration of 1.2 m/s2 relative to the rope. The mann m2 climbs up
the rope with an acceleration of 2 m/s2 relative to the rope. Find the tension in the rope if m1 = 40 kg and
m2 = 60 kg. Also find the time after which they will be at same horizontal level if they start from rest and
are initially separated by 5 m.
5m m2
m1
7. In the system shown, find the initial acceleration of the wedge of mass 5 M. The pulleys are ideal and the
cords are inextensible. (there is no friction anywhere).
5M
2M
8. A car begins to move at time t = 0 and then accelerates along a straight track with a speed given by
V(t) = 2t2 m/s for 0  t  2. After the end of acceleration, the car continues to move at a constant speed.
A small block initially at rest on the floor of the car begins to slip at t = 1 s and stops slipping at t = 3s.
Find the coefficient of static and kinetic friction between the block and the floor.
9. A thin rod of length 1 m is fixed in a vertical position inside a train, which is moving horizontally with
constant acceleration 4 m/s2. A bead can slide on the rod, and friction coefficient between them is 1/2. If
the bead is released from rest at the top of the rod, find the time when it will reach at the bottom.
[g = 10 m/s2]
10. The coefficient of static and kinetic friction between the two blocks and also between the lower block
and the ground are S=0.6 and K = 0.4. Find the value of tension T applied on the lower block at which
the upper block begins to slip relative to lower block.
s = 0.6,
M=2kg k = 0.4)
T
M=2kg
11. The blocks are of mass 2 kg shown is in equilibrium. At t = 0 right spring in figure
(i) and right string in figure (ii) breaks.
Find the ratio of instantaneous acceleration of blocks?
37° 37° 37° 37°
2 kg 2 kg
EXERCISE (O)
1. Two small identical blocks are connected to the ends of a string passing
over pulley as shown when the system is released from rest.
(A) block A and B do not move
(B) block A accelerates towards pulley along the string.
(C) block A does not leave contact with table till it reaches to the edge
Q of the table A
B Q
(D) Normal reaction of table on block A is less than weight of block A P
between P and Q and Q it vanishes
2. Consider a block suspended from a light string as shown in the figure.Which of the following pairs of
forces constitute Newton’s third law pair?
(A) Force with which string pulls on the ceiling and the force with which
string pulls on block
(B) Force with which string pulls on the block and weight of the block
(C) Force acting on block due to the earth and force the block exerts M
on the earth
(D) Force with which block pulls on string and force with which the
string pulls on the block
3. If a horizontal support exerts an upward force of 10 N on a block of weight 9.8 N placed on it, which of
the following statements is/are correct. Assume acceleration due to gravity to be 9.8 m/s2.
(A) The block exerts a force of 10 N on the support.
(B) The block exerts a force of 9.8 N on the support.
(C) The block has an upward acceleration.
(D) The block has a downward acceleration.
4. A block of mass m is suspended from a fixed support with the help of a cord. Another identical cord is
attached to the bottom of the block. Which of the following statement is /are true?
(A) If the lower cord is pulled suddenly, only the upper cord will break.
(B) If the lower cord is pulled suddenly, only the lower cord will break. W
(C) If pull on the lower cord is increased gradually, only the lower cord will break.
(D) If pull on the lower cord is increased gradually, only the upper cord will break.
5. A carpenter of mass 50 kg is standing on a weighing machine placed in a lift of

mass 20 kg. A light string is attached to the lift. The string passes over a smooth
pulley and the other end is held by the carpenter as shown. When carpenter
keeps the lift moving upward with constant velocity (g = 10 m/s2)
(A) the reading of weighing machine is 15 kg
(B) the man applies a force of 350 N on the string
(C) net force on the man is 150 N
(D) Net force on the weighing machine is 150 N
6. A block A and wedge B connected through a string as shown. The wedge B is moving away from the
wall with acceleration 2 m/s2 horizontally and acceleration of block A is vertical upwards. Then
(A) Acceleration of A with respect to B is 4 m/s2.

