Students name :

 Yazan Hilal Edelbi 202210226 ( introduction of meaning of endocrine& nervous sys –

most significant between the endocrine & nervous sys with pic )

 Batool Rafat Aburezeq 202210221 ( difference between the nervous& endocrine sys to
control homeostasis + explanation)

 Zaid Abdulrahman Alkurdi 202210259 (homeostasis in small summary + overall

summary )

 Tasnim Radwan Al zouabi 202210145 ( hypothalamus with pic )

 Mohamad louei trkman 202210160 ( end of research )

Anatomy / Debate the function of the endocrine

system towards the extent of a functional nervous
system.

Dr. Jobby Goerge

 ^ Introduction of meaning of endocrine system & nervous system

 What is the endocrine system ?

The endocrine system is a complex network of glands, organs, and tissues

that secrete hormones into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily
functions and maintain homeostasis (a stable internal environment).
Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream
and interact with target cells to initiate specific responses.
includes several major glands such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (ovaries or
testes). Each gland produces different hormones that regulate specific
functions such as growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, and
response to stress.
The endocrine system works in conjunction with other regulatory systems
such as the nervous system and the immune system to ensure optimal
functioning of the body. Disorders of the endocrine system, such as
diabetes or thyroid disorders, can have significant impacts on overall health
and require medical treatment

Is like a map of glands and organs

- Includes the glans and also their hormones .

 The major functions of the endocrine system include:

Regulation of metabolism: Hormones produced by the endocrine system,

such as insulin and glucagon, play a crucial role in regulating metabolism
and maintaining the balance of glucose, amino acids, and fats in the body.
Growth and development: The endocrine system secretes growth
hormones that are responsible for regulating growth and development
during childhood and adolescence.
Reproduction: Hormones produced by the endocrine system, such as
estrogen and testosterone, play a critical role in regulating sexual
development and reproductive function.
Response to stress: The endocrine system releases hormones, such as
cortisol and adrenaline, in response to stress, which help the body respond
to the stressful situation and maintain homeostasis.
Regulation of electrolyte balance: Hormones produced by the endocrine
system, such as aldosterone, regulate the balance of electrolytes, such as
sodium and potassium, in the body.
Maintenance of fluid balance: Hormones produced by the endocrine
system, such as antidiuretic hormone (ADH), regulate the body's fluid
balance by controlling the amount of water excreted by the kidneys.
Overall, the endocrine system plays a vital role in regulating the body's
functions and maintaining its overall health and wellbeing
 What is the nervous system ?

- Is includes the brain , spinal cord also is like a complex network

of nerves .whatever in this system is sends a massages back
between the brain and the body .

So The nervous system is a complex network of cells, tissues,

and organs that coordinates and controls the functions of the
body. It is divided into two main parts: the central nervous
system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the
peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all the nerves
that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

The nervous system is responsible for receiving and processing

information from the environment and from within the body,
and for sending signals to various organs and tissues to
coordinate their activities. It plays a critical role in many bodily
functions, such as movement, sensation, perception, learning,
memory, and emotion.

The nervous system consists of different types of cells,

including neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit
electrical and chemical signals, and glial cells, which provide
support and protection to neurons. The nervous system also
uses various chemicals, such as neurotransmitters, to transmit
signals between neurons and to other cells in the body
Some of the key functions of the nervous system include:

Sensory input: Receiving and processing sensory information from the

environment and from within the body, such as touch, sound, light,
temperature, and pain.
Integration: Processing and interpreting the sensory information to make
sense of it and to determine an appropriate response.
Motor output: Transmitting signals to muscles, glands, and other organs
to carry out the appropriate response, such as movement, secretion, or
contraction.
Regulation of body systems: Controlling and coordinating the functions
of various body systems, such as the respiratory, digestive, and
cardiovascular systems, to maintain homeostasis.
Learning and memory: The nervous system is also responsible for
learning and memory, enabling individuals to acquire new skills and
knowledge, and to store and retrieve information over time.
Overall, the nervous system plays a critical role in maintaining the body's
balance, adapting to changes in the environment, and allowing
individuals to interact with and respond to the world around them
  One of the most significant between nervous and endocrine systems
So the endocrine system is that nervous system are uses electtical
impulses to send messages through neurons while endocrine glands is
use the hormones to send the messages to the target cells through the
bloodstream

Here we have a lot of the differences between nervous system VS endocrine

system .

