Science 10

Third Quarter
Module 3: Homeostasis
Presented by: Group
3
• Nazrene
• Kirvy Clouie
• Rymar Jaziel
• Jinno Lui
•
 What is
Homeostasis?

• The maintenance of a constant internal environment in a continually

changing external environment

• It controls temperature, blood glucose level, salt levels, water levels,

menstruation, adrenalin levels and many other things.
Example:

On a hot day you;

• Sweat a lot
• Loose water and salt through
sweat
• Urinate less
• Urine will be more
concentrated
• Loose water when you
breathe faster
Example:

On a cold day you;

• Do not sweat as much

• Urinate More
• Urine will be more
concentrated
• Drink less water
 Example:

When you are too hot: When you are too cold:

• Hair lie flat • Hair stand up trapping

• Lots of sweat air
produced • Less sweat
• Blood vessels widen • Blood vessels get
flow near surface smaller
• Muscles shiver to
generate heat energy
Look at the picture below closely
Look at the picture below closely What happens if stability is
disrupted?

Remove one stone and the whole arch

collapses. The same is true
for the human body. All the systems
work together to maintain stability or
homeostasis. Disrupt one system, and
the whole body may be affected.
Homeostasis is the state reached when each part of the body functions
in equilibrium with other parts. This is attained through the regulation
of the bodily functions by the endocrine and nervous systems.
The Nervous System
 The Nervous System
While neurons are the building blocks of the body’s communication system,
it is the network of neurons that allows signals to move between the
brain and body. These organized networks, composed of up to 1 trillion
neurons, make up what is known as the nervous system.
 Neurones

There are three types of neurons:

1. Sensory Neurone – carries impulses from

the receptors of the spinal cord.
2. Relay Neurone – carries impulses to and
from the spinal cord and the brain.
3. Motor Neurone – carries impulses from
the brain to the effector
The Nervous System
 The human nervous system has two parts: the central nervous system, which includes the brain
and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which is composed of nerves and nerve
networks throughout the body

Central Nervous System:

Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Central Nervous System: Brain
and Spinal Cord

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up

of the brain and spinal cord. The primary form
of communication in the CNS is the neuron.
Together, the brain and the spinal cord are the
literal "center" of the body’s communication
system.
Central Nervous System: Brain

Brain is an organ located within the skull that

functions as organizer and distributor of
information for the body.
It has three main parts:
Central Nervous System: Brain

Cerebrum – large, upper part of the

brain that controls activity and thought
Central Nervous System: Brain

Cerebellum – the part under the

cerebrum that controls posture, balance
and coordination.
 Central Nervous System: Brain

Brain Stem – the part that connects the brain to the

spinal cord and controls automatic functions such as
breathing, digestion heart rate, and blood pressure
Central Nervous System:
Spinal Cord

Spinal cord serves as a channel for

signals between the brain and the rest
of the body and controls simple
musculoskeletal reflexes without input
from the brain.
 Central Nervous System:
Brain and Spinal Cord

The CNS is responsible for processing every sensation and

thought that you experience. The sensory information that is
gathered by receptors throughout the body, it then passes the
information on to the central nervous system. The CNS also
sends messages to the rest of the body to control movement,
actions, and responses to the environment.
 Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System

The peripheral system (PNS) is composed of nerves that extend outside

of the central nervous system. The nerves and nerve networks that make
up the PNS are actually bundles of axons from neuron cells. The nerve
bundles can be relatively small or large enough to be easily seen by the
human eye. The PNS is further divided into two different systems: the
somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
 Peripheral Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

• The somatic nervous system transmits sensory communications. It

is responsible for voluntary movement and action. It is composed
of sensory (afferent) neurons and motor (efferent) neuron.

• Sensory neurons carry information from the nerves to the brain and
spinal cord while motor neurons transmit information from the
central nervous system to the muscle fibers.
 Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for controlling involuntary functions

such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and blood pressure. The system is also
involved in human emotional responses such as sweating and crying.
 Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

The autonomic nervous system is

subdivided into the sympathetic nervous
system and parasympathetic nervous
system
 Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

The sympathetic nervous system controls

the body’s response to an emergency.
When the system is aroused, your heart and
breathing rates increase, digestion slows or
stops, the pupils dilate and you begin to
sweat. Also known as the fight-or-flight
response, the system is preparing your
body to either fight the danger or flee.
 Peripheral Nervous System

Autonomic Nervous System

The parasympathetic nervous system

counters the sympathetic system. After a
crisis or danger has passed, the system
helps to calm the body by slowing heart
and breathing rates, resuming digestion,
contracting the pupils, and stopping
sweating.
The Endocrine System
 The Endocrine System
• The endocrine system is also essential to communication.
The system utilizes glands located throughout the body
that secrete hormones. The hormones regulate a variety of
bodily functions, including metabolism, digestion, blood
pressure, and growth. The endocrine system is not directly
linked to the nervous system, but the two interact in a
number of ways

• The endocrine system is composed of glands that secrete

chemical messengers known as hormones
 Hormone
• A hormone is a special chemical substance. The word
hormone comes from the Greek word that means “to
excite”. In fact, that’s exactly what a hormone does. A
hormone excites, or turns on, a body activity. Hormones
are carried in the bloodstream to specific areas of the
body, including the organs and body tissues.