(B) Acceleration of A with respect to B is 2 3 m/s2
(C) Angle  is 60° A
B
(D) Acceleration of A is 2 3 m/s2 
7. Refer the system shown in the figure. Block is sliding down the wedge. All surfaces are frictionless. Find
correct statement(s)
m
String 
(A) Acceleration of block is gsin  (B) Acceleration block is gcos

(C) Tension in the string is mgcos2 (D) Tension in the string is mgsin .cos
8. In the following arrangement the system is initially at rest. The 5 kg block is now released. Assuming the
pulleys and string to be massless and smooth, the acceleration of blocks is [g = 10 m/s2]
g
(A) aA =
7
(B) aB = 0 m/s2
5
(C) aC = m/s2
7
5 kg A
(D) 2ac = aA 10 kg B C 8 kg
9. Two blocks A and B of mass 2 kg and 4 kg respectively are placed on a smooth inclined plane and 2 kg
block is pushed by a force F acting parallel to the plane as shown. If N be the magnitude of contact force
applied on B by A, which of the following is/are correct?
B
A
F 30°
(A) if F = 0 N, N = 10 N (B) if F=15 N, N=10 N

(C) If F = 30 N, N = 20 N (D) if F=45 N, N=30 N
10. A block is kept on a rough horizontal surface as shown. Its mass is 2 kg and coefficient of friction
between block and surface ( ) = 0.5. A horizontal force F is acting on the block. When
(A) F = 4 N, acceleration is zero.
(B) F = 4 N, friction is 10 N and acceleration is 3 m/s2. F
2
(C) F = 14 N, acceleration is 2 m/s .
(D) F = 14 N, friction is 14 N.
11. A block is kept on a rough surface and applied with a horizontal force as shown which is gradually
increasing from zero. The coefficient of static and kinetic friction are 1/ 3 then
F
(A) When F is less than the limiting friction, angle made by net force on the block by the surface is less
than 30° with vertical.
(B) When the block is just about to move, the angle made by net force by the surface on the block
becomes equal to 30° with vertical.
(C) When the block starts to accelerate, the angle made by net force by the surface on the block
becomes constant and equal to 30° vertical.
(D) The angle made by net force with vertical on the block by the surface, depends on the mass of
the block.
12. A block of mass 1 kg is held at rest against a rough vertical surface by pushing by a force F horizontally.
The coefficient of friction is 0.5. When
(A) F = 40 N, friction on the block is 20 N.
(B) F = 30 N, friction on the block is 10 N. F
(C) F = 20 N, friction on the block is 10 N.
(D) Minimum value of force F to keep block at rest is 20 N.
13. A block placed on a rough horizontal surface is pushed with a force F acting horizontally on the block.The
magnitude of F is increased and acceleration produced is plotted in the graph shown.
a(m/s2)
10
F(N)
10 20 30
(A) Mass of the block is 2 kg.
(B) Coefficient of friction between block and surface is 0.5.
(C) Limiting friction between block and surface is 10 N.
(D) When F = 8 N, friction between block and surface is 10 N.
14. A block is placed over a plank. The coefficient of friction between the block and the plank is µ = 0.2 .
Initially both are at rest, suddenly the plank starts moving with acceleration a0 = 4 m/s2. The displacement
of the plank in 1s is (g=10 m/s2)
(A) 1 m relative to ground (B) 1 m relative to plank
(C) zero relative to plank (D) 2 m relative to ground
15. A block is released from rest from a point on a rough inclined place of inclination 37°. The coefficient of
friction is 0.5.
(A) The time taken to slide down 9 m on the plane is 3 s.
(B) The velocity of block after moving 4 m is 4 m/s.
(C) The block travels equal distances in equal intervals of time.
(D) The velocity of block increases linearly.
16. In the arrangement shown in figure pulley is smooth and massless and
string is light. Friction coefficient between A and B is µ. Friction is ab-
sent between A and plane. Select the correct alternative(s).
(A) Acceleration of the system is zero if mA = mB
B
(B) Force of friction between A and B is zero if mA = mB
(C) B moves upwards if mB < mA A Fixed
30°
(D) Tension in the string in mg(sin – µcos ) if mA= mB= m
17. A block placed on rough inclined plane is pushed with a force F. The coefficient of friction is  = 0.5 and
mass of block is 10 kg.
F
37°
(A) If F = 30 N, acceleration of block is zero and friction acting on block is 30 N.

