Prayer

Our dear Heavenly Father, we praise

and thank thee for this day. Watch
over us as we go about our works and
studies. Fill our minds with knowledge
and help us understand the topic that
we are going to tackle today. Bless us,
Father, with your wisdom as we begin
our class. Help us in every way so
that we may become children you
want us to be in the name of Jesus
Christ. Amen.
 Chemical and
Nervous Control
Compare and Contrast Process in Plants and Animals :
Learning Competency

The learners compare and contrast chemical and

nervous control in plants and animals (STEM BIO11/12-
IVa-h-1)
Specific Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to:

• explain how animals respond to environmental stimuli;

• describe the mechanisms of chemical and nervous
control in animals:
• explain how plants respond to environmental stimuli;
and
• describe the mechanisms of chemical control in plants.
 Relevant Vocabulary

Nervous System is the highly complex part of an

animal that coordinates its actions and sensory
information by transmitting signals to and from
different parts of its body. While the endocrine
system is the glands and organs that make
hormones and release them directly into the blood
so they can travel to tissues and organs all over
the body.
Let's Watch
https://youtu.be/oZkDux_8dnY
Video Motivation
 Guide Questions:
1. Based on the video, what is nervous system?
A. What are the division of nervous system?
B. What are the functions and structures of the
neuron?
C. How does transmission across synapses happen?
D. How diverse is the nervous system of Kingdom
Animalia
 Guide Questions:
2. Based on the video Endocrine system
A. How to describe the hormones of
invertebrates?

3. How can be nervous system and

endocrine system be linked?
Nervous System the one
responsible for coordinating
the functions of the other
body systems. It also
enables the body to
respond quickly to the
changes in the environment
by performing these
functions:
 gathers information
both from outside and
inside the body.

transmit and process

Nervous System
information; and

elicit the best

responses to the
stimulus.
 The nervous system has two main divisions: the central
nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous
system (PNS). The CNS is composed of the brain (main
control center) and the spinal cord (connects the brain to
other nerves of the body). The PNS is composed of
nerves that branch out from the brain and the spinal cord
to specific body parts and divided further into somatic
(controls voluntary body movements) and autonomic
nervous system (control involuntary actions):
 Functions and Structures of the
Neuron
Neuron is the basic structural and functional unit
of the nervous system. It transmits electrical
signals called an action potential or an impulse
across the system and lets a body part respond
accordingly whenever it is being stimulated. It
comprises of basic parts namely:
• Cell body or soma- contains the nucleus and most
organelles.

• Axon a single projection from the soma which carries

the impulse (a sudden change in the electric potential of
the cell membrane) to the axon terminal. It may be
enveloped by a myelin sheath for faster conduction of
impulse.

•Dendrites several projections which extend outward from

the cell body and receive chemical signals from the axon
terminals of another neuron.
Neurons also have three types such as: sensory, interneuron and
motorneurons.
 How does transmission across
synapses happen?

Synapse is the junction that connect neurons

with one another. The moment an action potential
reaches the axon's terminal, a series of events
will be created leading to the stimulation of the
next neuron. Chemicals called neurotransmitters
are released which facilitate the transmission of
an impulse across a synapse.
 How Diverse is the Nervous Systems of
Kingdom Animalia?

