Human Anatomy and Physiology CCST4083

Part 1
Chapter 6: Homeostasis of the Human Body

HKU SPACE Community College

Copyright 2020

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 Chapter Outline

1. Define Homeostasis

2. Describe the General Functions of the Nervous System in Homeostasis

Homeostasis and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

3. Describe the General Functions of the Endocrine System in Homeostasis

4. Describe the Control Mechanisms: Feedback Systems

2
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 Homeostasis
Definition of Homeostasis
Homeo- = relatively constant states What kind of state inside the body comes to
-stasis = stable your mind that can affect our life?

Homeostasis is a dynamic steady state For example:

彎
Body Temperature normal
maintained by appropriate regulatory 在
mechanisms in the body exercise useskeletal muscles 哲毖
BodyDadjusts the temperature from a normal
regulate and maintain the internal
environment of the body within certain
narrow range sweats and own body
Why does the body have a change in
using feedback control to stabilize the temperature?
internal environment (the environment How can the body work to maintain
around body cells) homeostasis?

Result: A condition of equilibrium or stable This process called thermoregulation

thermoregulation
(constant) internal environment

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 Homeostasis
The body is an integrated system consisting
of an order and interactive organization of
cells and body functions

Homeostasis seeks to regulate and maintain

constant
Fomatlpathwylcommunicat
ldetecy
Using feedback mechanism (negative

品 in
feedback) to control physiological
functions
Constant internal environment is
essential for the survival of the cells homeostat c signal
Gen
givevesih s
Video: Blood Sugar Levels secnetegknek

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 Example of Homeostasis:
How does the body control level?
toomuch Glucose

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 Homeostasis:
Sensor/Receptor, Control Center (Integrator) and Effector
1. Nervous System
Control and communication centers
2. Endocrine System

did

7
http://ib.bioninja.com.au/_Media/homeostasis_med.jpeg
 Chapter Outline

1. Define homeostasis

2. Describe the General Functions of the Nervous System

Homeostasis and the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

3. Describe the general functions of the Endocrine system

Homeostasis and the endocrine system

4. Describe the control mechanisms: feedback systems

8
http://wellfedfamily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/scales-clip-art.jpg
 The Nervous System

A major regulatory system that detects sensations

and controls movement, physiological process,
and intellectual function.
Consists of the brain, spinal cord and nerves.

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 Brainstem: the Integrating Center of Homeostasis

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control1
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Brainstem: Pons and Medulla Oblongata 7 breath
contains
for basic life processes such as
breathing, swallowing

三
植物 ⼈state The brainstem is still functioning
Vegetative
Video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=89Y6V340Xpk

10
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https://figures.boundless.com/21253/full/diaphragmatic-breathing.gif
http://corticalchauvinism.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/brainstem-300px.gif
 Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
極化 2
Uneven ion distribution between cytosol and tissue fluid at rest
Extracellular environment more positive (+ve) charged particles (esp. Na+) O
Intracellular environment less +ve charged particles
because of pin RM no
.io
This gives the potential (voltage) difference between inside and outside of a cell
Thus, the resting membrane potential of non-conducting neurons:

1.5V - 70mV
Na+ Ca2+
Na
+

Na+ + + + + +
+ - - - +
+ - - - SO 2- - - - +
+ - 4
K + - + Na+
K +
-
+ - K+
- +
Na+ - PO 2- PO4 -2-
+ - 4 +
+ - K + - + Na+
- - - - -

tn
+ +
+ + +
2+
Ca
+ + Na +

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 tii ⼀

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12
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26910/bin/ch11f22.jpg
 Neural Communication

All cells display a Resting Membrane

Potential (RMP)
All the cells are polarized due to uneven
distribution of positive and negative
charged ions and molecules including
sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and large
intracellular protein anion across the
0
membrane
龗
Neurons and muscle cells are excitable
They are able to undergo transient, rapid
changes in their membrane potentials
generate action potentials (AP) that serve
as electrical signals