(B) If F = 60 N, acceleration of block is zero and friction acting on block is 60 N.
(C) If F = 90 N, acceleration of block is zero and friction acting on block is 30 N.
(D) If F = 120 N, acceleration of block is 2 m/s2 and friction acting on block is 40 N.
18. Statement 1 : A cloth covers a table. Some dishes are kept on it. The cloth can be pulled out without
dislodging the dishes from the table.
because
Statement-2 : For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(B) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True ; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement–1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
Paragraph for Question No. 19 to 22

A uniform rope of mass (m) and length (L) placed on frictionless horizontal ground is being pulled by two
forces FA and FB at its ends as shown in the figure. As a result, the rope accelerates toward the right.
FA FB
19. Acceleration (A) of the rope is

FA  FB FA  FB FB  FA
(A) zero (B) a  (C) a  (D) a 
m m m
20. Tension (T) at the mid point of the rope is

1 1
(A) T = FB – FA (B) T = FA + FB (C) T = (F – FA) (D) T = (F + FB)
2 B 2 A
21. Expression (Tx) of tension at a point at distance x from the end A is

 F F   FB  FA 
(A) Tx   B A  x  FA (B) Tx    x  FA
 L   L 
 FB  FA   FB  FA 
(C) Tx    x  FB (D) Tx    x  FB
 L   L 
22. Which of the following graph best represents variation in tension at a point on the rope with distance x of
the point from the end A?
T T
(A) (B)
L x L x
T
T
(C) (D)
L x L x

B
200 N/m Fixed A
The figure shown blocks A and B are of mass 2 kg and 8 kg and they are connected through strings to
a spring connected to ground. The blocks are in equilibrium. (g = 10m/s2).
23. The elongation of the spring is

(A) 1 cm (B) 10 cm (C) 0.1 cm (D) 1m
24. Now the block A is pulled downwards by a force gradually increasing to 20 N. The new elongation of
spring is
(A) 2 cm (B) 4 cm (C) 20 cm (D) 40 cm
25. Now the force on A is suddenly removed. The acceleration of block B becomes
(A) 1.0 m/s (B) 2.0 m/s2 (C) 3.0 m/s2 (D) 4.0 m/s2

A block of mass m is placed on a smooth horizontal floor is attached to one end of spring. The other end
of the spring is attached to fixed support. When spring is vertical it is relaxed. Now the block is pulled
towards right by a force F, which is being increased gradually. When the spring makes angle 53° with the
vertical, block leaves the floor.
26. When blocks leaves the table, the normal force on it from table is
4mg 3mg
(A) mg (B) zero (C) (D)
3 4
27. Force constant of the spring is
5mg 15mg 5mg 5mg
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 8 3 4
28. When the block leaves the table, the force F is

3mg 4mg 3mg 4mg
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 5 5

10 kg F
=0.1
5 kg
=0.3 Fig.1
29. When F = 2N, the frictional force between 5 kg block and ground is
(A) 2N (B) 0 (C) 8 N (D) 10 N
30. When F = 2N, the frictional force between 10 kg block and 5 kg block is
(A) 2N (B) 15 N (C) 10 N (D) None
31. The maximum F which will not cause motion of any of the blocks is
(A) 10 N (B) 15 N (C) data insufficient (D) None
32. The maximum acceleration of 5 kg block is

(A) 1 m/s2 (B) 3 m/s2 (C) 0 (D) None
33. The acceleration of 10 kg block when F = 30 N is

(A) 2 m/s2 (B) 3 m/s2 (C) 1 m/s2 (D) None

Imagine a situation in which the horizontal surface of block M0 is smooth and its vertical surface is rough
with a coefficient of friction .
Smooth M
M0 m
F
Rough()
34. Identify the wrong statement(s)

(A) If F = 0, the blocks cannot remain stationary.
(B) For one unique value of F, the blocks M and m remain stationary with respect to M0.
(C) The limiting friction between m and M0 is independent of F.
(D) There exists a value of F at which friction force is equal to zero.
35. In above problem, choose the correct value(s) of F which the blocks M and m remain stationary with
respect to M0
mg m(M 0  M  m) g 1
(A) (M0 + M + m) 2 (B)
M  M M  M 2
mg
(C) (M 0  M  m) (D) None of these
M
36. Consider a special situation in which both the faces of the block M0 are smooth, as shown in adjoining
figure. Mark out the correct statement(s).
Smooth M
M0 m
F
Smooth
(A) If F = 0, the blocks cannot remain stationary.