• Hormones do their job by REGULATION. When something is

regulated by hormones, it is kept in balance, in a constant
state, or homeostasis. Hormones regulate nearly all the
activities in your body. There is an ideal constant state, or
homeostasis. For example, body metabolism, growth and
blood pressure must be kept at constant states. These and
many other body activities are kept at their constant state by
hormones. Hormones keep many of the body’s activities at
homeostasis by regulation.
The hypothalamus connects these two important communication systems.
The hypothalamus is a tiny collection of nuclei that is responsible for
controlling an astonishing amount of human behavior.

Located at the base of the forebrain, the hypothalamus regulates basic needs
such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex. It's also involved in producing our
emotional and stress responses. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary
glands, which in turn controls the release of hormones from other glands
that are part of the
 The Nerve Cell
• The basic unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell. Nerve
cells are called neurons. Study the Figure and look at the
different parts of the neuron
• A neuron has a cell body containing the nucleus. Projecting
out from the cell body are root-like structures. These are the
dendrites and axons.

• Dendrites carry impulses towards the cell body. A cell may

have as many as 200 dendrites carrying impulses toward the
cell body. A single dendrite can be over one meter long.

• Axons carry impulses away from the cell body. Axons pass
impulses to the dendrites of other neurons or cell body of
muscle cells. Axons can be grouped together into cable-like
bundles called nerves.
The Nerve Impulse
 The Nerve Impulse
• Neurons are cells with the special ability to carry signals or impulses.
Thoughts, emotions, learning, and many body functions are carried by nerve
impulses in the neurons. A nerve impulse is a combination of an electrical
charge and a chemical reaction. A nerve impulse is not a flow of electricity,
but an electrochemical signal moving along a neuron.
 The Nerve Impulse

Imagine that you have a board with a row of switches. Quickly click
each switch in the row on and off. This will give you an idea of how
a nerve impulse travels along a neuron.
A nerve impulse cannot jump from one neuron to another. When a nerve impulse comes to the
end of an axon, it produces the chemical, called neurotransmitter, to be released. The chemical
crosses the space between neurons called synapse and stimulates the nerve impulse to start in
the next dendrite.

The nerve impulse is sent by neurotransmitter from one neuron to another through a gap
called synapse
• The nervous system is assisted by five sense organs - the eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin. These
sense organs are constantly receiving information from the environment and sending messages to the
brain. These senses aid in the survival of human beings.

• A stimulus (plural: stimuli) is any factor in the environment that may trigger a nerve impulse. A
response is a reaction to a stimulus. A stimulus is received by the body and a response is made. An
organism must be able to respond to a stimulus in order to survive.
Messages do not travel in both directions along the same neuron. Only the axon
of the neuron releases neurotransmitters that cross the space between neurons.
Reaction time is the length of time between application of a stimulus and
detection of a response.
Study the Image Below:

What is Happening?
Study the Image Below: What is Happening?

Your body’s sense organs contain receptors.

Receptors (sensory neurons) detect changes in the environment called

stimuli and send messages (nerve impulses) along nerves to the brain and
spinal cord (CNS).
 Two Types of Nerve Pathway
Sense Organ/Receptor Sensory Neurone
Senses stimuli from our Takes impulses from the
surroundings. sense organ to the relay
neurone.

Voluntary Spinal Cord Relay Neurone Involuntary

Where the relay neurons Takes impulses to the brain and from
are found. the brain.

Brain Motor Neurone Effector

Receives impulses from Takes impulses from the The muscle that receives
the spinal cord and sends relay neurone to the the impulse from motor
out new impulses effector. neurone.
Example of a simple reflex action:
Most body systems maintain homeostasis by using feedback mechanisms.
When the brain receives messages from the body about an internal change in
one of its systems, it works to restore the system to its normal state. The levels
of hormones in the body are controlled by feedback.

Negative Feedback
• Detects the stimulus or change – receptors
• Receives the information – processing centre
• Produces and automatic response – effect

Positive Feedback
• Keeps the change going in the same direction
 Conclusion
 It is important that the amount of hormones in our body is kept at the right level. The endocrine
system plays an important part in homeostasis. To achieve homeostasis, the nervous and endocrine
systems maintain a normal range of the following variables:

• Body temperature
• Amount of water in the body
• Amount of metabolic wastes in the cell
• Blood calcium level
• Hormones in the blood

 All of the organs and organ systems of the human body work together like a well-oiled machine. This
is because they are closely regulated by the nervous and endocrine systems. Functioning together, the
organ systems supply body cells with all the substances they need and eliminate their wastes. They
also keep temperature, pH, and other conditions at just the right levels to support life processes.
Thank
You