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  • Chromatin

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    Monica Ortiz
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    Histones are small, globular proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. Nucleosomes consist of DNA wound around a histone octamer. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which takes the appearance of beads on a string due to the arrangement of nucleosomes connected by linker DNA. Histones contain a basic amino acid composition that allows them to tightly interact with DNA. Post-translational modifications of histone tails, such as acetylation and methylation, can alter chromatin structure and regulate processes like transcription and replication.

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    Histones are small, globular proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. Nucleosomes consist of DNA wound around a histone octamer. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which takes the appearance of beads on a string due to the arrangement of nucleosomes connected by linker DNA. Histones contain a basic amino acid composition that allows them to tightly interact with DNA. Post-translational modifications of histone tails, such as acetylation and methylation, can alter chromatin structure and regulate processes like transcription and replication.

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    2 views2 pages

    Chromatin

    Uploaded by

    Monica Ortiz
    Histones are small, globular proteins that package DNA into nucleosomes, the basic units of chromatin. Nucleosomes consist of DNA wound around a histone octamer. Eukaryotic chromosomes are made up of chromatin, which takes the appearance of beads on a string due to the arrangement of nucleosomes connected by linker DNA. Histones contain a basic amino acid composition that allows them to tightly interact with DNA. Post-translational modifications of histone tails, such as acetylation and methylation, can alter chromatin structure and regulate processes like transcription and replication.

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    of 2

    Histone -> nucleosome--chromatin

    Chromatin & Chromosomes Major histores


    -proteins
    =
    .

    ↳
    Eukaryotic chromosomes a re made up of chromatin -
    thread of nucleosome

    Histone

    ↳ small globular proteins wI a characteristic protein fold

    ↳
    Very basic ->↑ content o f basic AA-L R H
    , ,

    ↳not present in
    prokaryotes

    ↳ core histones has the structural motif of histone fold .


    N-dc-terminal tail extends outof chromosome

    ~ susceptible fo early decrage by nucleases


    ↳ Al associated wl linker DNA ... lies where DNA enters & exit nucleosome
    I
    under high salt conc.
    Nucleosome Heterochromatin alypical

    ↳ subunit of chromatin ↳ found around the him

    Chromatin ↳ does not


    unpack after cell division

    ↳ I s t level of packing wl beads on a


    string appearance
    core particle

    -DNA wound twice around histene

    · Cellcyle most condensed met a phase


    :
    :

    Packing
    IvI2
    10nm
    Thin fibres 1st level
    packing H1 not needed
    :

    30nm
    Mick fibres 2ndlevel HI needed
    :

    ↳helical ribbon consisting of 2 parallel rows of nucleosome

    Higher Ivl
    Packing can be coiled to ↑packing
    *

    30nm fibres anchored to chromosome scaffold

    4 scaffold-associated regions (SARS) / Matrix-attachment regions (MARs)

    -
    can insulate genetic mits fran each other

    & Replication
    unpacking during transcription

    N-terminal tails of histones are subject to chemical mods .

    ↳ Altered charge loosens nucleosomes

    ↳Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) modify N-terminal tails of c o re histones .

    ↳ Histone deacetylases (ADACs) achieve opposite effect


    Nucleosome are covalently Modified

    ↳ modified by Methylation acetylation phosphorylation


    :

    Histones a re , , ,
    i

    ↳ combo of mods define function of regions in chromatin -> Histone code

    Transient Mod of Histones

    ↳ Ol
    groups in Serd The can be phosphorylated

    ↳ The free amino


    groups in Lys residues can be methylated or acetylated

    ↳
    Arg & His residues can be methylated

    Euchromatin

    ↳general mass of chromatin during interphase

    ↳contains genes & behaves normally

    Heterochromatin

    things differently
    ↳
    few genes & does

    ↳
    highly condensed durings-phase & replicates lale

    " nuclear periphery

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