(B) For one unique value of F, the blocks M and m remains stationary with respect to block M0.
(C) There exists a range of F for which blocks M and m remain stationary with respect to block M0.
(D) Since there is no friction, therefore, blocks M and m cannot be in equilibrium with respect to M0.
37. In above problem, the value(s) of F for which M and m are stationary with respect to M0
mg Mg
(A) (M0 + M + m) g (B) (M0 + M + m) (C) (M0 + M + m) (D) None of these
M m
38. In the diagram shown in figure (g = 10 m/s2)
8N
=1
F2
g smooth
1k
2kg
g
3k
N
= 60
F1
=30°
Column I Column II
(A) Acceleration of 2 kg block in m/s2 (P) 8
(B) Net force on 3 kg block in newton (Q) 25
(C) Normal reaction between 2 kg and 1 kg in newton (R) 2
(D) Normal reaction between 3 kg and 2 kg in newton (S) 45
(T) None
39. Match the situations in column I to the accelerations of blocks in the column II (acceleration due to
gravity is g and F is an additional force applied to one of the blocks ?
Column I Column II
g
(A) (P)
5
g
(B) (Q)
3
g
(C) (R)
2
2g
(D) (S)
3
(T) zero
40. The figure shows a block B of mass 2 kg kept on a smooth horizontal floor in equilibrium with two
identical springs of S1 & S2 force constant k = 100 N/m attached to it and to fixed supports as shown.
The block is then displaced horizontally from this position by amount x and released. Match the initial
equilibrium conditions & subsequent values of x in column-I with corresponding acceleration of the
block when released in column II.
Column I Column II
(A) S1 and S2 are relaxed and x = 2 cm. (P) 6 m/s2
(B) S1 and S2 are stretched by 1 cm and x = 2 cm (Q) 4 m/s2
(C) S1 and S2 are compressed by 2 cm and x = 4 cm (R) 3 m/s2
(D) S1 and S2 are compressed by 4 cm and x = 1 cm (S) 2 m/s2
(T) 1 m/s2
41. In the figure shown, acceleration of 1 is x (upwards). Acceleration of pulley P3, w.r.t. pulley
P1
1
P2
2 P3
3
4
P2 is y (downwards) and acceleration of 4 w.r.t. to pulley P3 is z (upwards). Then

Column I Column II
(A) Absolute acceleration of 2 (P) (y–x) downwards
(B) Absolute acceleration of 3 (Q) (z–x–y) upwards
(C) Absolute acceleration of 4 (R) (x+y+z) downwards
(S) None
 ˆ m/s; v  (3iˆ  4ˆj) m/s and

