The Nervous

System
Group IV
Role Of The Nervous
System
Human beings can respond to different stimuli due to
the action of the nervous system. Stimuli are several elements
that trigger responses in organisms. The nervous system is
responsible for vital processes such as movement, response
to stimuli, cognition, thinking emotional processes, and even
the programmed release of different hormones that are
intended for growth and development.

Nervous System
Our nervous systems receive signals or
stimuli from inside our bodies as well as
outside our bodies. A stimulus is an agent
or factor that triggers a response in our
body. it can either be internal or external.

Nervous System
 Stimuli
Comes from inside the body by
Internal
which the brain sends signals to a specific
Stimuli gland to release specific hormones.

Comes from outside the body.

External External stimuli include light, temperature,
Stimuli pressure, sound, touch, and other related
stimuli.
 Different Responses Of Organisms Such As
Human Beings To Different Stimuli
Stimuli: Stimuli: Water Stimuli:
Light Response: Hydrotaxis Chemical
Response: Phototaxis Response:
Chemotaxis

Stimuli: Stimuli:
Temperature Touch
Response: Response:
Thermotaxis Thigmotaxis
Parts of
a
Neuron
The Nerve Cells
The nervous system is composed
of millions of neurons. The neurons
are the. basic unit of the nervous system
Neurons are composed of three parts:
the dendrites, the cell body and the
axon. Since neurons are also referred to
as a cell, they also have a cytoplasm,
cell membrane, and nucleus.
Dendrites
Are short and highly
branched part of the neuron
that receive information from
a receptor organ or another
neuron and transmit messages
to the cell body.
Axon
Long and slender
part of the neuron that
conducts the
information away from
the cell body.
Cell Body
Also called soma
contains the nucleus,
mitochondria, and
other cellular
organelles.
 The axons of neurons are usually covered by a
fatty covering, which is referred to as the myelin
sheath – it increases the rate at which impulses
travel. In between the myelin sheath are the nodes
of Ranvier – are where impulses “hop on” as they
travel along the myelinated axons.

Nervous System
 Three Types of Neutron​
Sensory Neurons Motor Neurons Interneurons
Carries messages from Have short dendrites Are found only in the
receptor organs such and long axons. It central nervous system
as skin, eyes, nose, receives information namely, the brain and
ears, and tongue to the from the nerve centers the spinal cord. They
nerve centers. The and transmits it to the connect a sensory
nerve centers are the effector organs such as neuron to a motor
brain and the spinal the muscles or glands. neuron.
cord.
​
Movement of
Information
(Impulses) through
the Nervous System
Impulses
Travels along the network of neurons in the
nervous system. With this activity, we are able to
detect stimuli that allow us to exhibit our specific
responses. Through this transmission of impulses,
we are also capable of performing reflexes.

Nervous System
 Some axons are wrapped in a myelin sheath
formed by specialized cells called glial cells –
these cells serve as supportive, nutritive, and
service facility cells for neurons so they function
well. While the node of Ranvier hastens the
information transmission along the neutron.

Nervous System
Structures
of the
Nervous
System
 The Human Nervous System is
composed of; the Central
Nervous System and the
Peripheral Nervous System.

Nervous System
Central Nervous
System
It is composed of the brain
and spinal cord. It controls and
coordinates the activities of the
whole nervous system. It also
contains structures that receive
and process numerous stimuli
every second.

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Peripheral Nervous
System
Refers to the
components of the
nervous system which
are found outside the
brain and the spinal cord.

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The Brain
The Brain
It is the primary organ of the Central
Nervous System contained within the skull of
the Cranium. It receives and interprets
countless signals. The brain makes us
conscious, emotional and capable of thinking.

Nervous System
 It is the primary organ of the Central
Nervous System contained within the skull of the
Cranium. It receives and interprets countless
signals. The brain makes us conscious, emotional
and capable of thinking.

Nervous System
 The Brain is made up of approximately 100
billion nerve cells or neurons and it is 1.3 kg in
mass. It is also composed of folds that are referred
to as the sulci – the wrinkles in the brain, and the
gyri – the ridges between the sulci.

Nervous System
 Hemispheres of the Cerebrum

Right Hemisphere Left Hemisphere

Responsible for insight, Responsible for number
3D forms, art, music skills, written language,
awareness, imagination, reasoning, spoken
and left hand control. language, scientific
skills, and right hand
control.
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Brain:
Its Parts
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain.
It is responsible for higher thought
processes such as memory,
judgment, and reason. Processes
sensory data, initiating willful
motor processed such as voluntary
activities. In the cerebrum, there is a
center for each of the senses: vision,
touch, taste, smell, and hearing.

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Cerebellum
The second largest part of
the brain. It is located toward
the back and the bottom of the
brain beneath the occipital
lobe. Controls muscle
coordination, maintains normal
muscle tone and posture, and
coordinates balance for
locomotion.
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 It is divided into two lateral lobes connected
by vermis – a finger-like bundle of white fibers.
The outer layer of cortex consists of line folds –
folia. Cerebellar peduncles – three fiber bundles,
connect the cerebellum to the brain stem.

Nervous System
 The brain stem is the part of the brain that
connects with the spinal cord. It controls the
involuntary activities like digestion, heartbeat, and
breathing.

Nervous System
 Three Parts of the Brain Stem​

Midbrain Pons Medulla Oblongata

Contains Regulates Contains

centers for breathing centers that
the centers in control
integration of varying
the medulla.
sensory involuntary
information. functions.
​
 Two Glands at the Brain Stem

Hypothalamus Thalamus
Regulates homeostasis – Serves as a central relay
maintains internal balance for incoming nervous
in the body. A bridge messages.
between the nervous
system and the endocrine
system.
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Spinal Cord
Extends from the brain
stem down to the buttock
region. A bony vertebra that
comprises the vertebral column
protects it. It allows signals to
be sent from the brain to the
other parts of the body.

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It receives messages from the different parts of the body to
the brain. The spinal cord is also involved in reflexes - a
defense mechanism that can save us from peril, that do not
immediately involve the brain.

Nervous System
Structures
and
Functions of
the PNS
Peripheral Nervous
System
Contains all the nerves
outside the brain and the
spinal cord. It carries impulses
from the sensory nerves to the
CNS and from the CNS to the
motor nerves.
 Two Types of Nerves the carry Impulses

Sensory Nerves Motor Nerves

Carry impulses from Carry impulses from

the stimulus to the the Central Nervous
central nervous System to activate
system for the muscles in the
processing. body.
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 Two Parts of the PNS
Sensory Division or Motor Division or
Afferent Efferent
Transmits impulses from Transmits impulses from
the receptor sense organs the Central Nervous
such as ears, eyes, nose, System to the muscles or
and tongue to the central glands (effectors).
nervous system.

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 Two Parts of the Motor Division
Somatic Nervous System
Includes all nerves controlling
the muscular system and
external sensory receptors.
Regulates the activities that
are under conscious control.
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Autonomic Nervous System
Consists of motor neurons that
control internal organs.
Regulates activities that are
automatic or involuntary. It's
nerves control the function of
the body that are not under
conscious control.
The Autonomic Nervous System
controls muscles in the heart and
smooth muscles in internal organs
such as the intestine, bladder, and
uterus.

Nervous System
Two Parts of the Automatic Nervous System

Sympathetic Fight and Flight

Division Response

Parasympath- Rest and Digest

etic Division Response
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Listening!