NERVOUS

SYSTEM
The Control System of
the Body
 What is Nervous System?
The nervous system is a complex
network of nerves and cells that carry
messages to and from the brain and
spinal cord to various parts of the
body.
 What does Nervous System do?
 Considered as the body’s storage center of information
and also the body’s control system.
 It is mainly responsible for controlling and coordinating
all
the organ systems by sending messages from the brain
through nerve signals.
 It makes sure that all the parts of the body are working
together efficiently.
 Functions of the Nervous System
1. Sensory input – gathering information
- to monitor changes occurring inside and outside the
body (changes = stimuli)
2. Integration
- To process and interpret sensory input and decide if
action is needed.
3. Motor output
- A response to integrated stimuli
- The response activates muscles or glands.
 Why is Nervous System important?
1.It is responsible for controlling and coordinating
all organ systems by sending messages from the
brain through nerve signals.
2. It make sure that all the parts of the body are
working together efficiently.
Major Divisions of the Nervous System
and its Parts

1. Central Nervous
System (CNS)
2. Peripheral nervous
System (PNS)
01
Central Nervous
System
Parts and its Function
What is Central Nervous System (CNS)?

It is the main processing center for

the entire nervous system.
Functions of the Central Nervous System
(CNS)?
Controls things like thought, movement,
and emotion, as well as breathing, heart
rate, hormones, and body temperature.
Main Components of CNS
A. Brain
Main Components of CNS
B. Spinal Cord
A. Brain - organ located within the skull that
functions as organizer and distributor of
information for the body.

Composed of three main parts:

1. Cerebrum
2. Cerebellum
3. Brain Stem
 Parts of the Brain
1. Cerebrum
Large, upper part of the brain
that controls activity and
thought.
 Parts of the Brain
2. Cerebellum
 Part under the cerebrum that controls
posture balance, and coordination.
 “Little brain”
 Parts of the Brain
3. Brain Stem
Part that connects the brain to the spinal
cord and controls automatic functions such
as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and
blood pressure.
B. Spinal Cord
 Thick cord of nervous tissue that extends
from the base of the brain through the
spinal column.
 Serves as a channel for signals between the
brain and the rest of the body.
02
Peripheral
Nervous System
Parts and Its Function
 What is Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)
The division of the nervous system containing
all the nerves that lie outside of the central
nervous system (CNS).
These extends from the central nervous system
to the outermost areas of the body.
Function of the Peripheral Nervous
System (PNS)
Connects the central nervous system to
the organs and limbs and skin.
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is
composed of two main divisions

A.Somatic Nervous System

B.Autonomic Nervous System
A. Somatic Nervous System
 Part of PNS responsible for carrying sensory
and motor information to and from the CNS.
 Derives its name from Greek word soma, which
means “body”.
 Responsible for transmitting sensory
information as well as for voluntary movement.
Voluntary Actions
 Muscle actions that you control.

Example:
Talking, smiling, waving, walking, jumping,
etc.
Two Main Parts of Somatic Nervous
System
1. Spinal nerves - nerves that carry motor
and sensory signals between the spinal cord
and the body.
2. Cranial nerves - nerve fibers that carry
information into and out of the brain stem.
B. Autonomic Nervous System

 Part of PNS responsible for

regulating involuntary body
functions, such as blood flow,
heartbeat, digestion, and
breathing.
Involuntary Actions
 Muscle actions that are automatic and
out of your control.

Example:
Breathing, digesting, blood flow, and
heartbeat.
 Two Subdivisions of Autonomic Nervous
System
1. Sympathetic - activated when the body is in
a dynamic role or stress.