42. Velocity of three particles A, B and C varies with time t as, v A  (2tiˆ  6j) B

vC  (6iˆ  4tj)
ˆ m/s. Regarding the pseudo force match the following table.
Column I Column II
(A) On A as observed by B (P) Along positive x–direction
(B) On B as observed by C (Q) Along negative x–direction
(C) On A as observed by C (R) Along positive y–direction
(D) On C as observed by A (S) Along negative y–direction
EXERCISE (JM)
1. A block of mass m is connected to another block of mass M by a string (massless). The blocks are kept
on a smooth horizontal plane. Initially the blocks are at rest. Then a constant force F starts acting on the
block of mass M to pull it. Find the force on the block of mass m [AIEEE-2007, 3/120]
mF (M  m) F mF MF
(A) m
(B) m
(C) (m  M)
(D) (m  M)
2. Two fixed frictionless inclined planes making an angle 30º and 60º with the vertical are shown in the
figure. Two blocks A and B are placed on the two planes. What is the relative vertical acceleration of A
with respect to B? [AIEEE-2010, 4/144, –1]
(A) 4.9 ms–2 in horizontal direction (B) 9.8 ms–2 in vertical direction
(C) Zero (D) 4.9 ms–2 in vertical direction
3. If a spring of stiffness 'k' is cut into two parts 'A' and 'B' of length A : B = 2 : 3, then the stiffness of spring
'A' is given by : [AIEEE 2011, 11 May; 4, –1]
3k 2k 5k
(A) 5 (B) (C) k (D) .
5 2
4. A particle of mass m is at rest at the origin at time t = 0. It is subjected to a force F(t) = F0e–bt in the x
direction. Its speed v(t) is depicted by which of the following curves ? [AIEEE 2012 ; 4/120, –1]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
5. A uniform sphere of weight W and radius 5 cm is being held by a string as shown in the figure. The
tension in the string will be : [JEE Main-2013]
W
(A) 12
5
W
(B) 5
12
W
(C) 13
5
W
(D) 13
12
6. A heavy box is to be dragged along a rough horizontal floor. To do so, person A pushes it at an angle 30°
from the horizontal and requires a minimum force FA, while person B pulls the box at an angle 60° from
the horizontal and needs minimum force FB. If the coefficient of friction between the box and the floor is
3 FA
, the ratio F is : [JEE Main-2014]
5 B
3 2 5
(A) (B) (C) (D) 3
2 3 3
7. Given in the figure are two blocks A and B of weight 20 N and 100 N
respectively. These are being pressed against a wall by a force F as
shown. If the coefficient of friction between the blocks is 0.1 and between
block B and the wall is 0.15, the frictional force applied by the wall on
block B is
(A) 80 N (B) 120 N [JEE Main-2015]
(C) 150 N (D) 100 N
8. Two masses m1 = 5 kg and m2 = 10 kg, connected by an inextensible string over a frictionless pulley, are
moving as shown in the figure. The coefficient of friction of horizontal surface is 0.15. The minimum
weight m that should be put on top of m2 to stop the motion is : [JEE Main-2018]
(A) 10.3 kg (B) 18.3 kg (C) 27.3 kg (D) 43.3 kg
9. A block of mass 10 kg is kept on a rough inclined plane as shown in the figure. A force of 3 N is applied
on the block. The coefficient of static friction between the plane and the block is 0.6. What should be the
minimum value of force P, such that the block does not move downward ? [JEE Main-2019]
(take g = 10 ms–2)
(A) 32N (B) 25 N (C) 23 N (D) 18 N
10. A mass of 10 kg is suspended vertically by a rope from the roof. When a horizontal force is applied on
the rope at some point, the rope deviated at an angle of 45° at the roof point. If the suspended mass is
at equilibrium, the magnitude of the force applied is (g = 10 ms –2) [JEE Main-2019]
(A) 100 N (B) 70 N (C) 140 N (D) 200 N
11. A block kept on a rough inclined plane, as shown in the figure, remains at rest upto a maximum force 2
N down the inclined plane. The maximum external force up the inclined plane that does not move the
block is 10 N. The coefficient of static friction between the block and the plane is :
[Take g = 10 m/s2] [JEE Main-2019]
3 3 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 4 2 3
12. A mass of 10 kg is suspended by a rope of length 4 m, from the ceiling. A force F is applied horizontally
at the mid-point of the rope such that the top half of the rope makes an angle of 45° with the vertical.
Then F equals : (Take g = 10 ms–2 and the rope to be massless) [JEE Main-2020]
(A) 70 N (B) 75 N (C) 100 N (D) 90 N
13. A block star Ls moving up an inclined plane of inclination 30° with an initial velocity of v0. It comes back
v0
to its initial position with velocity . The value of the coefficient of kinetic friction between the block
2
I
and the inclined plane Ls close to , The nearest integer to I is __________. [JEE Main-2020]
1000
14. An insect is at the bottom of a hemispherical ditch of radius 1 m. It crawls up the ditch but starts slipping
after it is at height h from the bottom. If the coefficient of friction between the ground and the insect is
0.75, then h is : (g = 10ms–2) [JEE Main-2020]
(1) 0.80 m (2) 0.60 m (3) 0.45 m (4) 0.20 m
15. Two solids A and B of mass 1 kg and 2 kg respectively are moving with equal linear momentum. The
ratio of their kinetic energies [JEE Main-2021]
A
(K.E.)A : (K.E.)B will be , so the value of A will be ___.
1