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⾶年 舉
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t Neurons make use of some ionoumtrmog 假設
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When a channel (i.e. Na channel) is open (without usingan
+ a
energy), the channel allows a
particular substance (i.e. Na ) to pass through. Then that substance (i.e. Na+) can have
+

a net movement when there is a concentration gradient between the two sides
Facilitated Diffusion
specificionstopassthoughthe
membranes

e e
The opening of a channel is regulated by the property of that channel
Some channels are stimulus-gated, some are voltage-gated

f l
Channels that using ATP allow the substances to move against the concentration

me gwnenustiun
gradient (active transport)
There are some leaky channels across the plasma membrane
Substance can move across the membrane even the channel is closed (i.e. leaky).
Other channels may help to offset the leak.
14
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26910/bin/ch11f20.jpg
 7
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of The Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)
The RMP is determined by the distribution of Na+ and K+
ˊ

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Sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ ATPase) maintains the RMP atrestifhyshml iji.net
1.Keep pumping Na+ (using active transport) out of the cell and
bringing K + into the cell (3 Na+ out and 2 K + in)
To compensate the leak from the closed/leaky channels

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2.Maintain an imbalance in the distribution of +ve ions, resulting
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15
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http://www.biologymad.com/nervoussystem/nerveimpulses.htm 16
 Neural Communication
When there are marked changes in
membrane permeability and ion movement
in a neuron, this can generate an action
potential.

During an action potential, the membrane

potential reverses rapidly and transiently.

Hyper-
polarization
conducting an impulse

mi
i
17
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Action_potential_propagation_animation.gif
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/wp-content/blogs.dir/458/files/2012/04/i-91bc1a5f2d248f09ffed13e377b9c940-ActionPotential.jpg
 value
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 The role of the cell membrane

The cell membrane keeps the cytosol - 65 to 70mV

separating from the tissue fluid Ca2+
Na+
Na++ + + + +
The RMP (- 70 mV) can be disrupted or + - - - +
changed in a neuron when there is a + - - - PO42- - - - + Na+
change in ion flow between the membrane + - K+ - +
- -
Na+ + - SO4 +
2-
K+ PO42- -
When the cell contains more +ve ions in + - K+ K+ - +
+ - - +
the cytosol (move +ve ions) - - - - -
+ +Na+
+ +
+ + +
Less negative (i.e. towards zero)
depolarized contre
tuiiǜi
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Ca2+
Na+
If the cell contains extra ve ions
(less +ve ions)
More negative =
upolmii fewoe
The neuron must reach a threshold potential (value) to
be further depolarized (approximately -55 mV)
hyperpolarized veceh ffuof.no
Allows a specific channel to open (voltage-gated Na+
channel) and thus more positive ions (Na+) can
diffuse into the cell
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 Action potential: Depolarization
ofchannels
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stimulus
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1.A stimulus with adequate strength triggers the
nn
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allowing Na+ to diffuse rapidly into the neuron stimulus

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less the+30in
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+
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the action potential is an all-or-none response
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(action potential)
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19
 g g
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Action potential (AP)gun canmoveM
Sodium

Voltage difference between adjacent membrane

region of a neuron allows the propagation of AP along
北
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ions moving through the +
-gated Na inside
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20
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 (1) Depolarization (Na+ influx)
i
tetueve

21
http://apps.cmsfq.edu.ec/biologyexploringlife/text/chapter28/28images/28-05.gif
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 S
The uuweimpulse
Action potential: Repolarization

Voltage-gated Na+ channels stay open for only

about 1ms before they automatically close
wwiit just
扣K Action potential

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2. Repolarization
+30
K+ channels open while Na + channels close

Voltage (mV)
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according to the conc. gradient 1 2
Less +ve ions inside the cell restores the
resting membrane potential
-55 Threshold
Resting
3. Hyperpolarization
Milesthanthe -70
3 4
restingvalue Stimulus

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resting membrane potential amountofpotassium
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(failed initiation)
22
 ion. nt
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 Homeostatic Responses by the Nervous System
老的肥吐作⽤
Exoy
Ǚ secretethe
When a neuron passes an action potential (the
all to
electrical signal) to another neuron or to muscle, the for
signal is relayed by releasing the chemicals called vesicles 䚖 to the
neurotransmitters. extmannwemio

