LEARNING COMPETENCY NO.

Describe how the nervous system coordinates

and regulates feedback mechanisms
to maintain homeostasis.
 WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?

• Homeostasis is the state reached when each part

of the body functions in equilibrium with other
parts. (e.g. regulation of blood glucose levels)

• This is attained through the regulation of the bodily

functions by the endocrine and nervous systems.
 WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
• Most body systems maintain homeostasis by using feedback
mechanisms. (e.g menstrual cycle)

 When the brain receives messages from the body about an

internal change in one of its systems, it works to restore the
system to its normal state.

 The levels of hormones in the body are regulated by

feedback, so that the amount of hormones is kept at the right
level.
 WHAT IS HOMEOSTASIS?
The nervous system and the endocrine system work together
to maintain the normal range of the following variables:

 Body temperature
 Amount of water in the body
 Amount of metabolic wastes in the cell
 Blood calcium level
 Hormones in the blood
The Nervous
System
 The Nervous System
 connects all body parts
 controls all actions of the body
 transmits signals from one part to another
 a system of cells, tissue and organs that regulates the
body’s responses to internal and external stimuli
 MAJOR DIVISIONS:

1. Central Nervous System (CNS)

 main processing center

• 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

 consists of all the nerves
 connects the CNS to the organs and limbs
 CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

1. BRAIN
 Protected by the skull
 organizer and distributor of information
 Most complicated organ
Parts of the brain

1. Cerebrum
• large upper part of the brain
• controls activity, thoughts, senses and
imagination
Parts of the brain

2. Cerebellum/little brain

Controls muscle movements and

posture, balance, coordination,
emotions and ability to learn new
things
 Parts of the brain

3. Brain stem/medulla
• connects the brain to the spinal
cord
• controls automatic/involuntary
processes
(e.g. breathing, digestion, heart rate and
blood pressure)
 Central Nervous System

2. Spinal Cord
• serve as channel for signals
between the brain and the rest
of the body

• controls simple
musculoskeletal reflexes
without input from the brain

• 18 in long
 Central Nervous System

2. Spinal Cord

• From the base of the brain to just

below the last rib of the waist area

• protected by the vertebral

column/backbone which is
composed of rings of bones called
vertebrae
2. Spinal Cord
 Vertebrae divisions:
-7 cervical vertebrae
(injury results to Tetraplegia/as quadriplegia-
paralysis resulting to partial or total loss of
sensation and control of 4 limbs and torso
-12 thoracic vertebrae
(injury results to trunk and leg injury known
as paraplegia)
-5 lumbar vertebrae
-5 sacral vertebraeinjury results to loss of
functioning of hips and legs)
 MAJOR DIVISIONS:

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of all the nerves
Connects the CNS to the organs and limbs
WHAT IS A NERVE?
• primary structure of
the peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
• A whitish fiber of
nerve cells that carry
impulses to the CNS
and from the CNS to
the effector organs
Nerves are
categorized (based
on connection to
CNS as :

1.Cranial Nerve
 12 pairs that carry
information into and
out of the brain stem
Nerves are categorized
(based on connection
to CNS) as :

2. Spinal nerve
31 pairs that carry motor
and sensory signals between
the spinal cord and the body
 MAIN DIVISIONS OF PNS

1. Somatic Nervous System

 Composed of nerves associated with voluntary control
of the body

2. Autonomic Nervous System

 composed of nerves associated with involuntary
control of body movements.
 Parts of Autonomic Nervous System
 involuntary control of body movements.

a. Sympathetic NS
Network of nerves that
helps the body activate its
“fight-or-flight” response
when the body is in stress,
in danger or physically
active
b. Parasympathetic
 consists of nerves that
maintain body functions
and restores the body to
normal or relax mode.