Kingdom Animalia cover a vast array of different

organism from different phyla down to species.
Every organism possesses variation from one
another in terms of structure and complexity most
especially in their nervous systems.
One interesting difference between the nervous systems of invertebrates and
vertebrates is that the nerve cords of many invertebrates are located ventrally
whereas the vertebrate spinal cords are located dorsally.
Endocrine system is
responsible for the chemical
coordination of body functions.
It is composed of ductless
glands that release hormones.
Hormones are chemical
messengers secreted by a
gland and affect a specific
target tissue or organ. It plays
also a crucial role in maintaining
the homeostasis of the body
 How to describe the hormones of
invertebrates?
Invertebrates also have some form of endocrine
regulations that its level of complexity is similar of that
vertebrates. However, they have fewer hormone that
regulate narrower range of body processes and
responses. An example of this is the insect that secretes
hormones from neurosecretory cells (specialized nerve
cells capable of synthesizing and secreting hormones)
and also from endocrine glands.
 How to describe the hormones of
invertebrates?
Insect physiologists have discovered that malting and
metamorphosis are primarily controlled by interaction of
two hormones, one favoring growth and differentiation of
adult structures and another favoring retention of juvenile
structures. These two hormones are molting hormone or
ecdysone, produced by the prothoracic gland, and
Juvenile hormone, produced by the mapona allata.
Moreover, the endocrinology of other invertebrates awaits
a further study and discovery.
 How can the nervous system and
endocrine system be linked?
The endocrine and the nervous system are structurally
and functionally coordinated with each other through a
series of feedback mechanisms. Particularly, the crucial
link between them is the hormone secretion of
neurosecretory cells that can be exemplified by the
hypothalamus in the forebrain which is vital in controlling
the activities of pituitary gland and other endocrine glands.
Thus, it is the center of the endocrine system
 PLANT HORMONES HELP IN GROWTH
AND REGULATION
Like animals, plants also have hormones of
chemical messengers. They help in the regulation
of various biochemical and physiological
responses that tend to change their
morphological features. It includes seed
germination, flowering. photosynthesis, fruit
ripening and shoot and root development.
 Some hormones exhibit a growth and inhibiting
effects in some parts of the plants. These
mechanisms tend to have a positive impact on
the plant's growth and development for them to
cope in unfavorable conditions. A good example
of this is the Abscisic Acid that inducee
dormancy in seeds by blocking germination and
promoting the synthesis of storage proteins.
Plants adapted to temperate climates require a
long period of cold temperature before seeds
 This mechanism protects young plants from
sprouting too early during unseasonably warm
weather in winter. As the hormone gradually
breaks down over winter, the seed is released
from dormancy and germinates when conditions
are favorable in spring The strong antagonist of
this hormone is Cabberellins which aim to break
dormancy. The table below shows a list of plant
hormones and their specific actions.
 Plant hormones are essential for cell
growth,whether under normal condition or under
stress conditions. Thus, these harmones alao
maintain the homeostatic life of plants.
 SUMMARY
In both plants and animals, the
processes of chemical and nervous
control play crucial roles in
regulating various physiological
functions. However, there are
significant differences in how these
control mechanisms operate
between the two groups.
Nervous Control:
Nervous system, Absence of a
nervous system in plants, Sensory
perception, Speed of response.
Chemical Control:
Hormones, Types of hormones
While both plants and animals rely
on chemical and nervous control
mechanisms, animals have a more
complex and centralized nervous
system, specialized sensory organs,
and a faster response time. In
contrast, plants rely on a
decentralized plant electrical
network, lack dedicated sensory
organs, and exhibit slower response
times.
 Classify whether following words are under the chemical
ENRICHMENT!(endocrine system) or nervous control (nervous system).
•Myelin Sheath
•Nerve impulse
•Ethylene
•Fight or flight response
•Thyroxine Secretion
•Hormones
•Neurons
•Adrenal glands
•Chemical Control
•Epinephrine
•Synapse
•Brain
•Kidneys
EVALUATION!
Thinking beyond thinking
Instructions: complete the following sentences.
1. The nervous and fluids are important in living organisms because...

2. In this module, I have learned that plants and animals are:

3. I can explain the concepts behind the nervous and chemical

controls.

•First, I know that...

•In addition...

•Finally...
Now, you
know
something
that I know,
ASSIGNMENT!
Define the following terms in compare and contrast
process in plants and animals :

• Sensory; and
• Motor Mechanisms
John Paul Lawag Magtalas
11- STEM Phoenix

Prepared By:
 Do you have any questions?

Thanks
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