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to

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 neuronssystem
Autonomic

The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

maintains constant conditions within the
body. A process known as homeostasis.
Most of it activity is independent (autonomic)
of the conscious mind.

skeletalmuscle

HOMEOSTASIS AND THE AUTONOMIC

NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)

24
http://powerfuloils.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Homeostasis.png
 The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Special and so important

Sensors detect changes in the internal

environment
tissue and body fluid environment
blood sugar concentration
body temperature
blood pressure

insi.fi
Signals are collected and integrated by the
hypothalamus, brainstem, or spinal cord.

The ANS involuntarily sends a motor signal to

the four main effectors:
vessel digestearj
1.Smooth muscles Mood anny
2.Cardiac muscle
3.Certain glands (i.e. adrenal gland)
4.Fat cells (adipocytes)
25
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/snsvsans.jpg
 The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Special and so important
Two divisions to control internal Eletninlsignal
body environment involuntarily:

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

(mobilizes energy and resources
during times of stress and arousal)

prevent the
dimit now N
ouwbrenthigamowtdü 批
himofan
balcholosis
前
Parasympathetic nervous system
(PSNS)
(conserves energy and resources
during relaxed states, including
sleep)

26
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/autonomic.gif
 Learning Objectives

1. Define homeostasis

2. Describe the general functions of the nervous system

Homeostasis and the autonomic nervous system

3. Describe the General Functions of the Endocrine System in Homeostasis

4. Describe the control mechanisms: feedback systems

27
http://wellfedfamily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/scales-clip-art.jpg
 iuhnnglmf

Ǚiiinmiumn Like the brain and nerves, the

endocrine systems in involved in
the information business.

Hormones carry essential

messages that have far-reaching
effects.
neon
lasting vs transmitter
g
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
I
acti g 28
http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/body_guide/reftext/images/9417.jpg
 The Endocrine System

Hormones are chemicals (small

proteins, lipids or other organic Endocrinecell
compounds)
secreted from specific secreting
(endocrine) cells or glands
enter the blood
affect target cells at distant places
蠼器
Biiii_
of body ⼼
蹦
neurotransmitters are also XNNN
chemicals but secreted from nerve
t
Target a
cells (neurons)
of hormone willbeativ
Action

Hormones Homeostasis
is si

29
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/hormone_2.gif
 Chemical Messengers
fnwdocǒhǚdn

aǐo

30
P.12, Vander A., Sherman, J and Luciano, D. (2010) Human Physiology, 12th ed. (McGraw Hill)
 Paracrine substances are synthesized by Autocrine substances are produced by a cell
cells and released into the tissue fluid. which excretes them into the tissue fluid
Compound diffuses to neighboring cells which then act on the same cell that secreted
which are the target cells. it.

Systemic activation 步器惢 器

throughthe Ǜiminthei
bloodstream
i Local
andchangethe
ghsblcumdeuh
activatefatcelltogetthegm

Bloodstream
Hormone cellhnmgm
muscle

Seweiǎh iiif
pamaiue
stimulation

cheǜ
uiimiiiiiorrtin e.g. cytokine immunesyst
interleukin-1 in
monocytes

e.g. insulin e.g. clotting factors

paracrine to
similar
transmitter 31
stimulating neum
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 畿 北懿
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 u

Outline

1. Define homeostasis

2. Describe the general functions of the nervous system

Homeostasis and the autonomic nervous system

3. Describe the general functions of the Endocrine system

Homeostasis and the endocrine system

4. Describe the Control Mechanisms: Feedback Systems

32
http://wellfedfamily.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/scales-clip-art.jpg
 Control Systems applies -ve and +ve feedback
mechanisms

Tint
Characteristics of Control Systems
wmei wycwi
1.Negative Feedback (inhibitory)
Deviation from a given normal set
point is detected by a sensor, and
winssignal from the sensor triggers
mechanismcompensatory changes that continue

亂叫 until the set point is again reached

2.Positive Feedback (stimulatory)
Deviation from a given normal set

i
point triggers changes that will cause
further deviation from the set point
Domino effect
generating of
go
depnmmtm aiwin .in
Negative feedback is a way to correct the change
Allows the internal environment back to the
normal state (similar to a thermostat)
33
http://www.ic.ucsc.edu/~wxcheng/envs23/lecture2/negative_fb.JPG
http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio112/chap01/Slide4.JPG
 How does the body seek to maintain stability?

