1421 2 R 3 .

Sc. Sem -1 Physies E K

givos

6 Elasticity to th
will

!*ntroduction :
We know that if the distançe between any two molecules a b dy|
is a

always runmain fixed, then the body is called a rigid body. But in practice, no 6.2.
external force is applied on such boci:es
ily fulßls this condition. So when an
t may deforn. When a body is deformed, the internal forces developed wh.ch
to which tl:2 shajis
ry fo restore the body to its original shupe. The extent
to mate.ial.
CHAned ou removal of deforming forco majy vary from material
to the deformutic is
h property to restore the original shape or oppose aad siz on
aled the clasticity. If a body. completely regains its original shape
iOval of doforming forces, it is called a perfectly elastic body. if a l dy
213us in defomed state and does not regain its original shar: «t a: on
inelastic or piastic bi dy
Ioving the delorming foces, it is ca!led porfectly
body partiall regains he
(ften wben deforming forces are removed, the elastic.
wipinal shape; such bodies are known as partially
of inolec. :les
We know that a solid body is composed of a large number
N E o n arranged in a regular pattern.
Each molecule is under the infi: nco
The molecules of the hody iind
of focces due the neighbouring molecules. ero
tbemselves such that it find the stable cquilibriun position. When a iefor. ing
uzce is applied to the bocdy, tho nolecules are displaced from their st:ble| get
sect
distance changes and restoring forces
wsitions. Hence, the intermolecular
back to the original posit:ons bod
starts to acting on molecules which drive. them
and size. app
And thus the body regains its original shape
This is similär to spring-mass system. If mas_ is displaced, the syring
exert resultant force whick teies to bring the mass back to its natur:i posii ion.Ft
def
6.2 STRESS AND STRAIN:
under
The study of elasticity is concerned with how the bodies deform
two cuncepts: stress and strain.
action of pait of forces. This can be studied by
same line. Thus, thera is
The pair of forces act in opposite directions along the
but there is a resulting deformation or chtuage
no resuiting change in motion
in the shape or size of.the body.
the body resuiting
The strain is the relative change in the dimensions of
from the external forces.

Ekta Praláshan & Coi

 *
* ** * *

B.Sc. Sem-1 Physics |144

As 148 NE R.Sc. Sem -I Physics i a r .
a result of the
gives rise the stresses. In many deformation,
internal forces are set and these 6.2
to the external simple cases. These stresses are up
forces because when these
two are in balance the
simply relatel
will be maintained without
further change. Thus, deforaintion
"Stress is the external force
body is applied Or
the force per unit
divided by the area over which Conpressive siress
these force Tensie sues

no
cross sectional area'".
-

The
6.2.1 STRESSES igure 6. ) Pigure 6.2(b)
dies Lroet
hich
is
Longitudinal and
Shearing Stress The longitudinal strosses areof two types. When the two parts of the
each other, figuro 6.2(a), the longitudinal
udy on tho two sides of AA pulls
n is stress is called the tensile
stress eg. stretching of a wire by two equal and stra
at the two ends by two cqual and opposite
COm
ppssite forces. If the rod is pushed
body the parts on the two sides of AA push each other.
forces, úgure 6.2(6), two
F. stress. When the area is not
ou /AA The lorgitudinnl stress is called the compressive
ody. a cross-section perpendicular to length
is assumed. prOd
parlicularly spocifiod, he
the
Volume Stress tang
cues As shown in figure 6.3, When a body is acted upon by forces acting on
of n
1ence Figure 6.1 entire surface of the body in such a way that the force at any point is normal cha
bind Consider
a body acted
upon by several forces. The
t the surface und the magnitude of the force on a small surface area is
that body does not
socelerated and remains at theresultant
zero so of these is proportiónal to khe area, o.g. a body immersed in a fluid. If P is presBure at
Tming
gets
table defomed and internal forces
appear. Consider an
rest. But the
body the location of the body, the force on any area aA is PaA directed|
orces sectional area AA of the body as. shown in arbitrary cross perpendicular to the area. The force per unit area is then volume stress.
itions body either sides of AA exert forces F, F figure 6.1. The two parts of the
Volume staoss = WA (same as pressure) (6.3)
on each other.
-

appear due to deformation. These internal forces

pring The force F may be resolved in
ation F, tangential to AA. Thus normal stresstwo components, F. normal to.ad and
defined as, or
longitudinal stress over the ares is
under
train Stress
ere is (6.1)
Or the tangential stress
1ange or
shering stress over the area is defined as,
Stress
ulting AA (6.2) call
The MKS units are Nhm and CGS units are
dynes / em. Figure 6.3

Ekta Pralashan &Co

Ekta Pralkashan &Co.T
 *******

BSSem-I Physics| 145 5R 146

EB.Se.Sem-1 Plhysics
& STRAIN
Corresponding to each type of stress ther is a strain aswiated tii: Volume Strain: is a change in its
When a to volume stress, there
body is subjected
Longitudinal Strain : in volume. if V is the
change
voume. The volume strain is the fractional voiume stress is matk
Consider wire of length L is strectchecd by
a is the volume when the
equal and uppositn orces original volume of a body and V+AV
lancth of the wirc increases from its original value L to lrsi. exists, the volume strain is,
fracton chanuge L is called the longitudinal strsin.
is Th
Longitudinal strain =alL Volume strain

If there is increase in length, the longitudinal strain à caite«i and pressure

is, Difference between stress dimensions of
errain. If there is decreases in length, tha lougitudinal strain is unit area. Thus the
Qompressive strain.
.a The pressure means the foree per
the same phys
ai Stra
However, they are not
pressure and
stress are same. of the
whole surface 6.3
Shearing Strain quanitties. When the force
is appied perpendicularky
to

called the pressure.

