Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Perception and
coordination
(The nervous and endocrine
systems)
Response
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R218fFZhq4c
2 The nervous system
The nervous system is made up of
nervous tissue, whose cells (neurons) are
capable of transmitting information
through nerve impulses.
2 The nervous system
Neurons are divided into three parts:
The cell body, which contains the
nucleus and other organelles.
The dendrites, which are short, branch-
like projections.
The axon, which is a longer projection. It
ends in a slender branches which widen
slightly at the tip and are called axon
terminals.
https://www.yo
In general, axons are protected by a utube.com/wat
ch?v=6qS83wD
white substance called myelin. 29PY
2 The nervous system
The axons of various neurons group together to form nerve
fibres.
Nerve fibres can group together, surrounding by connective
tissue, to form nerves.
2 The nervous system
How are nerve impulses transmitted?
Neurons have a unique ability: they generate and transmit
nerve impulses.
Nerve impulse
2 The nervous system
How do neurons communicate with each other?
There are very small vesicles at the axon terminal that
contain a substance called neurotransmitters.
When the nerve impulse gets to the
axon terminal, the vesicles break up
and the neurotransmitters are
released into the synaptic cleft.
There they join the dendrite
membrane of the adjacent neuron,
causing chemical changes that
allow the nerve impulse to be
transmitted further.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WhowH0kb7n0
2 The nervous system
How do neurons communicate with each other?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5zFgT4aofA
2 The nervous system
The nervous system receives information from the receptors,
processes this information and elaborates an adequate response
(generates orders), which are carried out by the effectors.
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=-s8yEhRZgvw
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord injuries
Brain and spinal cord injuries may be caused by malformations,
tumours, strokes, road accidents or accidents during sports or at
work.
Types of injuries
https://www.cuatro.com/cronicacuatro/entrevista-especial-quirofano-operacion-cerebro_2_23935051
94.html
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord injuries
Traumatic brain injury
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord injuries
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
It is a sudden and severe obstruction of
blood flow to the brain.
Strokes mostly affect the elderly.
The most common symptoms are a
sudden loss of strength on one side of
the body, slurred speech (speak joining
the sounds together, making it hard to
understand) and impaired vision.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY98RInP-A4
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord injuries
Cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord injuries
Spinal cord injuries
Spinal cord injuries happen in some car accidents and some
people suffer tetraplegia or paraplegia; in other words, they
cannot move their legs or arms.
Spinal cord injuries may result from
damage to the vertebrae, ligaments or
disks of the spinal column or to the
spinal cord itself.
2 The nervous system
2.1 The central nervous system
Brain and spinal cord injuries
Spinal cord injuries
Spinal cord injuries
Complete Incomplete
2 The nervous system
2.2 The peripheral nervous system
The PNS links the CNS to the body´s organs.
It is the part of the nervous system outside
the encephalon and the spinal cord.
Once a threat has passed, this system will slow the heart rate,
slow breathing, reduce blood flow to muscles, and constrict
the pupils. This allows us to return our bodies to a normal
resting state.
2 The nervous system
2.2 The peripheral nervous system
The autonomic PNS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jaWrMYChc5A
2 The nervous system
2.2 The peripheral nervous system
https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=44B0ms3XPKU
2 The nervous system
2.5 Diseases of the nervous system
The most common mental disorders
A mental disorder is a disturbance of the intellectual
functions that is not related to an injury or an abnormal
functioning of the neurons.
• Depression is a mental illness that
often takes the form of low mood
and an inability to lead a normal
life. In severe cases, sufferers may
present self-destructive behaviour.
2 The nervous system
2.5 Diseases of the nervous system
The most common mental disorders
• Anxiety is a psychological disorder that causes fear,
anguish and even hyperactivity.
2 The nervous system
2.5 Diseases of the nervous system
The most common mental disorders
• Schizophrenia is an illness that occur after adolescence.
It causes severe personality disorders, a tendency to
disconnect from the outside world, delusions and
hallucinations.
2 The nervous system
2.5 Diseases of the nervous system
Neurological diseases
These diseases are caused by the abnormal functioning of the
neurons due to variations in the transmission of nerve impulses,
or by an injury caused by increased blood pressure, a blow to
the head, insufficient blood supply, an infection, etc.
Some examples are: epilepsy, brain tumours or strokes
2 The nervous system
2.5 Diseases of the nervous system
Neurodegenerative diseases
These are diseases caused by the degeneration of nerve cells
in certain areas of the brain that leads to the gradual loss of
intellectual functions.
The most significant are Parkinson´s disease, Huntington´s
disease and dementia (there are two types: Alzheimer´s
disease and vascular dementia)
3 The endocrine system
The endocrine system consists of cells that secrete substances
(hormones) directly into the blood.
When these cells are grouped together, they form endocrine
glands.
Hormones
3 The endocrine system
Hormones are distributed throughout the body, but only
act on certain cells that recognise them. These are called
target cells.
Hypothalamic
Hypothalamus neurosecretory cells
Hormones
Pituitary gland
3 The endocrine system
3.1 How the endocrine system works
Then, the pituitary gland secretes hormones that directly
regulate the activity of other glands.
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic
neurosecretory cells
Hormones
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SPRPkLoKp8
3 The endocrine system
3.2 Main glands and hormones
https://www.youtub
e.com/watch?v=HJI1
1Fj4jYs
3 The endocrine system
3.2 Main glands and hormones
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries (Women)
Testis (Men)
3 The endocrine system
3.2 Main glands and hormones
3 The endocrine system
Label in the following diagram the main endocrine glands
and the hormones they release.
3 The endocrine system
3.3 Hormonal disorders
When a disorder affects the endocrine system, the hormone
levels in the blood change. Furthermore, the levels of
various hormones are often interdependent.
Gigantism
3 The endocrine system
3.3 Hormonal disorders
Goitre (Bocio)
3 The endocrine system
3.3 Hormonal disorders
3 The endocrine system