The body must be able to sense the change Baroreceptors

by having receptors acts as sensors that What does this mean?
can detect changes in sensors
generate
signal
baro
Temperature
The barometric reading over Hong Kong
Hormones is 850 mm Hg blue sky and sunny
[Substances] in blood/tissue fluid
Blood pressure (during injury/ What is Hong Kong experiencing:
blood volume)
A high atmospheric pressure
Etc.

Baroreceptors are therefore receptors

The body must have control mechanisms (sensors) in the arterial system which
Positive feedback mechanism detect (monitor) blood pressure
Negative feedback mechanism

34
 Baroreceptors
How do they work?

Changes in arterial blood pressure (BP) will

change the pressure on the wall of the blood
vessels, which stimulates the baroreceptors
(stretch receptors) there.

If arterial blood pressure suddenly rises,

increased stretch of the arterial walls will lead
to an increase in receptor firing (a signal).

Example:
increase blood volume due to a large

i
amount of water intake
CO otintmn Opposite situation:
bursting of an artery low BP

Message goes to the brainstem and then it

sends out messages to revert the change
35
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Blood%20Pressure/BP012.htm
 Homeostasis: Visceral Reflexes

Example:
Regulation of blood pressure
Nevussystem
Using a negative feedback system
Stabilize physiological variables
(constant internal environment)

Ǘǜiem
gated
stimulus
channels
sodium

activate

feedback
negative
mechanism

36
http://www.proprofs.com/flashcards/upload/q5163594.jpg
 Homeostasis

37
http://media1.shmoop.com/images/biology/biobook_animalmovement_graphik_43.png
 Control Mechanisms: Positive feedback system
Positive (+ve) feedback accelerates a process, Example:
period Baby exerts pressure on the cervix initiates
(stimulatory)
gestation oxytocin release from the pituitary gland

Positive feedback is less common than

Oxytocin stimulates further the contraction
negative feedback, as positive feedback has
of the uterus and causes further stretching of
no obvious means of stopping
cervix.
This stimulates more contraction.
Tend to produce destabilizing effects and
disrupt homeostasis
Example: Giving birth

38
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2730/4301237373_9f5d03f4da.jpg
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/Child/images/10.1371_journal.pmed.0030276.g001-M.jpg
GestatinpeialP 9m lom.mn
Head ofthe fetus add on the canal wall
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Nervous system and mdownesystem

cmwuyt
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motorreactions using line
Now using oxytocin
Hormone longlasting
eventeffect
Ifjustuse actionpotential to stimulate theuterus to
just onetime Dcauuf initiate childbirth
叫
out

pressure
no
more
until

d oxytocin
d
decline
 Blood clotting
Is a positive or negative
⼀ feedback reaction?

Injury triggers a range of positive

positive
feedback mechanisms to plug the hole
39
http://images.medicinenet.com/images/illustrations/blood_clot.jpg
http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%201%20Review/01-06_PosFeedback_1.jpg
positivegenerationofactionpotential
child mh
blood
elotty Summary
ovulation
1排卵1
Homeostasis regulates internal condition Negative feedback slows down the initial
of body through negative feedback situation (e.g. thermoregulation)

The nervous system action potentials Positive feedback enhances (accelerates) the
(electrical signals) are conveyed through response
neurons e.g. child birth (contraction of uterus)

Neurons stimulate another neurons or

muscles by secreting neurotransmitters
Hormones are chemicals which affect
distant (endocrine) target cells.
The body or a cell seeks to maintain a
condition of equilibrium or stability within
the internal environment due to external or
internal changes

40
END