When ever shearing stress exists over section, the: shearing suain 1
a
the force exterted per unit area is
body, then difierent on dife.ant
producecd. Suppose two equal and opposite forces r are applied tungentially
also force per unit area, it is peri
the opposite faces of a rectangular body as shown in figure 6.4. Sire t Though, the stress is to be perpendicular to the
And also it is not necessary
tangential forces are parallel to the faces, these faccs are displaced. The iah Surfaces of the body.
ofrectangle changes to a parallelogram. That moans the angles of tir
f surface.
ELASTICITY:
OF
changes to z,/2-0 or t/ 2+0 from the original valute of n/2. The deornor 6.3 HOOK'S LAW AND THE MoDULII a body is proportional te the
9 is called the shearing strain or deformation strain, or simply the shea:. in
the stress
If the deformation is smel, Thus, stress « strain, or,
This is known as Hook's law. P
corresponding strain.

stress constant
strain fr a
*******"*******"**************************

the modulus of elasticity and is constant

This constant is called therefore, the units
oi the
H unit less quantitiy,
material. Strain is a
h given
dimension M'LT.
constant of eleasticity
is N/m and has the
to the three
of rmodulus of elasticity corrsponding
There are three types
su
produced.
types of strains
Figure 6.1 Buk modulus (K0 (i) modulus of rigidily (n). vo

Young modulus (Yi)

As Shown in igure, strain = 6= tan6=Ap

FG HI 6.8.1 Young modulus forces
equal and.opposite
HP When a wire rod is stretched by applying stress FlA is producad
or a
tensile
area A, a
The displacement between two Iayers at unit perpendicular distance 1s F perpendicular to the cross-sectionalfrom its original value, L to L+AL: The.
called the shearing strain Qr, in the wire. The length is increases
tensile strain is AL/L
displacement between txo layer3
Shearing for small deformations,
to Hóok's law,
Strain
perpendicular dis tan ce vetween two layeis Thus, according
Ekta Praltashan Ca" RK N Elta Prskashan & CoI
*
 " " *

****

*** **

148
B.Se. Sem-I Physics|
Hence, the
bulk modulus is expressed as,
B.Sc. Sem-I Physics chango in
pressure.
¥ 147|02 SSA to a

Tensile sures y (6.7)

ils Tensile stain (6.)
is known the
the Y iS constant for a given material, that means, it is the properly o, i'%
The reciprocal
of the bulk
modulus as
compresibility
material of the body. denoled by K
The ratio of teneile stress uver tonsile strain is called Young's moduiu 88)
Thus,

Y LIL AAL .(6.6)

6.3.3 Modulus of Rigidity:
stress to shearing strain is called the modylts at
3 of If the rod is coropressed, the ratio of
compressive stress and compress1 The ratio of shearing
cal strain gives the young's modulus. Torsional modulus
or shearing modulus, As the situation ahowe
rigidity or
the shear modulus is,
6.3.2 Bulk Modulus : figure 6.4, the
FIA Fh
'

The volume of the body changes, if the forces (6.9)

ent are appliod
perpendicularly to whole surface of a body from all direction8. / h Ax
the
P P+dP

6.3.4 Poisson's Ratio

:

body, like wire or rod, is

when an elastic
thc As shown in figure 6.6,
is its length in the directin
increase in
to a tensile stress, there
an
or, subjected dimensions perpendicular to its length
its other
P+dP- V. AV -P+adP of the tensile force. While
decreases. When a is stretched, ita length increases and its diameter
wire
decreases.
r a

the
P+dP
Pigure 6.5 ********1*564******************e**

iree
As ghown in ígure 6.5, the original volume ofa body is V and the
surface area is A. On application of force F applied from all dizections, its
(n) volume reduces to v-Av. Therefore, volume stráín ís -VIAV and the
volume stres is FlA. hence, the bulk modulus B is,
Figure 6.6

The fractional change in the transverse length is proportional to t

rces FIA The constant of proportionaliy
ICed BV7V "V7V fractional change in the lorigitudinal length.
is called Poisson's ratio. Thua,
The The minus sign makes B positive as the volurne actually decreases on
applying presBre. More often. the change in volume is measured coresponding
a DD
ALIL *** 6.10)

E k t a Prakashan &Co Elta Pralashan&Co.

