Electrical synopses

↳ cells ere attached to lock other

love
↳ synoptic delay
↳ bidirectional

like A. )
"

(
"
↳ P
a
big ease
no new .

chemical
Synopses

↳
space
inbetweeners cells ( synaptic cleft)
↳ greater synoptic delay
↳ Unidirectional communication

( except for feedback systems )

↳ chemical
messengers

f- neurotransmitters
)
2 stimulate
neurons →
presynaptic neuron

↳ ieu both
you
can
get a
response neurons

Nat Kt blocked
even
if ,
channel ere

key molecule fire chemical transmission

↳ Calcium ,
Galt
↳ link to transduce
enly
electrical chemical
signal to signal
( also to mechanical
energy ?
Muscle
"
contraction "
 "
•
Ca induces release
of neurotransmitters

I
the
in
pre
-

synoptic neuron

will thees wit en

which
electrical signal will activate

A. P .
( if threshold is reached )

Post Synoptic Neuron

IONOTROPIC

Channel receptors ( direct gating )

↳ Ligand hated ( → Neurotransmitters )
↳
faster

Metabotropic Receptors ( indirect gating )

↳ intro cellular communication
opens upon
" "
second
messenger
reaction the
↳ cascade =D
money changes
cell
activity

synopses can mediate excitatory er

inhibitory
↓
responses
_

Claire

Potassium

( Hyperpolarization)
Presence
of both Ionotropic eat teelobotropie
↳
Acetylcholine →
first EPSP followed
 slower
by a EPSP
ki cheuwels
↳ closing

↳
integration of both receptors =
change in

the response of the pest -

synoptic
men ran

Signal Integration / Modulation

synopses = Decision

↳ Membrane Properties :

Temporal from motion spatial Siem motion

IT =

greater capacity =
impute fer
to stimuli
away from
swim

free from loch loch other fu)

other 1Eur wise) can be added

the together to
reaching
↳

threshold noch threshold

÷F¥ =
How can it fire while Kt chewer are closed
 NEURO TRANSMIT ERS %

1. Neuropeptides
2 .
Small nitrogen containing
-
molecules

3 .
Lipids ,
Nitric Oxide • • •

Neuropeptides
↳
synthetical lent
processed CNS

↳ targets within CNS or released

into the circulation

↳ from large precursor ,

which is

cleared to active peptides

fewer

POMC f- Pnoopiomehauocertimo )
pituitary / hypothalamus
↳
synthetical in
."

↳ its eleouoge produces e number

of
bioactive intermediates ( ACTH Endorphins)
,

Endocrine interactions between gut

! !
,

ellipse tissue end brain

 Nitrogen -

containing Neurotransmitters

↳
usually synthetics from lone .

↳ CATECHOLAMINE =
chop oui he

norepinephrine

epinephrine
→
all
synthetical from L-T4RoS1NE_
0J
supplied in The
the
synthetical
diet OR in liver
from phenylamine with
pheirydowhe
hydroxylase
the until DOPAMINE
↳
synthesis gets
( from DOPA )

↳
Dopaminergic neurons
.

↳ dopamine -

p -

hydroxylase ↳ BH )
nice nervous
secreting NOREPINEPHRINE

↳
methyl group trowsfh -
EPINEPHRINE

Dopamine token up by storage vehicles

( also processed inside these vehicles )

}
Tyrosine DOPAMINE

}
↓
↳ Nor vesicles
cytosol
.

L-DOPA
↓ ↳ EPINEPHRINE
DOPAMINE
 end end inactivate
↳ MAO COMT
degrade
catecholamines

↳ present em mitochondrial

pre-sy-p-L-eteruiwel.mu
membrane event

ce [ catecholamines ]
↓
at
synoptic draft

Tyrosine Hydroxylase ( rate-limiting )

✓

Phosphorylated ( were active )

-

↳
Depeheirotieu of nerve

terminals

Inhibited cotecholo
by free cytosolic crimes
-

(
ᵗÉᵗ[y}
↳ SEROTONIN M"
↳ similar to
to , we →
woiepin .

inactivated
by else precursor
MAO
µ melatonin

Metabolism
of histidine

ule by both west cells

nnueyfIs
end
 to
by decor
beayletiwg
Histidine

→
diamine ear
-

cheese

↳ donuts lislowiwe to a
full
oxidation pathway
tvelobolisun
of Acetylcholine
choline
↓ out

"

synthesised from acetyl-CoA cotolyud

by choline
acetyltransferase ( Cutt )
→
stored me uescicls out released

→
Acetylcholinesterase ( AChE)
↳
hydrolyzes acetylcholine
↳ en ionic sub - site ( binds 1 Ach )
↳ esthetic sub - site ( hydrolytic reaction )

→ choline comes
mainly from the phospholipid
when brave

Metabolism of Glutamic
↳ synthetics ex were
from
glucose ( little glutamate in
the blood )

"" ↳ ↳ " "" " " €

""
"

t
from glial
cells
 I
glutamate dehydrogenase →
from a -

Ketoglutarate
to Glutamate
 Glutamate 's excitatory response

↳ the
e lot of different receptors en
postsyu .

neuron

↳ NMDA receptor :
legend Voltage
-
Lateef

Chauvel

chouuel blocker
My
↳ "
=

LTP →
Long term Potentiation