16.  
A boy pushes a box of mass 2 kg with a force F  20iˆ  10jˆ N on a frictionless surface. If the box was
initially at rest, then _________ m is displacement along the x – axis after 10 s. [JEE Main-2021]
17. As shown in the figure, a block of mass 3 kg is kept on a horizontal rough surface of coefficient of
1
friction . The critical force to be applied on the vertical surface as shown at an angle 60° with
3 3
horizontal such that it does not move, will be 3x. The value of x will be [JEE Main-2021]
 2 3 1
 g  10m / s ;sin 60  ; 60  
 2 2
18. The coefficient of static friction between a wooden block of mass 0.5 kg and a vertical rough wall is 0.2.
The magnitude of horizontal force that should be applied on the block to keep it adhere to the wall will
be ______N. [g = 10 ms–2] [JEE Main-2021]
x2
19. An inclined plane is bent in such a way that the vertical cross-section is given by y = where y is in
4
vertical and x in horizontal direction. If the upper surface of this curved plane is rough with coefficient of
friction μ = 0.5, the maximum height in cm at which a stationary block will not slip downward is ________
cm. [JEE Main-2021]
20. An inclined plane making an angle of 30° with the horizontal is placed in a uniform horizontal electric field
N
200 as shown in the figure. A body of mass 1kg and charge 5 mC is allowed to slide down from rest
C
at a height of 1m. If the coefficient of friction is 0.2, find the time taken by the body to reach the
1 3
bottom.[g = 9.8 m/s2, sin 30° = ; cos 30° = ]. [JEE Main-2021]
2 2
(1) 0.92 s (2) 0.46 s (c) 2.3 s (d) 1.3 s
EXERCISE (JA)
1. A circular disc with a groove along its diameter is placed horizontally. A block of mass 1 kg is placed as
2
shown. The coefficient of friction between the block and all surface of groove in contact is µ= . The
5
2
disc has an acceleration of 25 m/s . Find the acceleration of the block with respect to disc.
[IIT-JEE 2006]
2
a=25m/ s
cos =4/ 5
sin=3/ 5
2. Two particles of mass m each are tied at the ends of a light string of length 2a. The whole system is kept
on a frictionless horizontal surface with the string held tight so that each mass is at the distance a from the
centre P (as shown in the figure). Now, the mid–point of the string is pulled vertically upwards with a
small but constant force F. As a result, the particles move towards each other on the surface. The
magnitude of acceleration, when the separation between them become 2x, is : [IIT-JEE 2007]
m P m
a a
F a F x F x F a2  x2
(A) 2m 2 (B) 2m 2 (C) (D)
a  x2 a  x2 2m a 2m x
3. Statement–I : A cloth covers a table. Some dishes are kept on it. The cloth can be pulled out without
dislodging the dishes from the table. [IIT-JEE 2007]
Because :
Statement–II : For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
(A) statement–I is true, statement–II is true; statement–II is a correct explanation for statement–I
(B) statement–I is true, statement–II is true, statement–II is NOT a correct explanation for statement–I
(C) statement–I is true, statement–II is false
(D) statement–I is false, statement–II is true
4. Statement -I : It is easier to pull a heavy object than to push it on a level ground. [IIT-JEE 2008]
and
Statement-II: The magnitude of frictional force depends on the nature of the two surface in contact.
(A) statement–I is true, statement–II is true; statement–II is a correct explanation for statement–I
(B) statement–I is true, statement–II is true, statement–II is NOT a correct explanation for statement–I
(C) statement–I is true, statement–II is false
(D) statement–I is false, statement–II is true
5. A piece of wire is bent in the shape of a parabola y = kx2 (y-axis vertical ) with a bead of mass m on it. The
bead can slide on the wire without friction. It stays at the lowest point of the parabola when the wire is at
rest. The wire is now accelerated parallel to the x-axis with a constant acceleration a. The distance of the
new equilibrium position of the bead, where the bead can stay at rest with respect to the wire, from the
y-axis is : [IIT-JEE-2009]
a a 2a a
(A) (B) (C) (D)
gk 2gk gk 4gk
6. A block of mass m is on an inclined plane of angle . The coefficient of friction between the block and the
plane is  and tan >. The block is held stationary by applying a force P parallel to the plane. The
direction of force pointing up the plane is taken to be positive. As P is varied from P1 = mg (sin – cos)
to P2=mg(sin +  cos), the frictional force f versus P graph will look like [IIT-JEE-2010]
(A) (B)
(C) (D)
7. A block is moving on an inclined plane making an angle 45° with the horizontal and the coefficient of
friction is . The force required to just push it up the inclined plane is 3 times the force required to just
prevent it from sliding down. If we define N =10, then N is [IIT-JEE-2011]
8. A solid horizontal surface is covered with a thin layer of oil. A rectangular block of mass m = 0.4 kg is at
rest on this surface. An impulse of 1.0 N is applied to the block at time t = 0 so that it starts moving along
the x-axis with a velocity v(t) = v0e –t/, where v0 is a constant and  = 4 s.The displacement of the
block, in meters , at t = is __________. Take e–1 = 0.37 [IIT-JEE-2018]
9. Put a uniform meter scale horizontally on your extended index fingers with the left one at 0.00 cm and the
right one at 90.00 cm. When you attempt to move both the fingers slowly towards the center, initially
only the left finger slips with respect to the scale and the right finger does not. After some distance, the left
finger stops and the right one starts slipping. Then the right finger stops at a distance xR from the center
(50.00 cm) of the scale and the left one starts slipping again. This happens because of the difference in
the frictional forces on the two fingers. If the coefficients of static and dynamic friction between the
fingers and the scale are 0.40 and 0.32, respectively, the value of xR (in cm) is ______.
[JEE-ADVANCED-2020]
ANSWER KEY
Exercise (S-1)
m1 1 3
1. (100 ˆi  200 ˆj) N 2. (i) m  3 (ii) a = m/s2 3. 0.5g, g
2 4
4. 80 N, 48 N, 264 N 5. 0.675 m/s2
3g  mg
6. (i) aA = =aB ; aC = 0; T = (ii) aA = 2g, aB = 2g, aC=0, T = 0;
2 2
3mg
(iii) aA = aB = g/2, aC = g, T = ; T = 2mg
2
g
7. 200 N, 10 m/s2 8. 2 sec. 9. m/s2
10
v0 16 3a B
10. 11. 5N, kg 12.
cos  31 4
a0
5iˆ m/s
2
13. 14. 15. 1 kg
2
16. 4/3 s 17. 3/4 18. 0 m / s 2 , 10iˆ N
19. 30 N 20. (i) 2 m/s2, (ii) 2.4 N, 0.3 (iii) 0.2 s
21. 0.5 s
m sin  cos 
22. (i) a = g cot , (ii)  min 
m cos 2   M
23. 20 N vertically downward 24. 0.5
25. 5 m/s2 downwards, 0 m/s2, 10 N
Exercise (S-2)
mg
1. 1440 N 2.
54
2g 2g 2g
3. (i) a A  g , a B  , a c  , a D  , a E  0
3 3 3
g g g
(ii) a A  0, a B  , a C  , a D  , a E  g 
3 3 3
(iii) aA = 0, aB = g, aC= g, aD = 2g, aE = 0