 B.Se. Sem-I Physies 149 150
B.Sc. Sem-I Physies This part is shown in
the raph by
Theoxitically,the value of g for a permanent increase in length takes place. deformed, If the
stable isotropic and linear is permanently
lies between -1.0 and 0.5 due to elastic dashed ine from point C. Thus, the wire very
mater requirement that young's modulus, further increased after point C, the length increases
u
lmodulus and modulus
of rigidity have positivo values. The practical
detormation is D. The behavior of the wire between
olne is positive and lies between 0.2 and 0.4. rapidly and the wire breaks' at point wire breaks is called
Va Poisson's ratio is a unit less and behaviour. Point D where
dimension less quantity points B to D is the plastic is called breaking
fracture point and the stress
corresponding to this point

6 6.4 RELATIONA BETWEEN LONGITUDINAL STRESS stress.

limit and the
STRAIN: AND between the elastic
Iflarge deformation takes place If the wire breaks soon
after the
ductile.
When deformation is small, the fracture point, the material is called
longitudinal stress is proportional to elastic limit is crossed, it is called brittle.
lo1 longiludinal strain. If the relation between stress and
strain is
different shapes for ditterent malerials. Figure 6.7 shows such ploted,
it has Method
dis by Searl's
di diagram for a ductile material. t shows
a stress-stain
6.6 Determination of Young's Modulus
qualitative relation between stress setup LLLLLLIL
strain as the deformation giadually increases. Up to point A on the and Figure 6.8 shows the experimental
modulus.
stress and strain graph, of searl's method to determine Young's
are pzoportional. Therefore, point A is called propertional from a fixed support.
po point. A long wire P is suspended
and heavy load is
A fixed graduated scale
a
wire. The heavy
attached at the free end of this
'the wire straight and free from
load keeps
reference wire. The
Plastie behavious kinks. This wire works as a
is
A proportional limit wire under test, of almost equal length
suspended from the same support close to the
is attached at the
BBlastic limit reference wire. A vernier scale
scale can slide against
Elastic behaviour free end. This vernier the reference wire. A
C Fracture point themain scale attached to
vernier
is at the free end of the
attached
hanger
half kg or one kg
scale. A number of slotted Pigure &8
in to the hanger.
Strain-> weights may be slipped different
Permanent set the wire under test is measured at
First of al, the radius ¥ of
screw gauge. Using the avetage value of the radius,
Figure 6.7 places with a micrometer
the material is found out. Half of
this breaking weight
Pi When the strain is small, the stress is
proportional to the strain. The the breaking weight for
part OA of the graph shows this elation, in which Hook's law is valid and is the permissible weight.
to keep the
to 2 kg is kept in the hanger
young's modulus is deâned. Some initial weight of 1 kg vernier scale
kink free. The reading from main scale and
After point A, the stress is not proportional to the strain wire straight and is inserted in
up to point B.
coincidenca noted. Then a known weight of
halfkg or 1 kg
however, if the stetching force is removed, the wire regaius original are
takes place fully.
Between points A and B, the Hook's law is not valid, but
its lengh. the hanger. The set up is lest for a minite. so the elongation
between 0 to B, the The diference with the previous reading
wire is still elastic. Point B is known as elastio limit or The reading from the scale is noted..
the yield point. If the increased gradually up
extra weight. The woight is
wire is stretched beyond the elastic
limit, the strain increases rapidly. If gives the elongation due to is noted.
to permisgible weight and every time
the elongation
stretching force is removed. the wire does not regain its ngatural length. Some
Ekts Pralashan &Co
Ekta Pralashan &Co.
 **

B.Sc.Sem -I Physics|
162 168
B.Sc. Sem-I Pbysics
B.Sc. Sem EXAMPLES
-I
Physics 151 support using a wira a
The procedure is repeated in is suspended
kg Find
of 8 from
reverse order by decreasing Example li B load 0 2 cm. the tensile stross at equilibrium. Take
gradualy in the same
steps and
finding the elongatjon for each
weight
the mcan value of weight. Then
elongation is carried out. Using this data, 3.14x(0.001 x12x10
load curve is
plotted As shown in elongation versus g-3.1 m/s
through. the origin. figure 6.9, it will be a
straightline =8.0x3.1r N
pass ing due to
load is, F = mg
= 2.654x10
Solution The force

crose-sectional
area
A=nr" =
r(2>x10-3n
The Now, g oral action AD/D
e
Tensile Strain aLL
Hence,
Hence, Lateral contracion
TX10-6N/n2
O N/m2
=
GXTensile strain
= FlA =

Mg 0.25x 2.654x104
Figure 6.9
24.8x10* N/m2
The
0.664x104
slope of this line is, is suspendedfrom a support using a wire of
Example 2: A load of 8 kg produced is
radius 0.2 cm and length 10. The elongation
Find tho Young modulus of the wire.
Can
Mg . (6.11) 031 mm at cquilibrium.
Take g=3.1m mls*.
The stress due to weight Mg is,
stress F/A = 017-24.8x106
_F_ Solution : The longitudinal
=

4Tx10
StressA

= 0.031x10-3
And strain = The longitudinal strain
L
Where L is the total length of the wire whose
young's modulus Y is to FIAFL 24.8*1O=8.0x1o' N/m*
be meaSurod. Y
LL* AaL 0.031x103
Hence,
Y MgL
Example 3: A force of 10* N is agpliedIfat the free
end of a 1 m long wire
Tcr"£ 2 Young modulus of wire is
of diameter mm.

