At a distan s the irteratornic force uil1 beero an

Elasicity +his dibtonce is called equlibvium stane.

when Hhe distanu btweun to abms futher decre ased
Rigid Boy the interatonnic force become Tepwsive and increaes it
A bodly is said to be rigid is the relate decrease in Y.
pssiti1 o ts Constituent particles remand unchanged
when extenal defor ming forces are applied to it. The potential enegy relatd with the interctomic force is
The neasest apþroach to a rigid body is ciamond or
carborundum. F -då
dY
Actualy no body ia rigid ad every body can
be defor med more oY l s by the apþlicatorn of suitable hen t e distnca betwcun the two atoms becones Yo
forces. the potential enegy o the syskm ot two atoms becomes
Irter atomic ForCes - minimum and hehce the tuo atoms at seaation ro
ill be in a state ot equlibnum.
It i the foUs betwen the atoms e to electostdic
Interacion betucen the chanes o the atoms. with futhes decrese im r the negaive vae oy the
These forees ae elletrical in atue and ae actve Potential eney dereales amd be comes z 0 end then
it the distane between the two Repulsion
atoms is o5 the oder o atta'ns positie value with futher decrease in r.

when the two atos are Itrmolecular Forces

brought cdose to each other It is the forces betueen the molecWes d e to ecto
the distance betuen their
posihve nuclei anal electn &tatie iterachion betuen the changes o the molecules.
clouds get di twbed and Attractio These fr ces ane also called Vander Waal forcs
due to this atractive inter and ane quite weak as Compared to inter-atomic forces
atomic foru is produud.
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This cttrative tore increases
Force betucen two malecules is gen by
with decrease in Y and belome
maximym at a criical utanu F Faet. t Frep.
this the cttrachve
force sitats ducreasing with Ihe vlw ot Canstants a and b dpends uþon the structure
futher dcreawe in Y. and naue ot molecwes.
 Potential Energy can be expressed as Pertecty Plaatte body -
the body cloes not have any tendemcy to
U re moval ot
recover its oiginal 'Configuwatin, On the
be peyectly castic
de-forming force, then it is said t
where Yepresents repulsive Contibution and B
Putty, mud Para ffin lwax etc.
Tepreserts the attactive contibuhon.
Note -
Interatomic forces ae So L0O times stronger Stress
than intermolec la force The internal res toring torCe acting per unit area
ot a detormed body s Calid stress.
Internal restoring Force Fntesna!
Elastieity stress
Area o CrOSS Section A
The property o matter by virtue ob ohich a
bodyy te nds to resain its original shape and size ater
the removal of de forming forces s calld elasticity. I7 thene is no pemanent change in the Confiuratien
ot the body, tten the restoring torce is equa and
Reason o Elasticity - obposite to the extena deforminq fore applied.
A Soid body i composed of- ato rns or mDle SI Unit - N/m Dimensions - CM'LlT
Cules. These atons oY Tnoleces re bounded togethe
by interatomic or intemolecwlar forces and stay jn stable
eqyilibaium position. Types ot Stress -
when an externa force is abplied to the body
1J Normal stressLongitudinal Stress
then restoring forces Come into plauy due to interatomic and
intemolecular forces and bing the atoms to its orignal when a de fox ming torce acts normally ove
position. an aseea of a bocy, then internal Yestomg force set
p pe unit aea of the body
www.sccsikar.com called normal shess.
Peafeetly Elastice Body
(a) Tensile Stress
The body thich pertectly regains its original I; the i q.: incieas in he
form on Temoving 'e externel deforming force, is defined extension ot the body in ti dircctu of
as þertect ly ela'ic body force, then the. stres S Cal tensii
PhospheY bronze etc.