Nervous system : Endocrine system :

 The messengers in the
nervous system is electrical
impulses .
 The brain and spinal cord
have a constitute in the
nervous system .
 The impulses are
transmitted through
neurons .
 The impulses nerve are
makes a uses of
neurotransmitters in
synaptic clefts and also
sodium, potassium channels
and enter target cells.
 Is under a voluntary
&involuntary control.
 The responses are localised.
 The hormones is messenger
chemicals in endocrine
system ..
 The glands/organs is
involved in endocrine
system.
 The hormones transmitted
through blood vessels .
 Hormones are enter target
cell by the diffusing in
plasma membrane also by
binding toa cell receptors .
 Under involuntary.
 Are widespread.
  Both of there are gives signals to internal body part

The endocrine and nervous systems are both essential for the proper
functioning of the human body. They work together to regulate various
physiological processes, including growth and development,
metabolism, and the body's response to stress.

The nervous system communicates through electrical impulses and

neurotransmitters that travel through neurons to various parts of the
body. The endocrine system, on the other hand, uses hormones to
regulate bodily functions. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted
by various endocrine glands, such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland,
and adrenal glands
 What are the differences between the nervous and endocrine
system to control of homeostasis :

What are the homeostasis ?

- Is refers to maintenance of stable internal conditions , so for
humans include things like for ex:

 Temperature
 Blood pressure

 Homeostasis is : refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable

internal environment despite changes in the external
environment. This is achieved through various physiological
mechanisms that work together to regulate key parameters such
as body temperature, blood pH, and blood glucose levels within a
narrow range.

The process of homeostasis involves a complex interplay between

various organ systems, such as the nervous, endocrine, and
immune systems. For example, if body temperature increases due
to external factors such as exercise or a hot environment, the
body responds by increasing sweating and dilating blood vessels
to release heat, which helps to regulate temperature.

Similarly, if blood glucose levels rise after a meal, the pancreas

secretes insulin to facilitate the uptake of glucose by cells, thus
bringing blood glucose levels back to normal. This delicate balance
 is critical for the optimal functioning of the body, and disruptions
in homeostasis can lead to a wide range of health problems
Also there is other factors is related to internal condition .
Explanation :

 Nervous and endocrine system both are involved in the

maintaining homeostasis / also or they stable internal condition
within the body . there are prim difference between both of
nervous/endocrine .
- Nervous has acute and rapid effects but the endocrine has
longer lasting general effects , because nervous sys is acts rapid
the electrical impulses that is can target the signal to the
specific part . so this are could be involve ex:
vasodilation in a specific set of blood vessels. In contrast, the endocrine system
releases hormones that travel throughout the body in the blood. Although they
take longer to reach their targets, hormones can act on multiple tissues
throughout the body.
What is the vasodilation ?
Vasodilation is the process of widening or increasing the diameter of blood
vessels, particularly the arterioles, which are small branches of arteries. This
results in increased blood flow and decreased blood pressure in the affected area.
Vasodilation can occur due to a number of physiological or pharmacological
mechanisms. For example, during exercise or when the body needs to increase
blood flow to a particular area, such as in response to injury or infection, the body
can release various substances that cause vasodilation, including nitric oxide,
prostaglandins, and histamine.
Pharmacologically, vasodilation can be induced by drugs such as nitroglycerin,
which is used to treat angina, or by calcium channel blockers, which are used to
treat hypertension. Vasodilation can have both beneficial and harmful effects. It is
beneficial when it increases blood flow to an area of the body that needs it, such
as during exercise or in response to injury. However, excessive or prolonged
vasodilation can cause blood pressure to drop too low, which can result in
dizziness, fainting, or even shock.

- Also here we should know that about homeostasis in small summary :

The nervous and endocrine systems are two major systems that work together to
maintain homeostasis, which is the stable internal environment of the body. Both
systems play an important role in controlling various bodily functions, but they differ
in several ways:

- Mode of Communication: The nervous system uses electrical impulses to transmit

messages between neurons, while the endocrine system uses hormones secreted by
glands to send signals to target cells.

- Speed: The nervous system is much faster in transmitting messages than the endocrine
system. Nerve impulses can travel at speeds of up to 120 meters per second, whereas
hormones may take several seconds to several minutes to reach their target cells.

- Duration of Action: The effects of nervous system stimulation are generally short-lived,
lasting only a few milliseconds to a few seconds. The effects of the endocrine system, on
the other hand, can last from several minutes to several days.