Using equation (11), we get, 12x100 Nim and Poisson's ratio is 0.25, find the lateral
n contraction produced in the wire.

(6.12) Solution : We havé, Y= MgL

Using equation (12) and other known data, young modulus Y may be
calculated. Ekta Pralkashan &Co.
Elta Pralkashan & Co.
Ekta Pralashán &Co
 B.Se. Sem- I Physicss
.Sem -I Physies
B.Se
cquilibrium, 1
D trom x Lho T po
B.Sc. Sem-I PbysiS
byn Bnait aistational tothedisplacoment as
displaced
block is WDcn13
propor
When the tno DlOck
-o't ds
lorcc on vdu =

g exortsa (7.1
B.Se. Sem-I Physics givenby i00 towards tho Att =0. x =
x, and it becomes
umitg
u , al x =
*,. Integrating abova
K* e becausa it is ement.directea alway's equation Detween these as,

Oscillations When the block 1s quau

This is called nd oDposite to t nt ispositivoand restoringforeo Or i n - i n " o
7.lLNTRODUCTION equilibriu eht of x = 0, he i n displaced to the lelt ot x*0, tho
We are familiar with the motion ora body. we xno t displnoutwards tha lat. " storing forco is directed towards the ight.
sin 4, ir becomes
types ot 00u nt of the body ftom some equilibrium lacomont ia nogauve mation inequation(7.l% e b Writing
.
p05140n. ond law f motson
heforoe is directed toward the equilibrnum posicioD, a repeuve D
d1 Nowto
moion taKes piaco u0out cnis posituon. nis ype or oLO Owa

u
ueh
B pov

as the motion of sWing.

hosellations of a mas6 attnched toa spring. Along
J81ng
-EL Or Acos(øt +4) signilicance
. (7.6)
ot theso
physical
u constants. The
with this, the inolecular vibratuons, the electromagnetde wavGs, +gure 7.2(a)
* (7.3) Where A, o and are
of timne t i n
and voltageotcsc h harmonio motion in whicha bodyoscillates plotof xa s
a function
the
Constant i9 shown in
n such a way that its position is specified bya sinusoidal function of time with no
proportiona totae aspiacenent and
is directed --oi)
Thus, accoleration is
oss inmeCBnicaa B em is snid to exhibit simpie narmonic
acceleration is
7.2 Simple Harmonic Motion pposite to the duspiaeceu monic motion whenover its directed
nt
motion, A body per displacement position and
irom the equiorum

proportional to its

wwwm oPposite ta
Motion of A Simple
Harmonic Motion:
7.8 Equation of narmonie motion along
Let consider particle pertorming,simple T
particle from the equilibriumvaries um the.
a

wwwww X-axis. Tae ap

us

of the particle at t=0 18 4 ana 128 velocity IS V he Figure 7.2(0)

origin. Supp
YWYWIWM Thus, at ts,
x*5anayV*
nt time is,
Tbe acceleraion of the particle
any
Hence, u=avA*-?

a
prin Consder syotom
*
hgure1.l
consisting a block ofmass m attaçhed to the end ofa
igure 7.1. When the spring is neither siretched nair compresced the he
the eguilbriun position at 0. 1f such asyatemis disturbed from its
equilibrium po_ition, 1t wiu oscillate back and 1orth.
Ekta Prakashan&Co.
Ekts Prakashan &Co.
Attimet0,the displacementis =* andat time t the displacement ia
thus intograting above equgtion as
Ekta Prakashan&Co:
Ekta
A Figure 1.206)
Prakashan & Co.|
 B.Sc. Sem-I Physies 61 B.Se. SemI Physics BS

B.Se. Sem-1 Physics B.Sc Sem-IPhysies From equation (7.10) 1t 18 Sean that, as the sine function oscillate between Following are the important properties ofa partiale movring in simple Again
+1, the extro me valuos ot velocy dre taA. Since the cosine fundáon also wO S
7.4 Terms harmonic motion
Associated with SHM: Phase
the phAse.
it determines the status of 1. oscillate batween tl. so Uom equation (7.11) we see that the cxtreme valuea of
known as 9) The necessary and suiñcent condition for simpie harmonic motion s,
is
Amplitude The quantity
(et+4) 1s 20To at a tant,
cortain inatan SCIl
aro 20A Hence, the maximum speed and maximum acceleration the aceleration of ihs parnice pv
rCe