Cont. No.: 80030241 31, 9309068859 [3 Piprali Road, sikar (Rai.) Cont
(b) Conpressive SresS TYpes o strain
decrease in the ength
OY Cempre ssibn o the bedy due to abplied force J Longtuinal Strain -
he stres st up is Calu compressive stress. It the deforming torce produces a change
(C) V låme sthess / Hydralie ir Length alone, then the s0rain produeed in the
tress - be dy is Calld Longitudinal or tensile strain.
It egual nomal forces are abþied on every
me surface ot a bdy then it undesgoes change in longitudinal Stran = Change in length =

Valume. The restoking force oppsing this charge in

vclume pez unit aea
originad ungth
detined as volume stre ss
I+ s gneally possible when a solid spheical
nedy is placEc In a fluid unden high presswre.

2] Tangential shearing stress 2. Volumetric Strain -

whern a detorming force acting tangontiatl to
I7 the detoming torce Produes a change in
the Sjace ot a body produees a Change in the volume alone, then the strain produed in the bociy
Shape ot the body withaut any change in volume is callid volumnetic strain.
then he stress set p in the body i Callhd tangental
oY Sring stress. Volumetric Strain = Change in Volume
Note- It the de forming foce is inclined tu the swface uginal volume.
t an angle Such that 9#0 and #90, then botth
t angenhal omd normal stre ss are dve loped.

Strain IV-AV! (v- ay

The ratio Change in Confiqration to the
oria1nal (on figunathn is Callid strain: www.sccsikar.com

Strin
change in configuration
original Configwthon Note - Etenson suai
Cwhen a beam s bent then
Note Strain has not unìt and dimensions. toth Compre ssion stain as wetl
as an extension straun is produced.

pin ali Road Sikar (Rai

3.) Shearing strain Hook's Law
Ic the deforming torce produus a change in According to this law within the elasti limit,
the shaþe of the body without changing its volume, Stress is proporthonal to the strain.
+hen the strain produced is Ccaled shearing strain
Stress d Strain Stress = EStrain
It is detined as amge in radian through which
a plane perpendiclan to the fixed swface o tte Here the Constant E is cald moduws ot elastici ty o
cubical body gets tune undes the effect ot tangeniad the matesia ot the body
force.
F Modulus os Elastiity
Sheaing Shain = X It is dutined as the ratio o the stress to tthe
Corres ponding strain produced wthin the elastic imts.
Fixed face
Stress
Modulus ot Easicity E = strain
Difference betoeun Pressue and stress
Presswe Stress Note
() Tts valu depends upon the natue ot
Presue is aluays normal Stress Can be either normal o the body and the the materia
to the area. or tangential. manner in which the body
is deformed.
Presswe on a body is oalways Stress can be Compressive (ü) Tt does not depeno upon the
Compressive. or tensile or shear, stran. Value o stress and
Presswe is a scla. Sress s a tensor.
(1) Its Value is independnt of the
CLength, Volume et) o the dimensions
Elastic Lmit - (iv) Its vale olepends wporn
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the
body.
Tt i the maximym stress which on the body' temperature
remorin the
de forming force makes the body to recover Completey (V) Modutus ob
its okiginal state and beyond which it oleforming foree -formula elasticity
crn unit as that ot has same
dimensional
i inereased the bocy Loose its property ot elastity
and ets pemanertly detormecl.
Straun is dimensionless. stress,Since
Cont. No.: 8003024131, 9309068859 Di
 Types ob Modluus oy Elastici ty im a wire by its on
(iii) Elongaien weigt
Young's Modulus os Elasteity (Y)- The weight ot the wire (M9) at at the cende o
It is deyined as the ratio ot nomad stress gavity o; the wire, So that length oty wire which is
+t: dongitudinad strain within the elastic limit. Stre te hed will be Lh
FL M22)
Norma stress Elongaton AY AY 2 AY
Longitudinal stran As mss M = Volume AxL) xdunsity (a)
Normd stress
(iv) Forca Constant oy wire
Longitudinal strain = Foree requina to produe unit elongation in a
So thet Y =F/A wire. s callid force Censtant o matial ob wire
AL/L
FL
Force Constant = AL YA
Y 2AAL
* Greaten the vadue ot young's modulus ot a mateial
Lage is its elasticity Theefove steel is more elastHe
than Copper.