- Specificity: The nervous system can be very precise in its targeting of specific cells, while
the endocrine system is more general, affecting many cells at once.

- Adaptability: The nervous system can respond rapidly to changes in the environment,
allowing for quick adjustments to maintain homeostasis. The endocrine system is slower
to respond but can maintain homeostasis over longer periods of time.

Overall, the nervous system is more suited for fast, short-term

responses to changes in the environment, while the endocrine system
is better suited for slower, longer-term adjustments to maintain
 homeostasis. Both systems work together to keep the body functioning
optimally
 The hypothalamus what does is do :

- What is the hypothalamus ?

Is a link between endocrine & nervous sys
Is produces the releasing and also is inhibiting hormones that are stopes
and starts the production of hormones throughout the body .

About the hypothalamus :

The hypothalamus is a small but vital part of the brain that is located just
below the thalamus and above the brainstem. It is responsible for
regulating many of the body's basic functions, including hunger, thirst,
body temperature, sleep, and emotional responses.

The hypothalamus is often described as the control center for the body's
autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary actions such as
breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. It works closely with the pituitary
gland, a small gland located just below the hypothalamus, to regulate
the body's hormonal balance and control many of the body's endocrine
functions.

In addition to its role in regulating basic bodily functions, the

hypothalamus also plays an important role in the body's stress response
and in the regulation of sexual behavior and reproductive functions. It is
also involved in the regulation of the body's circadian rhythms, which
control the timing of sleep and wakefulness.

Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to a variety of neurological and

endocrine disorders, including obesity, diabetes, sleep disorders, and
hormonal imbalances.
 basic functions of the body, including:

Regulation of body temperature: The hypothalamus helps to maintain a

stable body temperature by regulating the release of heat and cooling
mechanisms in the body.

Control of hunger and thirst: The hypothalamus controls feelings of

hunger and thirst by regulating the release of hormones that stimulate
or inhibit these sensations.

Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle: The hypothalamus helps to regulate

the timing of sleep and wakefulness by controlling the release of
hormones such as melatonin.

Control of the autonomic nervous system: The hypothalamus helps to

regulate the activity of the autonomic nervous system, which controls
functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and digestion.

Control of hormone release: The hypothalamus regulates the release of

hormones from the pituitary gland, which in turn controls the release of
hormones from other glands throughout the body.

Overall, the hypothalamus plays a critical role in maintaining

homeostasis in the body, or the balance of various physiological
processes necessary for optimal health and survival
  At the end of this research, this is a simple summary of what we talked about

The endocrine system and the nervous system are two essential systems in the
body, and they work together to maintain the proper function of the body.
While the nervous system uses electrical signals to send messages throughout
the body, the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones to
regulate various physiological processes.
One of the primary functions of the endocrine system is to help regulate the
body's metabolism, growth, and development. The endocrine system also plays
a crucial role in regulating the body's response to stress, maintaining fluid
balance, and controlling the reproductive system.
The nervous system, on the other hand, is responsible for processing and
transmitting information throughout the body. It is responsible for controlling
movement, sensation, thought processes, and behavior.
While the nervous system is primarily responsible for transmitting information
quickly through electrical impulses, the endocrine system helps to modulate and
regulate these signals over longer periods. Hormones released by the endocrine
system can have effects that last for minutes, hours, or even days, allowing for a
sustained response to various stimuli.

Therefore, the endocrine system and the nervous system work together to
maintain the proper function of the body. The endocrine system helps to
modulate and regulate the signals transmitted by the nervous system, allowing
for a coordinated response to various stimuli. In this way, the two systems are
complementary and interdependent, and both are necessary for the proper
functioning of the body.
 Reference :

 Quesada, Ivan (2008). "Physiology of the pancreatic α-cell and glucagon secretion: role
in glucose homeostasis and diabetes". Journal of Endocrinology.
https://joe.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/joe/199/1/5.xml

 Sherwood, L. (1997). Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems

https://archive.org/details/humanphysiologyf00sher

 Neave N (2008). Hormones and behaviour: a psychological approach

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69201-4

 Kandel ER, Schwartz JH, Jessel TM, eds. (2000). "Ch. 2: Nerve cells and behavior".
Principles of Neural Science
https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011

 Allen NJ, Barres BA (2009). "Neuroscience: Glia – more than just brain glue".
https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457675a