Tbe
amplitude A of the motion is the maxrimum in
harmonic
moion.
i
pause

means the particdo i

a
particle nioVIng in 8imple harmonic motion are,
of a B oPpasie in direction. It opposes all other kind of vbrations
tbe particlo 1.6E
particle in either positive or dispalcement of the +9)A That
and v=Acos(i If the phase the and
negative z-direetioa. As sin ssAsin(al +4)=0 going n tho positive
diraction.
()the displacament from the equilibrium position, veloeily
values between -I and +1, the can take
(»t+) the position and
mean
n e positive
extreme (1.13) acceleration al vary sinusoidally with time but are not in phasa.
and +A. 1he constant o is dispaloement z can take values between A crossing
=A and v
U S0 aat
paruice
at

independent of the
caled he angular n/2. then brings lo the (U14) Gi) The frequency and the period of motion are
the units of radians írequency of motion and has phase /ncrease5.
An nerease ot 2n
per second. inereases the8 Figure 1.3a) shows x vergus t plot 1or an
constant. Pigure 1.3(6) and 1.30) represonts the arbitrary
As the time value of phase amputuoe
Time Period: status in the
motion.
velocity and.aceleration
particle to the
8am9
against t. From the curves it 1s seen hat the phage of veloeity is difers from 1.5 Simple Harmonic as a projection of circular motion
t 1s seen rom the phase of displacement by n/2 rad,or 90", Le. the velocity is zero when r is
equston (7.6), that the trigonomete function z is periodie Phase Constant choice of time
and repeata
tself every ime ot deponds on the
ipereasee by 2 adians The period T af the is the phase
constant, it a maximum or a minimum. Sinilarity, the speed
8 maxmum, when x 1s ero
motion is the time taken Tho constant mstant t = 0 and measurenent of
has made one
the particde
by to complete ono ful cyele ie. particle the motion, a
parúicular Moreover,the of
phase
the acceleration
difers from the phase of the
oscallation. Thus the value adf at time t t=0. To describe angie o i8 the phase lie dispalcement by 180", or T rad, 1e. when z 1s a maimum, a 1s a msximum
tine t +T. We know that the
x
equals the value adx at be made from
this instant.
1ne
constan
phase time should initial displacemerit in opposite drection. Tbe phase constant i1s 1mportant to conpare the As th
(øt+4) inarenses by 2 rad in time t, caled the phase
determinedmaximum p0Sition
engle, 3
by the =
A
z at notion of two or more objects. Work
comstant slso 15 at

hese et++2x=(t+T) +4 and velocity of the particle.

Ynen parncie

curve ol z
shown in
versus t 1s as úgure 7.26).
and then the
ot++2= ot+ oT+ t0, then =0 the cOnstants
and A shows
at.t ,
position
is at any other
Hence, aT 2 or Ifthe particle 3 known as the
was
at time
t= 0. he quannly (ot +9) a)
s what the position in comparing
the motions of the two
and 1s useIul
T- .(i0)
phase of
08cillators.
the molion Figure
ona circle ot radiue A with a coDstaat
Let us consider a perticle moving
at the
Frequency : Accelerationn: cantre of the arcle
18

Linear Velocity.and
1.4 Let the
anguiar velocay @ as ahown in hgure
At time 0,
motion can t=
The inverse of period is called
The linear velocity of the
particle performing simple barmonic and
twO perpendieular duameter are
as
the x and Y-ana.
the frequency f of the motios. The (7.6) with respect to time;
ongan 1s on the &-aps.
ime t the radjus
At
Of
makes an ange
frequency represents the number f osc1ations
made by particle per unit time be obtained by diferentiating équation let tae partice
P on A-ards and PR
on Y-axis.
Taus, A-2as, Draw a perpendicular
- ot With the
.10)
ot the paracie are,

. -sin(at+4) At ume t, he x and y cordnates

(716)
(78) x=09=0Pcos @t Acosal
The accelration of the partiele is, 7.16)
The unit of f are cyeles per secnd -
, or
Hertz(Ha) .. (1.L1)
and y=0R = OP sin of = Aain of
simple
Rearranging the terms, 7.46 shows that the fot of a
perpendiçular Qexecutes requency
Equation the angular
harmonic motion on
the Å-ans. The amplitude isA ahd
can de w r e n as, the a s
buz A O08(0+), hence equation (i.1l) ioot ot K cxOCutes
a Simple haruonic
mouon on
Is 0. Sunlarly, the
- (7.3)
.(7,12) Ekta Praluwhan & Co
The congtant o is
caled the ar-
anguiar ireguency.
E k t a PralkashaM O
Ekta Prakashan & Ce: aEkta Pralkashan & Co:
 L. -

B.3C.
m -I Physics
64
R.Sc.Sem-1 Paysies B.Sc. Sem-} Paysies B.Sc. Sem-1 Physies 56
energy at
timo t is, aotential enorgy is zero. The kinetie enerEy is Integrating equation (7.19), we get,
Again the amplitude 1s A and the
angular írequency is o. The phase8 of the
Thus, the potential m vg-5ne'a'. All the 7.7
Dechanical
away from energy
two simple harmonic motions ditfer by is in the
the equilibrium forh kinetic
of

