Prayer

Dear Lord, as we gather to begin this

class today, we ask for your presence and
guidance. We know that without you, we
can do nothing. We ask that you open
our minds and hearts to receive
knowledge and understanding we will be
taught. Help us to be attentive and
respectful to our teachers and
classmates. We pray for the ability to
apply what we learn to our daily lives. We
give you all the glory and honor. Amen
How do Nervous System
and Endocrine System
Work together?
 The nervous system is a
physically connected network of
cells, tissues, and organs that
controls thoughts, movements,
and simpler life processes, such
as swallowing.
 The endocrine system is a
collection of physically
disconnected organs that helps
control growth, development, and
responses to your environment,
such as body temperature.
The Nervous and Endocrine system
work together because they are both
communicators of the body. The
nervous system receives and sends
out information about activities
within the body. It also monitors
and responds to the changes in the
environment.
 This coordination:
 Enables the body to carry out its
activities and functions efficiently
and smoothly.
 Enables the body to respond to
stimuli effectively so as to take
action quickly and avoid injury.
 Enables the nervous system to
detect changes in the body or
environment and relate it to the
endocrine system for producing the
hormones required for join
response and action.
 Without coordination between the
nervous system and the endocrine
system, the body cannot function
as a whole.
 Maintaining
Homeostasis
The Body’s Communication Systems
Help Maintain Homeostasis.
 The human body is made up of trillions of cells that
all work together for the maintenance of the entire
organism.
 Maintaining a constant internal environment by
providing the cells with what they need to survive
(oxygen, nutrients, and removal of waste) is
necessary for the wellbeing of individual cells and of
the entire body.
 The many processes by which then body controls its
internal environment are collectively called
homeostasis. The complementary activity of major
body systems maintains homeostasis.
 Both the nervous system and the endocrine system are important in
enabling the body to maintain homeostasis.
 Homeostasis depends on the ability of different systems in your body
to communicate with one another.
 To maintain homeostasis, messages must be generated, delivered,
interpreted, and acted upon by your body.
 The nervous system and the endocrine system are the communication
networks that allow you to respond to changes in your environment
countless times each day.
 To achieve homeostasis, the nervous system and the endocrine system
maintain a normal range of the following variables:
a. Body temperature,
b. Amount of water in the body,
c. Amount of metabolic waste in the cell,
d. Blood calcium levels, Hormones in the blood
Most body systems maintain homeostasis
by using feedback mechanisms.
When the brain receives messages from
the body about an internal change in one
of its systems, it works to restore the
system to its normal state. The levels of
hormones in the body are controlled by
feedback. It is important that the amount
of hormones in the body is kept at the
right level.
 Feedback Regulation Loops
 The endocrine system plays an important role in
homeostasis because hormones regulate the activity of
body cells.
 The release of hormones into the blood is controlled by a
stimulus.
 For example, the stimulus either causes an increase or a
decrease in the amount of hormone secreted. Then, the
response to a stimulus changes the internal conditions and
may itself become a new stimulus.
 This self-adjusting mechanism is called feedback
regulation.
Feedback regulation occurs when the
response to a stimulus has an effect of some
kind on the original stimulus. The type of
response determines what the feedback is
called.
Negative feedback occurs when the
response to a stimulus reduces the original
stimulus.
Positive feedback occurs when the response
to a stimulus increases the original
stimulus.
 Negative feedback is the most common feedback loop in
biological systems. The system acts to reverse the direction of
change. Since this tends to keep things constant, it allows the
maintenance of homeostatic balance.
 Control of blood glucose level is an example of negative
feedback. Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal (the
stimulus). As blood glucose increases, insulin is released,
causing the blood glucose to drop. If the blood glucose level is
too low, the pancreas releases the hormone glucagon resulting
in an increase in blood glucose. This travels to the liver in the
blood and causes the break-down of glycogen into glucose. The
glucose enters the blood stream and glucose levels increase
back to normal.
Thermoregulation is another example of
negative feedback. When body temperature
rises, receptors in the skin and the
hypothalamus sense the temperature change.
The temperature change (stimulus) triggers a
command from the brain. This command
causes a response (the skin makes sweat and
blood vessels near the skin surface dilate),
which helps decrease body temperature.
Positive feedback is less common in biological
systems. Positive feedback acts to speed up the
direction of change. An example of positive
feedback is lactation (milk production). As the
baby suckles, nerve messages from the
mammary glands cause the hormone prolactin,
to be secreted by the pituitary gland. The more
the baby suckles, the more prolactin is
released, which stimulates further milk
production.
How do Nervous System
and Endocrine System
Work together?
 Human Disorders
1. Neurodegenerative Disorders are both
neurodegenerative disorders characterized by
loss of nervous system functioning.
a. Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible,
progressive brain disorder that slowly destroys
memory and thinking skills and, eventually,
the ability to carry out the simplest tasks.
b. Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that
leads to shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with
walking, balance, and coordination.
 Human Disorders
2. Neurodevelopmental Disorders are
neurodevelopmental disorders that arise when nervous
system development is disrupted.
a. Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a broad
range of conditions characterized by challenges with social
skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal
communication.
b. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of
the most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood.
It is usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into
adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying
attention, controlling impulsive behaviors (may act without
thinking about what the result will be), or be overly active.
Human Disorders
3.Neurodevelopmental Disorders:
Mental Illnesses
a. Schizophrenia a psychiatric diagnosis
denoting a persistent, often chronic,
mental illness variously affecting
behavior, thinking, and emotion.
b. Depression is caused by a decrease in
norepinephrine and serotonin
neurotransmission.
 Human Disorders
 4. Other Neurological Disorders
a. Epilepsy a medical condition in which the sufferer
experiences seizures (or convulsions) and blackouts
b. Stroke the loss of brain function arising when the blood
supply to the brain is suddenly interrupted.
 5. Gigantism is a serious condition that is nearly always caused
by an adenoma, a tumor of the pituitary gland. Gigantism occurs
in patients who had excessive growth hormone in childhood. The
pituitary tumor cells secrete too much growth hormone (GH),
leading to many changes in the body.
 6. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD), also known as dwarfism
or pituitary dwarfism, is a condition caused by insufficient
amounts of growth hormone in the body.