AFTER GOING THROUGH THIS MODULE,

YOU ARE EXPECTED TO:

1. identify the glands which control the actions of the reproductive system;
2. 2. analyze the process on how nervous and reproductive system work
together; and
3. 3. describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these
feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. (S10LT-IIIc-36)
Nervous System
- the major control system of homeostasis.
- It provides monitoring, response, and regulation of all
systems in the human body and other organisms.
- It functions from the tiny level of individual cells to affecting
the whole
 HOW DOES THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?

When a body system leaves a set point and falls

outside its normal range, signals are sent through
the nervous system which trigger responses to
bring the system back into the normal range of
functioning. This is the process of homeostasis
 NERVOUS SYSTEM
. It is a system of cells, tissues and organs
that regulates the body’s responses to internal
and external stimuli
**stimulus(plural-stimuli) is anything that makes an organism or a part of an organism
react in some way
**response is a reaction to a stimulus
 MAJOR DIVISIONS AND PARTS OF THE
NERVOUS SYSTEM

1.Central Nervous System (CNS) The CNS serves as

the main processing center for the entire nervous
system.
2.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) The Peripheral
Nervous System connects the central nervous
system to the organs and limbs.
Two Main Components of the CNS
A. BRAIN
This is an organ located within the skull that
functions as organizer and distributor of
information for the body. It has three Main
Parts:
a. Cerebrum – large, upper part of the brain
Figure 2. Basic Parts of the Brain
that controls activity and thought.
b. Cerebellum – the part under the cerebrum B. SPINAL CORD This serves
that controls posture, balance, and as a channel for signals between
coordination the brain and the rest of the body
c. Brain Stem – the part that connects the and controls simple
brain to the spinal cord, and controls musculoskeletal reflexes without
automatic functions such as breathing, input from the brain
digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure.
 PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM HAS TWO (2)
MAIN DIVISION
A. Somatic Nervous System this system is
associated with the voluntary control of body
movements and has two main parts.
a.1 Spinal Nerves are nerves that carry motor
and sensory signals between the spinal cord and
the body.

a.2 Cranial Nerves are the nerve fibers that

carry information into and out of the brain stem.

Figure 3. Peripheral Nervous System

B. Autonomic Nervous System this system is
associated with the involuntary control of
body movements and has two (2) sub-
divisions.
b.1 Sympathetic– it is activated when the
body is in a dynamic role or stress. (eg.
Increased heart rate and breathing, dilation
of pupil, sweating, etc)
b.2 Parasympathetic - it maintains body
functions and restores the body to normal
or relaxed mode.
NEURONS – called as Nerve cell is the
basic unit of the nervous system.
*There are billions of neurons in the body
*Neurons are specially intended for
information processing and signals
 TYPES OF NEURONS
1.Motor Neurons transmit impulses from the brain to muscles,
glands, or other neurons in the peripheral nervous system.
2. Sensory neurons transmit impulses from sensory nerves
(receptor) to the Central Nervous System (CNS).
BASIC PARTS OF A NEURON
1.Dendrites carry impulses towards
the cell
2.Cell Body (Soma) the soma, or
cell body, is where the signals
from the dendrites are joined and
passed on
3.Axon carry impulses away from
The Nervous System is assisted by five (5) sense organs:

These sense organs are constantly receiving information from the

environment and sending messages to the brain. These senses aid in
the survival of human beings.
How do Nervous System and Endocrine System Work
together?

The nervous system is a physically connected network of cells,

tissues, and organs that controls thoughts, movements, and
simpler life processes, such as swallowing.

The endocrine system is a collection of physically

disconnected organs that helps control growth, development,
and responses to your environment, such as body temperature.
The Nervous and Endocrine system work together because they are both
communicators of the body.
To achieve homeostasis, the nervous system and the endocrine
system maintain a normal range of the following variables:
a. Body temperature,
b. Amount of water in the body,
c. Amount of metabolic waste in the cell,
d. Blood calcium levels, Hormones in the blood
Most body systems maintain homeostasis
by using feedback mechanisms. When the
brain receives messages from the body
about an internal change in one of its
systems, it works to restore the system to
its normal state.
 FEEDBACK REGULATION LOOPS
Feedback regulation occurs when the response to a
stimulus has an effect of some kind on the original
stimulus.

Negative feedback occurs when the response to a

stimulus reduces the original stimulus.

Positive feedback occurs when the response to a stimulus

Human Disorders
1. Neurodegenerative Disorders are both neurodegenerative disorders characterized
by loss of nervous system functioning.

a. Alzheimer’s disease is an irreversible, progressive brain disorder that

slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out
the simplest tasks.

b. Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that leads to shaking, stiffness, and

difficulty with walking, balance, and coordination
2. Neurodevelopmental Disorders are neurodevelopmental
disorders that arise when nervous system development is disrupted.
a. Autism or autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to a broad
range of conditions characterized by challenges with social
skills, repetitive behaviors, speech, and nonverbal
communication.

b. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the

most common neurodevelopmental disorders of childhood. It is
usually first diagnosed in childhood and often lasts into
adulthood.
3. Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Mental Illnesses

a. Schizophrenia a psychiatric diagnosis denoting a

persistent, often chronic, mental illness variously
affecting behavior, thinking, and emotion.

b. Depression is caused by a decrease in norepinephrine

and serotonin neurotransmission.
4. Other Neurological Disorders

a. Epilepsy a medical condition in which the

sufferer experiences seizures (or convulsions) and
blackouts

b. Stroke the loss of brain function arising when

the blood supply to the brain is suddenly
interrupted
5. Gigantism is a serious condition that is nearly
always caused by an adenoma, a tumor of the
pituitary gland.

6. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD), also

known as dwarfism or pituitary dwarfism, is a
condition caused by insufficient amounts of
growth hormone in the body
Figure 2. Negative Feedback mechanism in the menstrual cycle
Figure 3. Homeostasis involving glucagon and insulin
THANK YOU AND
GOD BLESS YOU!!!