Thus, the
z/2. energy. As the
posiiton, the kinetic energEy block is dispaloed 6-8,sin(uk+) (1.20)
projection of uniform circular motion
cirdie is a
sunple harmonic motion
a
on a diamater of the Dotential energy increas. At the extreme positions decreases and the z = tA, the
Where is the maximum angular displacement on both sides. The
ne
U-m sin (ut +4) becomes zero and hence the
kineiuc energy reduces to velocity angular veloaiy at time t IS grven by,
1.6 Energy Conservation vero. The
in Simple Harmonic Motion potential
The And the linetic energy
at tame t is energy is increased to its maximum
value,
simple harmonic motion is deined by the /kA=mo' A". Now, all the nclet+4) (1.21) be
equation mechonical energy is in the form
Pr-kz oí potential energy.
Km The time period of the oscilation is,
The work done by the
forte during a displscement from z to I*d1s,
1.7 Angular Simple Harmonic Motion
dW-Pdr Angular SHM involves 'to and fro' angular o9scilation of a T 1 2)
The
total work done in a
displacement from x =0 toxis energy at timet is
axis 0s a central position or orientatipn. The paracle or body body about an And the trequency. of oacilation i6,
The total mechanical
angular displacement about mean pOSt1gn. The
undergoes small
angular oscillation are called
B=U+K
W-f-arar- anguler harmonic motion i
) There is
Let U) be tbe polential energy
an
equil1brium position 8=0, where the resultant torque on
As the change in potential energy orresponding
of the aystem when the displacomect ie the body is 2ero.
0 18 the angular irequency.
o a torce is
work dono negatve of the The:quantity,
by the foro, (i) When the displacod by a small angle rom equlibrum
(7.18) position by a emall
torque, the rotaling system generates a restoring torque proportional to The energy of angular oscillation' is
U-U(0)--PWk From quation 7.18, it is seen that the total mechanical energy at time t is angular displacenent, which tries to restore equilibriu.
Potentinl eoergy U-k-lo*
The independent oft and it remains copstant. (Gii) The resutant torque must be clockwiso anticlockwise
potential energy of the particle wben it is at eqailibrium position
or so as to bring the
placed on a frictionless horizontal body toward the equlibrium.
For axample, consider a block of mass
ero. m

and attachod to a spring as shown in figure 7.6. And Kinotie energy K-{in
Hence, surface If g is the angular displacement of the body at any instant, the resultant
U=U U=(1/2)kA torque acting on the body is, Hence the total energy 18,
U0)=0 and U()=
SOOUOLy=0 -t B-U+K
If I is the moment of inertia ot the body then the angular acceleration is,
We know that, o-or k= mo*. U-(/2)kA U=0

TDereore, Ul)=znal
LO0o00Yv-0 x=0
SOoO0O- z=0
Using -6,sin(ot+6)
. (7.17)
The displacement and veloicity of the Figure 1.6 (7.19)
partizcle are, dt
When the block is displaced from equilibrium position, it performs the
x=Asia(ot +) simple harmonic motion. The spring exorts the restoring foroe on the block (1.24)
the potential energy is the in the spring
v= Aocos(et+4) Here, elastio polential energy stored
During the simple harmonic motion, at the equilibrum pasition x =
0, the This equation (7.19) is similar to equation (7.4, where x is replaced by g.
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 B.Se. Sem -I Physies
B.Se. Sem-I Pbysics Any hanging boay B.Se.5 icm -I Pbysicg l
B.Se. Sem-I Physics 1n tne Tight hand side of the auponed roul a uxed support and oscilating about a 7.7.3 TorsionalPendulum
.7.1 Simple term sin0, instond of Bi pros0nt nartnonie
The mouon. However, if
ixed axis that " not pansing through its contro of
Ues a plysieal
Pendulum : aBiapie hewtallic bar
oquation tells that tho motion s uDendad on nail in the wall etc.urare examplesthrough
not
auaponded
(.26) can be reducod to holo in it,
of physicaln pendulu. ring
a a
simple pendulum is mo
small, we can assume sint=8,
The oquation

aot consists
a
mechanical system that exhbits periodie is very
Consider rigid body pivoted at point Oaway from the
particle-boD ol masS suspended by
ol a a

as show in fiigat
a
cnetre ofthe
m a
7.27) in bgure (I.). when the centre of mass
motion, is
driven bv e rom upper end the hol. CM is vortically bolow
The acal plano. hnrmonic 0. the bouy uuy ea a
n De Bhown that, ifthe angular
displacement
8 1s smalL, the motion will has the similar form as the oquation of simple
Equation (?.27) nie ,
released,
us cau ns
positiOn 0= 0. When the body
be the simpBe harmonic motion. idulum for small oBCLaiOn 13simple it executes oscillations. The force of gravity
aotion. Thus, the moti0n or BiguPo orovides n torque, about an axis through 9,
harmoníc motinn.
Theralore, 0 can bo wTitten as, ain0.WWhere 1 s the having the magnitude of mgd
displacoment Qt centre o mass from
0-8 cOs(ot+9) passing through O. UBing the law f motion t=la. vo get, the vertical line
the angular
is the maxim um angular displacement
and
Where &
-ngd sin 0=1
frequency o1 .30)
(7.28) The uinus agn indicate that the torque decreases
towards 0, that means

