LESSON 2: The

Endocrine and Nervous

System
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

 Describe the feedback mechanisms involved in regulating

processes in the female reproductive system (e.g., Menstrual
Cycle).
 Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates theses
feedback mechanisms to maintain homoestasis.

 Show SELF-CONFIDENCE and comfort with his/her own body.

 Feedback
Mechanisms
Coordinated by
the Nervous and
Endocrine System
Positive and Negative Feedbacks Coordinated by the Different
Systems of the Human Body
Homeostastis is responsible in the regulation and
maintenance of the internal environment of the
body. It regulates body temperature, fluids, salts,
acids, gases and nutrients that help support
human life. Internal control system of the body
responds immediately to change from the
different conditions or internal environment.

There are different control systems in the body

--- sensors, control center, communicating
system.
 Positive and Negative Feedbacks Coordinated by the Different
Systems of the Human Body

Sensors
Ssensors are receptors
which are responsible in
gathering information
about the conditions inside
and outside of the body.
Positive and Negative Feedbacks Coordinated by the Different
Systems of the Human Body
Control
center

The brain receives information

from the sensors. It then
examines the information to the
ideal values in which the body
function well.
Positive and Negative Feedbacks Coordinated by the Different
Systems of the Human Body

Comunicating
System
Through nerve impulse and
hormones, they dictate the
target cell or organs in the
body how to respond with
the internal and external
changes.
Positive and Negative Feedbacks Coordinated by the Different
Systems of the Human Body

Targets
Targets are any
organ, tissue, or cell,
responsible to the
changes in the
activity of the body
in response to the
message received.
 Parts of the neuron

Dendrites are branched

cell components that
receive stimulus from
other neurons or
sensory receptors It’s a gas giant and the
biggest planet in the Solar
System
 Parts of the neuron

The cell body

contains nucleus,
which will process
the stimulus
It’s a gas giant and the
biggest planet in the Solar
System
 Parts of the neuron

The axon will

transmit stimulus
to a gland,
muscle, organ,
and other neuron. It’s a gas giant and the
biggest planet in the Solar
System
Target Cell Response to Hormones

Different types of hormones secreted by

endocrine glands and directly diffused
into the bloodstream. The hormones will
travel to the different parts of the body.
Only the target cells have receptors to
which the specific type of hormone can
bind. The response occurs when the
hormones (key) bind site (lock) on the
target tissue.
Feedback Mechanisms Involved in Regulating Processes in the
Female Reproductive System
• Many functions of the body and processes
operate using feedback systems.
• The body maintains its state of balance or
homeostasis through a control system activated
by many feedback systems.
• To maintain normal cell function of the body,
intracellular and extracellular substances in the
environments, such as pH, temperatures, and
required amounts of substances needed by the
body have to be a relatively constant.
Feedback Mechanisms Involved in Regulating Processes in the
Female Reproductive System
• In addition, the body must cope with pollution,
infection, stress, and other conditions.
• For instance, hormones and nerve cells regulate
the movement during labor contractions.
• When labor starts, nerve cells in the uterus
signal the hypothalamus to release oxytocin
hormone into the bloodstream, which causes the
uterus to contract.
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis

Homeostasis and Internal

Environment

The complex tissues, organs, and organ systems in our

body must respond to the different conditions and
situations in the environment. The body has a variety
of control systems to keep its internal environment
stable and responsible for maintaining homeostasis.
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis
1. Negative Feedback
• Negative feedback is a control system to
reduce or minimize any changes or
conditions of the body, which help the
whole body systems to be stable.
• The secretions of hormones from the
endocrine glands are under the control of
the hypothalamus, which is also
controlled by negative feedback.
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis
1. Negative Feedback
• Increased breathing is a good example of
how negative feedback loop works. Oxygen
is necessary for breathing in order for the
proper functioning of the body and to secrete
carbon dioxide. Due to the presence of high
levels of carbon dioxide in extracellular
fluid, breathing increases and therefore, the
oxygen supply increases in the air in the
lungs. As a result, counteracts the high
amount of carbon dioxide.
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis
1. Negative Feedback
• Negative feedback loops maintain the state of balance
by reversing the changes to return its normal
condition of the body.
• Another example of a negative feedback mechanism
when the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood are
regulated the hormone insulin. When blood sugar
increases in the body, the receptors in the body detect
a change. Due to this condition, the pancreas releases
insulin into the blood effectively to lower down the
sugar level. The pancreas stops releasing insulin once
the blood glucose level reaches homeostasis.
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis

Components of Negative Feedback

• The control center of the body is the brain, which
establish the set point.
• The receptor detects the changes within the body.
The receptor monitors the environment and
responds to change (stimuli).
• The effector is responsible for the response to
changes.
• The stimulus produces a change to a variable (the
factor being regulated).
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis
2. Positive Feedback
• Positive feedback is a control system that
uses information from sensors to
increase the rate of processes.
• This type of feedback is important
whenever a rapid change is necessary.
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis
2. Positive Feedback
• It deviates from a set point, therefore it
becomes greater, which makes bad
situation worse.
• This type of feedback is rarely found in
healthy people.
How the Nervous System Coordinates and Regulates Feedback
Mechanism to Maintain Homeostasis
2. Positive Feedback
• For instance, if you cut your finger, positive
feedback mechanism is used in the production of
nerve impulses and increases the rate of change
in blood clotting until the wound is sealed.
• Another example is during childbirth, the
oxytocin release in the uterus intensifies and
speeds up contractions. The release of oxytocin
stops when the baby is born. The birth ends the
release of oxytocin and ends the positive
feedback mechanism.
 Any
Questions?