Tmpotant Points
i) Actual Length ot the wire -
I7 the actual length o the wre is L, then
unaer the tension Ti,its length becomes Ly and under
the tension T , its kngth becomes Lz then www.sCcsikar.com
LT, -LT
Actul Lngt L=

(i) Youmg's Modlus does not dipends upon the imensio

ot tthe wire. It s Constent for a ginen matuial oty
 Work done in stretching aa wire -(Pe. Stored tnwire
In stratching a wire wok is dune agoainst the
intena restong force s. This work is Atored in the wire
ab elastic potential enwgy
Let a force'F 'acts adong the length
'L'o* the wire o coss Secion 'A and
Stretches it by 'x' then L
StresS FL > F YAK
stroun AX L
A
So the wt done for an addi tional smal!
increase dx in Length
dw = F dx YA Xd
L

Hence total work done in inreasinz the dength by l is

W= dw |YAx,dx W =YAL

. Energy stored in the wire U- W= YAL

OY U=YA" =FL
The Potential enegy per unit volume of wre is
U = KStress xstrain
Gulk Moulus ot Elastiity ( e) -
L uined as the ratio ot normal stress to
is
+he vlumetrie stran withn tthe elasticc Umit.
Nomal StYess
Volumetie. Shain
(V- AV)
Norl stress = F/A

Volumetic strain = -AVN

B= FV or B z-PV
AV P= increase in pressure
AAV

The value ot B iA maximum tor solids and minimum toY

gases.

Bulk Modulus
Tsethemnal elastcity
Gases have two bulk moduli
Adiabatic elastiuty
 Compressibiity -(K)
The reciprocal of bulk modulus ot elastaty s
defned as Compresibility
kk

Note- young's moculus omd Bulk Modulus tor a

Pejecty igid body às infiniy
 Modulus of Rigdity or Shear Modulus oc elastaty (n)
datineal as the ratio ot the tangetial
stress o the shearing strain, wi thin the elastie imit.
Tangential stress
shering sthain A F
RZ
Tangentia! stress = F/A
=

Shearing strain ¢=
Also F
Fixedface
So that FL P S
A%
Note -
(i) ShAn
Shear modulus for a solid is ds than its young's
modulws e. toy Solids
(i) For most t the solis matei als , the vae otsar
moslus is one thiYd o7 the yong's modulus.
n

(i) nis the characteistie o soid ony as the fuid

qmd gases do not ha
have fixed shape.
 Poissorn's Ratio lo) Impotant Facts abou Elastiity
when a is stretched by a foree along
its
Long ba
ngth then its dangth increases and the radi us
1 The bocy which rquires greater dtor rning torce to
eces produee a cantan changein dimension is more elastic.
2. 'Nater LA more elstie han aur Qs volume
Loter Strain - change in
twater is less tor same appied pressure.
Tive ratio ot change
ius oY iametey to th 3. Greater is the value o moduus o elasticity mot
erigma! radiu or diameter is r-dr elastic is the mateal.
coluc Lateal straun,
L+ dL
U.
Gases being Comþressible ane least elastic
most
Longitudinal Strain wile solids re most ie. bulk modulus ot gas is
The ratio o
change in
Very dow while that foY Liquids and solids 4 Very hgh.
length to the original ngth Bslids > Biqids > bgas
i calld ongitudina strain. S.
The oatio ot lateta strain to longi tudinal straln is
Elasticity } a rigid body ahe
Diamonamd Carborundum
i inginite.
eahest abproach
Catltd poi sson's ratio (o). rigd bodies.
Latera Strajn
Poisson Ratio ( ) =
Longitudinal straln
- dr/r dL
dL/L
Theoretca! vaue ot Poisson ratio
Practical vale o Poisson ratio 0<o <0S
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Relation Between Y, B, n amd o
Y = 3(1-2) Y= 2n (1to)