is the force of gravity produces a restoring torquo. d'o/dt gives the angular Figure 74
mgsin mgcos Theperiod of motion
upper ebd as shown in
(7.29)
acceleration of the body, so the equation (7.30) can be considered as an A rigid body is suepended by wire fixed at the
a
A. ihe twist produced in tne
. equation ot notion. ite 1s assumed to besmall, sin9=8 is valid Hence, hgure (7.8). The body 1s rotated throug
wire exerts a resto
e proportional to the. angula
sl constant of the wire is k and tpe oouy
Thus, the period and frequeacy
ofa simple pendulum depends only on the
gure 7.6
Theforces acting on the bob are the force of tension Takerted by the length of the string and the acoeleration due to gravity. lengths
equal
period is
As thelocated at
is -o . (I.31) diapiacenue
oaved througn an
le o
angle 9, the torque produced 18,
pendent ot mass, all the simplo pendulums having
sg a ne gravtauona rorce tng: The tangential component of the tho same placo w loecilate wth the
samo perion. Equation(7.3) have the same form as the simple harmonicmotion with
thesouaon 0=8gcOs(ot+9),where 9 isthe maximumangular diaplacoment angie or tw1st wnch 13
n 0 ys act towarde e-0. oppositeto the 4s magnituae o
ue nas a anagutude E I hewne
proporuona
the-imoment of inertia of tne
, and banoe, using Physical Pendulum :, equal to tne ang
newton's seoond iaw fr motion in ethe tenn
EDgenal direetion.
1.7.2
and body about the vertcal axis,
the angular acceleration 1s

R-mgein 9 -m Pivot Thusor smallosCillations, the motiOn 1s neary simple harmonic. The a-i-
dt - (7.25) period 19,
where s isthedisplacement ofthe bob measured alongthe areand the (7.32)
.359
ne tos nat the tangentialforce acts towards the mean position.
Since s L4, and u 18a constant, hence equation (7.25) becomes Equation (7,.32) canalso be used to measure the nomentofinertia of a Where, o T
rigid body, ifthelocation of centre ofmass and distance d isknown. Ifthe
1-sin whole mass of the body is concentrated atthe centre of mass I= md"). Thus, equation (7.883) shows that
the motion or the body 1 Simple
armonic and the time periou 1
quation (".32) reduces to that lor the simple pendulum. 2kta yralcasHan 0 . |
in (7.26)
Figure 7.
Elets Pralkashay &Co.
Ekta Pralkashan &Co. Ekta Tralashan &Co,
 RS. Sen-IPipsi B.Scm-I Plyici
BSc Sen-l Physis to the antural requeacy
(lke in Seace of
equal BS&San-1I Payio
osdilate wih neary mith kime as
it Vge olmalatan is calld karol usclaloa.
anplitude
decvzses tha anplisude dle
dampingl Dhe Cocilaton uigoven
34
Such &sysem is caled tho torsional m
restrictiom within the elastic limit of tha
enduun. There is aut small anga drdg.
dmrye there in mebaninal ogsans and the ampltode renais fale.e
mire decreases with
vnith tine
tume and tbaly berom
and finally becomes tero
Thus the ampthtudle (1.0). This electis inparta:t in deagaing bridgas ad elher enil
18Damped Oscilations
Apartiole can
perorm imple harmonic mobon with conslant amplirude t Fieat 4ktin s the natlurai sagolae lrequaoy
the roeultant force on it ia :EXAMPLES:
proportinal to the displacomen and is directd forced oacilotioa the los of an0rgy due to
Ia
opposte to it. In nany cases the
Rpensated by the wonk done by thae aplad pariudie Kovoa.danpiag lrce is
nature prwides such a restoriuag baro ep Example: The raulant lorca aetiog on aparticle performiag simple br
Simpie pendulun, pmag mas gystem ek. hod heano the haraonic nolion is IN when it is 2cn emoy lion the mega
d dampinag kore is Homever, in many cuse Ome bnd QgsGilations vaih COAStant amplitude ae sySRained.
acing ca the gatom abng mitd the restoring kee. l. nay pAailon Find the spring coastant."
be friction between
moving parta, air resistanoe, or ay be due tp otke fthe angar brpoug ot he uyjied kron i Soktan For smple hamonic ruotbon,
eastns Ihe damping kre i a
tuacton dsyed ol the aoring systen and ia also changes and beomea maximum vhen,
hanged, the anmlhde
direced oposite Lb the vweloaity. Thus, the Sol
The enargy is last due t ths nepaive wocddampi ag tareo do the negntive vwort
done and the oystan cme d te
est ater a definte ime 2:10'a
Figne 19 bareovais notiua
The damping fove may be a This ondisern is caled resnco. f Gamging is Eompk1: parickeofuas 01 kg perkras simpla
of pnacical interest, i s taken ts
camplinalet functiun d gped a wany oses neigule emal, o*4
proporinai to tha gped and can be writlea cay at oscill:e, Itis stil
fthedanping i lrgo enovag, gystkm and taere witbnt
te
e and the rpsonance oxrurs mben tie uyplial froquency is neariy øqual tu the
say pasoe
a disylaod, i milgo toanis epuiknun prsia atura feqcensy
Soldua: At the mes positonçfoseilation, Kinetie
the energ of the
for whieh tha oaezllation
tomarnds the other side. The dampiag just stops is
*calate only I the danping is small Figur Q.30 skovs mplitade s a ockin dthe aglad roquaery,s partelei
Where bis calad the danping ovelicent. culel arlieal denping, he systen vwll Seen from the igune that he anmplinde ie large if
than the cridial danping banpug is snall nd te
Heao, the equation od notion can be writen as resonance is shar. Vharelore, the anpitude fals rapidly ase is diter