 Prepares the body for stressful or energetic

activity. (flight-or-fight responses).
 Two Subdivisions of Autonomic Nervous
System

2. Parasympathetic - maintains body functions

and restores the body to normal or relaxed
mode.
 Dominates during rest state, directs
maintenance activities. (Rest and
rumination)
The Nerve Cell
Parts and Its Function
Neurons or Nerve Cell: The Basic Unit
of the Nervous System
 A NEURON
 The basic unit or the basic building blocks of
the nervous system.
 They conduct impulses that enable the body to
interact with its internal and external
environments.
 It carry “messages” through an
electrochemical process.
Structure of a Neuron
Parts of the Neuron and its Function
1. Dendrites (=little trees) are short
branching processor which carry
impulses towards the cell body.
 Single dendrite can be over one
meter long.
Parts of the Neuron and its Function

2. The cell body is responsible for the

nutrition and maintenance of the entire
cell.
 Relays the information down to
the axon.
Parts of the Neuron and its Function
3. Axon (=axis) carry impulses away
from the cell body.
 Pass impulses to the dendrites of
other neurons or cell body.
• Synapse-is the gap between dendrite ends and axon
terminal.

• It is where chemical crosses between neurons that

stimulates the nerve impulse to start in the next dendrites.
Types of Neurons

1. Sensory Neuron
2. Motor Neuron
3. Interneuron
1. Sensory or afferent
neuron
a. Receives information and
send impulses to the brain or
spinal cord.

b. It detects light, sound, odor,

taste, pressure, and heat and
send these messages to the
brain.
2. Motor or efferent neuron
a. It carries messages out of the
central nervous system.

b. It transmits messages from

the brain to the muscles to
generate movement.
3. Interneuron
a. It carries messages
between the sensory
and motor neurons
and are commonly
connected to other
interneurons.
• Nerve impulses is a combination of an
electrical charge and a chemical reaction.

• It is not a flow of electricity, but an

electrochemical signal moving along a neuron.

Electrochemical signal – an electric

charge which moves through the neurons
and transmitted by chemicals which in
turn transmit the information.
• When nerve impulses comes to the end
of an axon, it produces chemical, called
neurotransmitter, to be released.
Direction of Nerve Impulse

Dendrites  Cell body (nucleus)  Axon

The pathway of impulses in the nervous coordination
1. Stimulus (plural: stimuli) is any factor in the
environment that trigger a nerve impulse.
2. Receptors/Sensory organs monitors the condition and
watch changes inside and outside the body.
3. Effectors is the muscles and glands which responds to
stimuli.

4. Response is a reaction to the stimulus.

Example
Example

Stimulus: Delicious aroma of the

cooked food.
Response: Salivation (active
production of saliva).
An organism must be able to respond to a
stimulus in order to survive.
How does the Nervous System Work
Together with Endocrine System to
maintain Homeostasis?
Homeostasis- is the ability or
tendency to maintain internal
stability in an organism to
compensate for environmental
changes.
 It is the state reached when each part of
the body functions in equilibrium with
other parts.

 It is attained through the regulation of the

bodily functions by the endocrine and
nervous system.
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
 It is a physiological regulation
system in a living body that works
to return the body to its normal
internal state, or commonly known
as homeostasis.
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Role of Endocrine System in maintaining
Homeostasis
1. It regulates hormones to change the
body’s response
2. Govern long term behavior such as
growth.
Role of Nervous System in maintaining
Homeostasis
1. It regulates bodily functions
2. It provides quick responses in
maintaining homeostasis
How does the Nervous System and
Endocrine system works to maintain
Homeostasis?

-When the brain receives messages from the

body about an internal change in one of it’s
system, it works to restore the system to it’s
normal state.
-The hypothalamus or master gland,
secrete the right hormones.

-The hormone will flow with the

blood and reach the specific organs to
restore the normal state of the body
(homeostasis).
- The nerves that are found all over the
body allows the nervous system to monitor
homeostasis of the body.

- While the endocrine system helps by

secreting hormones into the blood stream
and send them to specific organs.
- The levels of hormones in the body
are controlled by feedback.

- The amount of hormones in our body

must be kept at the right level.
- To achieve homeostasis, the nervous
and endocrine system work with each
other to maintain a normal range of
many processes and substances in the
body.
 Examples
 Body Temperature
 Amount of water in the body
 Amount of metabolic wastes in
the cell
 Blood calcium level
 Assignment

Choose only one activity, in a short bond paper,

create a comic strip, poster, or a poem on how to
take care of your nervous system. The poster, poem,
or comic strip must shows 7 ways to take care of
your nervous system.
 Assignment

1. Read about protein synthesis.

2. How are proteins produced in our body?
3. Why are proteins important in the proper
functioning of our body?