NERVOUS

SYSTEM
THE CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE BODY
WHAT IS NERVOUS SYSTEM?
The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and
cells that carry messages to and from the brain and spinal
cord to various parts of the body. It is considered as the
body's storage center of information and also the body's
control system. It is mainly responsible for contrilling and
coordinating all the organ systems by sending messages
from the brain through nerve signals. It makes sure that all
the parts of the body are working together efficiently.
MAJOR
DIVISIONS AND
PARTS OF THE
NERVOUS
SYSTEM
I. Central Nervous System (CNS) serves as the main processing center of the nervous
system. It consists of two main components, namely;

A. Brain is an organ located within the skul that function as organizer nad distributor of
information for the body. It has three main parts:
1. Cerebrum is the large, upper parts of
the brain that controls activity and
thought.
2. Cerebellum is the parts under the
cerebrum that controls posture, balance,
and coordination.
3. Brain stem connects the brain to the
spinal cord and controls automatic
functions such as breathing, digestion,
hear rate, and blood pressure.
 B. Spinal cord serves as a channel for signal between the brain and the majority of the
body parts, and controls some simple musculoskeletal reflexes even without the
processing of the brain.
II. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) connects the central nervous system to the organs and limbs. It
has two main parts:
A. Somatic Nervous System(SNS) is associated with the voluntary control of the body
movements and has two main parts:
1. Spinal Nerves carry motor and sensory signals between the spinal cord of the body.
2. Cranial Nerves are nerve fibers that carry information into and out of the
brain stem.
B. Autonomic Nervous System(ANS) is associated with the involuntary control of body
movements and has two subdivisions:
1. Sympathetic Nervous System is activated when the body is in a dynamic role
or stress. (e.g., increased heart rate and breathing, dilation of pupil, sweating)
2. Parasympathetic Nervous System maintains body functions and restores
the body to normal or relaxed mode.
 THE NERVE CELL
The nerve cell is the basic unit of the
nervous system and it is also called
as a NEURON. There are billions of
neurons in the body. A neuron has a
CELL BODY containing the nucleus.
In the cell body there are root-like
structures called DENDRITES and
AXONS. Dendrites carry impulses
toward the cell body while axons
carry impulses away from the cell
body. The gap between neusrons
called SYNAPSE.
SYNAPSE BETWEEN 2 NEURONS
 MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM:
SENSATION: Sensation refers to receiving information about the
environment, either what is happening outside (ie: heat from the sun) or
inside the body (ie: heat from muscles activity). These sensations are known
as STIMULI (singular=stimulus) and different sensory receptors are
responsible for detecting different stimuli. Sensory information travels
towards the CNS through the PNS nerves in the specific division known as
the SENSORY (afferent) branch of the PNS. When information arises from
sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscles, or joints this is known as
SOMATIC SENSORY INFORMATION; when information arises from sensory
receptors in the blood vessels or internal organs, this is known as VISCERAL
SENSORY INFORMATION.
RESPONSE: The nervous system produces a response in effector organs (such as
muscles or glands) due to sensory stimuli. The motor (efferent) branch of PNS
carries signals away from the CNS to the effector organs. When the effector
organ is a skeletal muscle, the information is called SOMATIC MOTOR; when the
effector organ is cardiac or smooth muscle or glandular tissue, the information is
called autonomic (visceral) motor. Voluntary responses are governed by the
somatic nervous system and involuntary responses are governed by the
autonomic nervous system.