79Forcd Oscllation and Resonane

he
Seswize lare,peridiuly danping vith tin s als sting an the AChis mean positon the kenetit enegy
is 2am. At = A, the
The solution of this STaten aloag with the restoriag and danping
lorve. Suppo88 a force is zero. tae|
equation can be obtained by atandard metbod. Por
sal damping the saltion is of the is Dero and bence the kinetic energy
velcity
tarn

1:Ageinle+)
r-beine
Wihert tla-/n
therekore the
The Sarveantha parice i, R--|0Nimi,
k-l0N/m Therekor,
Sping constant is

far sal b,the

angilar bngqueney e'-ma, beneie he gysten Asialet+)

Eta Prakashan:&Ca
 *
B . S e . Sem - 1 Physics
1764
EB.Se. Sem -1 Physics 2 R Physles KN
KGNEE 176 B.Sc. Sem- I
force for a pendulum
Example 3 A particle of mass 100 g executes a simple harmonic motion. 6 Detormine the inag1uútude
of the restoring QUESTI
the The rastoring force is Exnnple
100 g that has been pulled to an angle of 10° fronm the
g 1S
provided by a
spring of spring constant of mass
m/s. Answer the folowing quest
80 N/m. Find the ime 9.81
vertiçal. Take
=
period. g
The Solution The tine period is, (1) Define simple hamonic motionm.
ure Solution. The restoving forca is, (2) Define restoring forca ofa spring
:ivil
T-2 00 10Z0N/
mg sin 0 3) Defina period ofsimple harmoni
(4) Dcfine frequency ofsimple harn
2nx 0.071ls = 0.45s (0.1000 ke)(9.81m/s*)(sin10) When does a particle execute sin
(6) On whiolh lactors the
nple Exnmple 4 0.170 N fnequency
1ean
A particle0,execute
timot
simple harmonic motion along X-axis. A
the position of particle is * = A/2 and it moves horizontal axis
(7) On which factoxs the total mech
Exnmple 7 A thin disc of mass 5 kg is uspended by a
1S deponds ?
along the positive = direction. Find tho phaso eonstont if disc displaced slightly
is from
perpendicular to the rim. "The the period of subscquent simple
(8) In a simple pendulum, what ha
thecquation is written as a= Asin(ot+d). equilibrium and released. find 1 (9) On which factors the period an
9.8 n/s'.
harmonic motion. Take g =
(10) Under which condition a physic
Solution We have, *= Asin(ot +4),at t=0, x=A/2, of inertia of the
Hence, A/2 = Asin ¢ Solution .: To find the period, we need the moment body ly (11) What is the limit of twisting in
about the axis of rotation. We have, (12) What do you mean by damped
tion (13) Define forced oscillations.
ition
sin- OR 4ri6 or 5«//6
I=leM +Ma*-MR? +MR-MR? (14) Deline resonanc8.
Hence, the period is, (15) What will be the phase dife
the
The velocity is, v-=Aocos(ot +4), at t =0,u= Acos resonance?
(16) What happens if applied force=
No, c (17) Detine force constant.
and
co T-2M 2mMR2 1.1 (18) Why the amplitude ofa damp
(19) Define mean or qquilibrium
As v is positive at t =0, must be equal to r/6. Answer the following qu
Example 5 A particle of mass 20 g executes a simple harmonic motion of Bxplain periodic motion a
(1)
amplitude 3 cm. If the time periód ia 0.30 s, find the total illustrations.
the
mechanical energy of the systemn. (2 Describe the energies posses
the
Solution .: The total mechanical energy of the system is, (3) Write the equation for displs
deduce the expression for its
(4) Deduce the dillerential equa
harmonic m
5) Define damped
(6) Discuss tho graph of amplit=
Answer the following
harmonie m-
the (0) Bxplain sinple mot
Obtain the equation of
2(3.14 20x1orkg(3x10m ()
Explain the folowing
term
0.3s (3 pa
timo
G6) Amplitude i)
anda
() Linear velocity
3.94 x10J
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