3g 3g
(iv) aA = 0, aB =3g, aC= , aD = , aE = 0
2 2
mg cot 
4. g m/s2 5. r  , 1 cm 6. 556.8 N, 1.47 s 7. 2g / 23
4 2 k
25
8. S = 0.4, k = 0.3 9. 1/2 s 10. 40 N 11.
24
Exercise (O)
1. CD 2. CD 3. AC 4. BD 5. AB
6. ACD 7. AD 8. ABCD 9. BCD 10. AC
11. ABC 12. BCD 13. ABC 14. AB 15. ABD
16. AB 17. ACD 18. B 19. D 20. D
21. A 22. D 23. B 24. C 25. B
26. B 27. A 28. B 29. A 30. A
31. A 32. C 33. A 34. BC 35. C
36. AB 37. B
38. (A)R; (B)T; (C)Q; (D)T; 39. (A)R; (B)T; (C)R; (D)P;
40. (A)S; (B)S; (C)Q; (D)T; 41. (A)S; (B)R; (C)Q;
42. (A)T; (B)R; (C)R; (D)Q;
Exercise (JM)
1. C 2. D 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. B
8. C 9. A 10. A 11. A 12. C 13. 346.00 14. 4
15. 2 16. 500 17. 3.33 18. 25 19. 25 20. 4
Exercise (JA)
1. 10 m/s2 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. 5
8. 6.30 9. 25.60