INTEGRATION: Stimuli that are received by sensory structures are communicated

to the nervous system where that information is processed. This is called
integration. In the CNS, stimuli are compared with, or integrated with, other
stimuli, memories of previous stimuli, or the state of a person at a particular time.
This leads to the specific response that will be generated.
 WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
All of the organs and organ system of the human body work together like a well-oiled
machine. This is because they are closely regulated by the nervous and endocrine system. The
nervous system controls virtually all body activities, and the endocrine system secretes
hormones that regulate these activities. Functioning together, the organ system supply body
cells with all the substances they need and eliminate their wastes. They also keep
temperature, pH, and other conditions at just the right levels to support life processes. The
process in which organ systems work to maintain a stable internal environment is called
HOMEOSTASIS. Keeping a stable internal environment requires constant adjustments.
So how does your body maintain homeostasis? The regulation of your internal
environment is done primarily through negative feedback. NEGATIVE FEEDBACK is a
response to a stimulus that keeps a variable close to a set value. Essentially, it "shuts off" or
"turns on" a system when it varies from a set value.
 For example, your body has an internal thermostat. When body
temperature rises, receptors in the skin and the brain sense the
temperature change. The temperature change triggers a command from
the brain. This command can cause several responses. If you are too hot,
the skin makes sweat and BLOOD VESSELS near the skin surface dilate.
This response helps decrease body temperature.
Another example of negative feedback has to do with blood glucose
levels. When glucose and the conversion of glucose into glycogen, which is
stored in the liver. As blood glucose levels decrease, less insulin is
produced. When glucose levels are too low, another HORMONE called
glucagon is produced, which causes the liver to convert glycogen back to
glucose.
HOW NERVOUS SYSTEM
COORDINATES AND
REGULATES FEEDBACK
MECHANISMS TO
MAINTAIN
HOMEOSTASIS?
 The nervous system provides quick responses in maintaining homeostasis,.
Homeostasis is maintained in the body by regulating the body temperature, blood
pressure, pH, and glucose concentration.
The nervous system and endocrine system are working together to maintain
body's homeostasis. Homeostasis is the state reached when each part of the body
functions in equilibrium with other parts. This is attained through the regulation of the
bodily functions by the endocrine and nervous system.
Feedback mechanisms are used by most of the body systems to maintain
homeostasis. When the brain receives messages from the body about an internal
change in one of its systems, it works to restore the system to its normal state. The
hypothalamus affects the pituitary gland, also known as the master gland, to secrete
the right hormones. The hormones will flow with the blood and reach the specific organs
to restore the normal state of the body or homeostasis. Molecules of hormones are
received by receptors of cells making this event a neuroendocrine coordination.
The nerves that are found all over the body allows the nervous system to
monitor homeostasis of the body. While the endocrine system helps by secreting
hormones into the bloodstream and send them to specific organs. The levels of
hormones into the bloodstream and send them to specific organs. The levels of
hormones in the body are controlled by feedback. It is important that the
amount of hormones in our body is kept at the right level. To achieve
homeostasis, the nervous and endocrine systems work with each other to
maintain a normal range of many processes and substances in the body such as:
Temperature of the body
Amount of water in the body
Amount of metabolic wastes in the cell
Blood calcium level
 DISEASES/
DISORDERS IN THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM
 ENCEPHALITIS
ENCEPHALITIS is an uncommon but serious condition in which the brain becomes inflamed
(swollen). It can be life threatening and requires urgent treatment in hospital. Anyone can be
affected, but the very young snd very old are most at risk.

SYMPTOMS
EARLY SYMPTOMS CAN BE SIMILAR TO A DROWSINESS
FLU: CHANGES IN PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOR
FEVER SEIZURES
HEADACHE DIFFICULTY SPEAKING
ACHING MUSCLES AND JOINTS WEAKNESS OR LOSS OF MOVEMENT AND
SERIOUS SYMPTOMS: FEELING IN SOME PARTS OF THE BODY
CONFUSION OR DISORIENTATION HALLUCINATIONS
EYESIGHT PROBLEMS
UNCONSCIOUSNESS (COMA)
 MENINGITIS
MENINGITIS is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes
covering the brain and spinal cord. A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid
surrounding the brain and spinal cord usually causes the swelling. However,
injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections also can cause
meningitis.

SYMPTOMS
RASH MUSCLE AND JOINT PAIN
FEVER SEVERE HEADACHE
COLD HANDS AND FEET A STIFF NECK
VOMITING PHONOPHOBIA
CONFUSION SEIZURES
BREATHING QUICKLY PHOTOPOBHIA
 POLIO
POLIO is an illness caused by a virus that mainly affects nerves in the spinal cord or brain
stem. In its most severe form, polio can lead to a person being unable to move certain limbs,
also called paralysis. It can also lead to trouble breathing and sometimes death. The disease
also is called poliomyelitis.

SYMPTOMS
FEVER BACK PAIN OR STIFFNESS
SORE THROAT PAIN IN THE LIMBS
FATIGUE LOSS OF REFLEXES
HEADACHE PARALYSIS
VOMITING
 RABIES
RABIES is a preventable viral disease most often transmitted through the bite of a rabid
animal. The rabies virus infects the central nervous system of mammals, ultimately causing
disease in the brain and death.

SYMPTOMS
FIRST SYMPTOMS: SERIOUS SYMPTOMS:
WEAKNESS OR DISCOMFORT HALLUCINATIONS
FEVER EXCESSIVE SALIVATION
HEADACHE LIGHT SENSITIVITY
TINGLING/BURNING OF THE CITE HYDROPHOBIA
OF THE EXPOSURE INSOMIA
AGGRESSION
 SHINGLES
SHINGLES (also known as herpes zoster virus) is a neurological disorder
caused by the reactivation of a viral infection in the skin's nerves. Shingles
causes pain, burning, or a tingling sensation, along with itching and blisters.
Most often the painful rash develops as a band or stripe on one side of the
body or face and the blisters typically scab over within a week to 10 days.
Sometimes shingles can affect the eyes and cause vision loss.

