LESSON 1

must state
The cell keep a
steady
to only if there is that allows
energy
the cell to moutein the
equilibrium
2nd level
According the
of Thermodynamics
a reaction occurs
causing
a
disordering if spontaneous
I
The steady state must be the
maximum entropy situation
with the cell
incompatible life
talk about
fer the cell we

DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Milieu Teetérieen

The cell is not an isolated system

environment mutton em into
consideration

homeostasis the must

Concept of cell
counteract its tendency
to entropy stimuli and centered
external that
tend to alterate the
equilibrium
How can we control homeostasis
system that interveneafter only
the perturbation feedback control
we can also anticipate the

perturbation feedforward control

LESSON 2
HOMEOSTASIS AND COTROL

feedback premiere glucose in bleed pH

coagulation
ex when we wove from lie

position to stand up per tier

ex Hydrator

symmetrical feedback control of the same

were bees but
the
depending
direction
on

of the
veriet en the
responses are
exactly opposite
d
ex
regulation of glucose
Positive level in blood
feedback
ex Maturationof fruit with the

production of ethylene
contraction in term of frequency
 and strength Oxytocin
Coagulation pathway

feedback Mechanism Equilibrium

and
posture
We start from a
physiological homeostatic
condition
we need to reach an
object

feed forward Mecheism

one
of the sources
of feed forward
regulation memory even when we

talk one cellular bone

ex
Anticipatory postural adjustment
when we deal with a
perturbation
in the ex lb rim due to e movement

Alteration
of cartel mechanisms
bring to coed tiers
can
pathological
once you produce a corned

must have a certain speed

must have a certain intensity
t
in pathological condition we can have
INCREASING IN DELAY
 INCREASING IN GAIN

or a combination of the two factors

Ex Cerebellum tremor in leolliple Sclerosis
the tremen increases especially when
closer to
we
get the
target
One important we have to
passage
that the homeostasis is
recognize
alteration
repaired an
of this
mechanism well
can cause
pethelges as

state recline
Many situations can be described
as a the dime with 2 slates one that
end does not
reduces on
output one that
OUTPUT

t.IE
E if rested

if deporlated
Ex
Vellage Modine Traister

voltage gated
chewed
membrane
potential
Logic Getes AND OR NOR XOR

both
of
At leat
neither of holy one

both
it inferior
in
and bulgy
Biological example
Histone tent Methyl transferee

Kiner
different remelt
chromatin silencing
Usually in biology logic gates
combinotrol together
all er oleo
Coherent
Incoherent feed formed
mixed sign
Ex Real circuit in our nervous system
To move the elbow contact the biceps
relax the triceps
Ex 2 Recurrent Inhibition ONE
the same cell inhibit by
itself having
after same
excited the cell
I
 1
it somehow limits the

strength modulation of
the excitability
Ex Positive recurrent comicot en

eye movement to see ch fe

at the end west star
a
target active
oculomotor newer once the
has
target
been
ED recognised

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Comin cot en mediated by the cellular
membrane the cell is not isolated system
need to have beriers that can be
in permeability
regulated
If we want to move Hydrophobic Molecules
02 Coz can act eat
only in the
no need
of transporter cytosol
can resell
the members

Polar Molecules and ions need specific

to leave the
transporter enter cell
Two types of torment
RIE need
of
no
energy
Active need of energy
ATD and I chemical ever
electrical
energy
difference concentrate
Gradient
Treu spent UNI Port only I molecule
Pont 2 molecules in the
Syn
Seine direct er

Anti port molecules in

open te
direct ems

Teethe the
eminent
case
of parve
from the were concentrated to the
less conculated

Active ATD but

transport not only
coupling trumpet
also light can be
used as
few of energy
ex
Ig
Rudest a
photo pigment mediates
the penete forto
light energy
 electrical signals
If you are able to
reduce a
transgenic house
with this tissue
light properties in specific

bye an apnea w on a
my my
Example of e
Sympert
Net Glucose
 tbeeeebhehe Transport

Therapy for RETINAL Bri NDNESS

↳
light driven pump

Syieeprert : Two unbeaten moved from ene side

uveerbroue to the other

of
↳
by ELECTROCHEMICAL
GRADIENT

( just of
one
of
them is
enough to

feed the readier

ef )
both

E- 4 . : Glucose end Nat

F-
higher concentration
outside the cell

↳ Nat 's electrochemical

gradient usually
responsible for
is

activating the rxre

Na eel
Binding of Glucose :

↳ once
one
of their birds
the
transporter the
affinity for the other increases

→
concomitant
binding of both
↳ CONFORMATION Ar cold nuts
 side
→

opening are
cytosolic
dissociates
( decreased [ Net ]
therefore Na

rapidly ,
out so does Glucose
)
→ zrettsti WAL EPITHELIUM :

[ Lwcose ]
•
higher in the cell
,

t b
tons pert
Syuupert to Passive
to into the blood
get get
in

• Na can't
stay in the cello

↳
goes
out
through e Nal k
pump
( ATD driven
)
↳ let
ThereforeTRANSPORTER
ATP PUMPS ;

to
Use
energy from hydrolysis of ATP

solutes across eveeuosroue

pump e

• P
Type
•
ABC transporter
v
type
o

• F
type ( ATP synthase )

P transport Left
→ -

type for of
↳ reduce intracellular [Get ]
 Colt : communication
→

b
exploit its
polarity to start

act intracellular to
as
messenger
start communication

ATPase in muscles SERCA

P
type 2.
→ -
:

Reticulum
( Lercoeudo
calcium
plasmatic
ATPase
)
Sercalipiee end Colt f- we competitively
to SERCA

↳ Cait : activates

↳ Sercolipiie : inhibitor
→ without
transporting Ca the
cycle
heat !
produces Thermogenesis
→

( like Brown Ari rose

Tissue )

Roped increase in intracellular

[ Celt ) =D APOPTOSIS

God inhere Calcium

'

wer waves

( like Action
)
I Potentials

hated Cheuuels
by
IP -3
ere opened
to
Their
activity is increased by the
influx of
Coo
b
[ Colt ] inhibits the
gates activity
>

Higher
 ABC transporter : transport of 1

molecule the
beguines

hydrolysis of 2x ATPS

noticed
↳ to
pump hydrophobic chugs
out
of cytosol ( → DRUG RESISTANCE ! !)

( →
theleiie case
study )
Other
types of transportation

MOTOR PROTEINS [ ATP dependent )

↳ can
charge conformation in
only
one direction
[ promote → 1 clirecliehel

irreverent )
AXONAL TRANSPORT 8

↳ eviler proteins ( globular↳

hoods
)
tired lciowtubules

bind
KINESIN % fest enters
grade
they
also
vesicles

feeling synapse)
transport et the

CYTOPLASMIC e.
DUNES in
 to
Rocko isotopic pulse
Labeling study the

distance covered
by specific proteins
ceeepowehtc.eu
( velocity whichweaved
)
,

• o .

Results :

We can distinguish between FAST end show

axonal transport
mediated end
FAST :
key kinesin
dynein
show : we don't knew →

maybe intermittent

to water
binding proteins

(
↳
they would

e)
wait
some time at in
certain point

Axonal Transport useful to describe NEURAL

circuits