30 - 21
63+2n
Cont No: R00R0a131 9ngsR9EO
 Stre ss - Straun Cuwe
The maximum stress cerrespendira t poirt B aitr
I7 by gracdually increaing sthe load on a vertically which the wire begain t tiow and tre oks is Coibd
Swsperled netal wi Ye , a rabh plotted between Stress breaking or wtimate tensile strength.
and unitucinal stran tHhun we get the cue shon
in fig: Note
(1.) Young's Moduwus : Slcpe ct tre STes- Strain erie
Propoion Limit -
Ihe imit in which Hook's (2.) Potential energy olensiy = Area under t stess- strir
law s valid and stress Elastic
diecty Pupotium tu strain Breaking regjon Plastic region Classification of mateial according to Stess-strain aove
is Called proptin init. strength F B
I} is denoted by point P in fia Elastic limit A
1.] Ducile Matehial -
PAE These are those nateÁals ch Stress
£lastie mit - Stress
The maimum stress which
Shows large plastie Yomge beyond ekstic
imit. Foy such materials, the breaking C
on removing the de forming force point is widely sepahated trom the
makes the body to recover point o elastie imit.
completely its ori ginal state. Strain Such mateials are wsed in making
I} i denoted by point E in fig
Note - Elastie linit is the
springs, sheets ete . Suain
propety ot the kboy whereas Copper ; silver, aluminium ete.
elasticity is the propvty ot the material oy the bedy.
Yield Point - 2.] Elastomers
The poit beyornl elastic imit ct which the knsth These e those materals tor Stress
ot wire stauts increasimng without increasing stress is Known which stress and stan vaiation is
as the yield point. I# i deroted by point F in fa. not straight ine within elastic limt. C
The elastie Yeg on is vy kge.
Breaking Poirt These mateaJs do not cbey
The posi Hor when the strain becomes so lange www.sCCSIkar.com
Hook's Law over most o he Tejen.
that the wtre breaks doon at ast is calud breaking pont. Such materels have no pksic range
I# is oncted by point c in fig The breaking point Lies just
close to the elas ic imit. Stain
The maximum stress CorYespomding to point B ayter
wich the ire begun to flow and bre aks is Called Eg. rubber, thhe lage vessel
breaking or wtimate tensile strength. carrying bid om heart ete.
 3.| Britle Moaterial Stress
Appicaton o Eastieity -
These e those mateals 1.) he metalic pauts ot the machiny e nereY

which shows veey Small plastic range Sbjected to a stress beyond elastie imit,o ther
beyond elastic imit. or such materials Enc w'se they wil! get pemmenty defomed
4ie breaking point Lies close to the etalic rope wwed in he
c'nsic imit. 2.. 1he thickness of the
CYme n orde to i t a given oad is dedded trom
ëq- Coast iron, glass ete. Stain the Knowledge ot eastic dmit os the mteial ot
the ro pe
UIimate stress Mg
Factors affecting Elasicity
+I Crystal grains break wp into smaler units by 3J The brdges designect in such a way that they
hammeing and rolling This results in increase in do not bend much or break under he load of heavy
the elasticity oB the matexial. tratfie force ot strongly blowing ind and its own
ueight.
1 The metals are anealed by heating and then
Cooling them slowly. Annealing vesutts in decrease Tn designing a beam for its use to suppot a load,
in the elasttcity cf mateial. it is advantageos to increase its depth rather than
+te breadth ot the beam, because the depre ssiDn in
3.1 Tntezmoleculas forces lecreases with increase in rcctangWa beam
+empet atue. Hence the elastiity decreases with
rise in tempeature. But the elastiaty ot Invar Ybds
Steal ( alloy ) dloes not change witth temperatwe .
w= Weight
u.l Due to impwities in mateals the elasticiy Can = length
increase ox decrease. I depends upon the natwe b = breadth
of impwiie Present in the matejal. www.sccsikar.com
= dep th
To minimize the depression in the beqm, t digned
a I'shapecd aivder.
S] A hollow shatt ds stronger than a Solid shatt because
it vequires greater torque to tuist than a solid shat
ame mass ength and naterial, though the same angle.