SYMPTOMS
PAINFUL RASH
FEVER
HEADACHE
CHILLS
STOMACH ACHE
 STROKE
Stroke is a disease that affects the arteries in the brain and occurs when the supply of
blood to the brain is suddenly interrupted, often due to a blockage or sudden burst of a
brain artery. It is also one of the most important neurological diseases; it affects anyone
but it is more common in the elderly.

SYMPTOMS
SEVERE HEADACHE TROUBLE SPEAKING OR
SUDDEN NUMBNESS OR UNDERSTANDING SPEECH
WEAKNESS IN THE FACE, ARM OR TROUBLE SEEING IN ONE OR BOTH
LEG, ESPECIALLY ONE SIDE OF EYES
THE BODY TROUBLE WITH BALANCE AND
CONFUSION/CHANGE IN DIZZINESS
PERSONALITY
 BELL'S PALSY
BELL'S PALSY is a neurological disorder that causes paralysis or weakness on
one side of the face. One of the nerves that controls muscles in your face
becomes injured or stops working properly.Bell's palsy is also known as acute
peripheral facial palsy of unknown cause. It can occur at any age. The exact
cause is unknown. Experts think it's caused by swelling and inflammation of
the nerve that controls the muscles on one side of the face. It could be
caused by a reaction that occurs after a viral infection.

SYMPTOMS
SUDDEN WEAKNESS OR DROOLING FROM ONE SIDE OF
PARALYSIS ON ONE SIDE OF YOUR YOUR MOUTH
FACE DIFFICULTY CLOSING AN EYELID
DROOPING EYEBROW AND MOUTH
 CEPHALALGIA
CEPHALALGIA is one of the most common disorders of the nervous system. Approximately
half of all adults have had a headache during the past year, and it is the sixth cause of disability
in the world. Although the majority are not serious, one should go to the doctor when its
onset is sudden and intense, it is accompanied by neurological symptoms such as loss of
strength or alteration of language or fever.

SYMPTOMS
HEADACHE
DROOPY EYELIDS
WATERY EYES
NAUSEA
VOMITTING
VERTIGO
 EPILEPSY
EPILEPSY is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain
activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior,
sensations and sometimes loss of awareness.
Anyone can develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects both males and females of all
races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.
SYMPTOMS
UNCONTROLLABLE JERKING AND STRANGE SENSATIONS
SHAKING COLLAPSING
LOSING AWARENESS SEIZURE
BECOMING STIFF
 PARKINSON'S DISEASE
PARKINSON'S DISEASE is a brain disorder that causes unintended or
uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with
balance and coordination.Symptoms usually begin gradually and worsen over
time. As the disease progresses, people may have difficulty walking and
talking. They may also have mental and behavioral changes, sleep problems,
depression, memory difficulties, and fatigue.

SYMPTOMS
TREMOR IN HANDS, ARMS, LEGS, IMPARED BALANCE AND
JAW OR HEAD COORDINATION
MUSCLE STIFFNESS DIFFICULTY SWALLOWING,
SLOWNESS OF MOVEMENT CHEWING AND SPEAKING,
SKIN PROBLEMS URINARY PROBLEMS
 MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS
MULTIPLE SCELROSIS (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord
(central nervous system). In MS, the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin)
that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the
rest of your body. Eventually, the disease can cause permanent damage or deterioration of
the nerve fibers.
SYMPTOMS
FATIGUE, VISION PROBLEMS PROBLEMS WITH THINKING,
NUMBNES AND TINGLING LEARNING AND PLANNING
MUSCLE SPASMS,STIFFNESS AND DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY
WEAKNESS SEXUAL PROBLEMS
MOBILITY PROBLEMS BLADDER PROBLEMS
PAIN SPEECH AND SWALLOWING
BOWEL PROBLEMS DIFFICULTIES
 AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS
ALS also known as Lou Gehrig's Disease, is a rare neurological disease that affects motor neurons—
those nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement. Voluntary
muscles are those we choose to move to produce movements like chewing, walking, and talking. The
disease is progressive, meaning the symptoms get worse over time. ALS has no cure and there is no
effective treatment to reverse its progression. ALS is a type of motor neuron disease. As motor
neurons degenerate and die, they stop sending messages to the muscles, which causes the muscles to
weaken, start to twitch (fasciculations), and waste away (atrophy). Eventually, the brain loses its ability
to initiate and control voluntary movements.
SYMPTOMS
MUSCLE TWITCHES IN THE ARM, LEG, TIGHT AND STIFF MUSCLES
SHOULDER, OR TONGUE (SPASTICITY)
MUSCLE CRAMPS SLURRED SPEECH
DIFFUCULTY CHEWING AND MUSCLE WEAKNESS AFFECTING AN
SWALLOWING ARM, LEG, THE NECK OR DIAPHRAGM
 DEMENTIA
DEMENTIA is the result of changes in certain brain regions that cause neurons (nerve
.
cells) and their connections to stop working properly. Researchers have connected
changes in the brain to certain forms of dementia and are investigating why these
changes happen in some people but not others. For a small number of people, rare
genetic variants that cause dementia have been identified.
SYMPTOMS
MEMORY LOSS, POOR JUDGEMENT, PARANOIA
AND CONFUSION CHANGE IN PERSONALITY
DIFFICULTY SPEAKING, NOT CARING ABOUT OTHER PEOPLE'S
UNDERSTANDING AND EXPRESSING FEELINGS
THOUGHTS, OR READING AND LOSING BALANCE AND PROBLEMS
WRITING WITH MOVEMENTS
REPEATING QUESTIONS
HALLUCINATIONS
 INSOMIA
Insomnia is one of the most frequent sleep complaints in neurodegenerative movement
disorders. Patients may benefit from CBTi, antidepressants (trazodone, doxepin), melatonin
and gaba-agonists. Insomnia is a frequent precursor of MS symptoms by up to 10years.