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Force

If a body is acted upon by a single external force, it cannot be in equilibrium.

The situation can be analyzed by either graphical method or analytical method.

the forces involved make a closed triangle, they lie in a

Free body diagram of the box

Analytical Method: Use Cartesian components

pulleys are in equilibrium as shown. Express M in terms of m.

FBD of block A FBD of pulley FBD of Block B

From equation (i), (ii) and (iii), we have M = 2m

Applying NLM to the rope

TB : Tension of string at end connected to block B.

Applying NLM to the block B

From equations (i), (iii) and (v), we have

From equation (vii), (viii), (ix) and (x), we have Tx   m x  m 2  F

Applying Newton’s Laws of motion to the pulley

Applying Newton’s Laws of motion to box B A

From equations (i), (ii), (iii) and (iv), we have

a1 = 2a2 ...(i) m1gsin

Applying Newton’s laws to analyze motion of block m1 

F x  ma x  m 1 g sin   T  m 1 a 1 ...(ii) N m1a1

Applying Newton’s laws to analyze motion of block m2

Types of Dry Friction

Static Friction Kinetic Friction

• For smooth surface  = 0

F  0 fsm  mgin  ...(ii)

by a string and slide down a plane inclined at an angle =45°

For block m2 : m2gsin – 2 m 2 g cos  –T = m2a  T= m2gsin  – 2 m 2 g cos   m 2 a

F y  0  N = mg – F sin  ...(i) N = mg – F sin  ...(i)

F x  0  F cos  > fsm  F cos  > N [as fsm = N] ...(ii)

Substituting value of N from equation (i) in (ii),

For the force F to be minimum (cos  + sin ) must be maximum,

But fs max = µSN and N = F

F = f1 + f2 = 0.2 × 100 g + 0.3 × 300 g = 110 g = 1100 N

Inertial Reference Frames and Newton’s laws of motion

(a) (b) (c) (d)

By solving a = g tan 5° = 0.0875 g = 0.86 m/s² mg

6. The system shown adjacent is in equilibrium. Find the acceleration of

HCV Exercise(Chapter No. 5 - 1 to 20)

HCV work out Example (Chapter No. 5 - 6 to 11 )

(i) Find the acceleration of B as it descends.

3. The system shown in the figure is initially in equilibrium. A is of

37° 37° 37° 37°

5. A carpenter of mass 50 kg is standing on a weighing machine placed in a lift of

(A) Acceleration of A with respect to B is 4 m/s2.

(A) Acceleration of block is gsin  (B) Acceleration block is gcos

(A) if F = 0 N, N = 10 N (B) if F=15 N, N=10 N

(A) If F = 30 N, acceleration of block is zero and friction acting on block is 30 N.

Paragraph for Question No. 19 to 22

19. Acceleration (A) of the rope is

20. Tension (T) at the mid point of the rope is

21. Expression (Tx) of tension at a point at distance x from the end A is

Paragraph for Question No. 23 to 25

200 N/m Fixed A

23. The elongation of the spring is

Paragraph for Question No. 26 to 28

28. When the block leaves the table, the force F is

Paragraph for Question No. 29 to 33

32. The maximum acceleration of 5 kg block is

33. The acceleration of 10 kg block when F = 30 N is

Paragraph for Question No. 34 to 37

34. Identify the wrong statement(s)

(A) If F = 0, the blocks cannot remain stationary.

38. In the diagram shown in figure (g = 10 m/s2)