SYMPTOMS
DIFFICULTY SLEEPING AT NIGHT DIFFICUTY FOCUSING OR
WAKING UP DURING THE NIGHT OR REMEMBERING
TOO EARLY
NOT FEELING WELL-RESTED
AFTER A NIGHT'S SLEEP
IRRITABILITY, DEPRESSION AND
ANXIETY
DAYTIME TIREDNESS OR
SLEEPINESS
 NARCOLEPSY
NARCOLEPSY is a chronic neurological disorder that affects the brain's ability
to control sleep-wake cycles. People with narcolepsy may feel rested after
waking, but then feel very sleepy throughout much of the day. Many individuals
with narcolepsy also experience uneven and interrupted sleep that can involve
waking up frequently during the night.

SYMPTOMS
EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPINESS, CATAPLEXY, A SUDDEN MSUCLE
HYPERSOMNIA WEAKNESS TRIGGERED BY
DIFFICULTY STAYING AWAKE STRONG EMOTION
SLEEP PARALYSIS
HALLUCINATIONS
 SLEEP APNEA
CENTRAL SLEEP APNEA occurs because your brain doesn't send proper
signals to the muscles that control your breathing. This condition is different
from obstructive sleep apnea, in which you can't breathe normally because of
upper airway obstruction. Central sleep apnea is less common than
obstructive sleep apnea.

SYMPTOMS
LOUD SNORING MORNING HEADACHE
SUDDENLY STOPS BREATHING INSOMIA
DURING SLEEP HYPERSOMNIA
GASPING FOR AIR DURING SLEEP
WAKING UP WITH A DRY MOUTH
 CONCUSSION
CONCUSSION is the physical trauma of a traumatic brain injury (TBI) or mild
traumatic brain injury (mTBI, aka concussion) can cause temporary or long-
lasting dysautonomia. In concussion patients, dysautonomia almost always
takes the form of sympathetic dominance.

SYMPTOMS
HEADACHE OR "PRESSURE" IN THE BOTHERED BY LIGHT OR NOISE
HEAD CONFUSION OR MEMORY ROBLEMS
NAUSEA OR VOMITING DROWSINESS
BALANCE PROBLEMS OR
DIZZINESS
 CREBRAL CONTUSION
CEREBRAL CONTUSIONS, Latin contusio cerebri, a form of traumatic brain
injury, refer to bruise of the brain tissue, typically at the surface of the brain.
Contusions therefore occur at sites where the brain can graze against
adjacent bony surfaces. It is a medical term for a bruise. It is the result of a
direct blow or an impact, such as fall. Contusions are common sports injury.

SYMPTOMS
CHANGES IN PERSONALITY LOCALIZED NUMBNESS OR
DFFICULTY SPEAKING AND TINGLING
UNDERSTANDING SPEECH DIFFICULTY PAYING ATTENTION
MEMORY PROBLEMS
 PARAPLEGIA AND QUADRIPLEGIA
PARAPLEGIA is the symptom of paralysis that mainly affects your legs (though it can
sometimes affect your lower body and some of your arm abilities, too). This usually
happens because of injuries to your nervous system, especially your spinal cord, but it
can also happen with various medical conditions and diseases. QUADRAPLEGIA is a
symptom of paralysis that affects all a person's limbs and body from the neck down.
The most common cause of quadriplegia is an injury to the spinal cord in your neck,
but it can also happen with medical conditions.

SYMPTOMS
LOSS OF ABILITY TO FEEL AND INTENSE PAIN
MOVE PROBLEMS IN BREATHING AND
NO CONTROL OVERBOWEL AND COUGHING
BLADDER ACTIVITIES