CNS PHYSIOLOGY

SPINA L TRACTS
20 TRACTS OF THE SPINAL CORD GROUPS OF NFRVE FIBERS PASSING THROUG
H
SPINAL CORD
TWO MAIN GROUPS:
SHORT TRACTS FIBERS- CONNECT DIFFERE NT PAR r S OF SPINAL CORD
ITSELF
t)ASSOC IATION OR INTRIN SIC TRACTS: CONNECT ADJ ACENT
SEGMENTS OF SPINAL CORD ON THE SAME SIDE
() COMM!S SURAL TRACTS- CONNECT OPPOSITE HALVES OF SAME
SEGMENT OF SPINAL CORD
LONG TRACTS OR PROJEC TION TRACTS ARE ALSO OF TWO TYPES:
o ASCEND ING TRACTS
o DESCENDING TRACTS

.:- FORMED BY lWO OR THREE GROUPS OF NEURONS:

1. FIRST ORDER NEURONS
• RECEIVE SENSORY IMPULS ES
• LOCATED IN THE POSTERIOR NERVE ROOT GANGLI ON
2. SECOND ORDER NEURONS
• PRESENT IN THE POSTERIOR GRAY HORN
• CARRY SENSORY IMPULS ES FROM SPINAL CORD TO AREAS BELOW
CEREBRAL CORTEX (SUBCORTICAL AREAS) SUCH AS THALAM US
3. -HIRD ORDER NEURONS
• IN THE SUBCORTICAL AREAS
• CARRY THE SENSORY IMPULS ES FROM SUBCORTICAL AREAS TO CERESRA
_
CORTEX

TYPES OF ASCENDING TRACTS

WHITE COLUMN TRACT

LATERAL WHITE COLUMN • LATERAL SPINOT HALAM IC TRACT
• VENTRAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT
•~·- • DORSAL SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT
• SPINOTECTAL TRACT
• FASICULUS DORSOLA TERALIS
• SPINORETICULAR TRACT
• SPINO -OLIVARY TRACT
• SPINOVESTIBULAR TRACT

POSTERIOR WHITE COLUMN • FASCICULUS GRACILIS

• FASCICULUS CUNEATUS
• COMMA TRACT OF SCHULTZE

ANTERIOR WHITE COLUMN • ANTERI<!>R SPIN9T HALAM IC TRACT

a
 -
CNS PHYSIOLOGY

I LATERA~ SPINOTHALAMIC TRACT I

-
SITUATION LATERAL COLUMN NEAR THE GRAY MATTER

ORIGIN • MARGINAL NUCLEUS

StJBSTANTIA GELA 'f.INOSA OF ROLANDO
N OF
COURSE FIBERS CROSS TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE AND REACH THE LATERAL COLUM
REACH
SAME SEGMENT PASS THROUGH MEDULLA, PONS AND MIDBRAIN AND
THALAMUS

TERMI NATIO N VENTRAL POSTEROLATERAL NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS

TIONS
EFFECT OF BILATERAL LESION: TOTAL LOSS OF PAIN AND TEMPERATURE SENSA
LESION ON BOTH SIDES
UNILATERAL LESION: LOSS OF PAIN (ANALGESIA) AND TEMPERATURE
(THERMOANESTHESIA) IN THE OPPOSITE SIDE
Fl:1NCTION FIBRES FROM:
MARGINAL NUCLEUS . . FAST PAIN
SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA . . SLOW PAIN AND TEMPRATURE

RJght : Left
,---;::=-:. I
) Cerebral
I ,051cenlraf
gyrus cortex
Af~o/
thalam us-~~

A- Lol<>Iol
thalamus --j~iif: :
Uypo-.
tholamus
' ..
I
I
•
t
Thalamus
••
3 • Ventroposlero-
I
• laleraJ nucieus Skk1 "face (and comto)
••• (VPL)
•
Sptnot • Brain \ - NoosmsON
Cf,bff
tr Medulla stem
• ~=<. i\Sf,btr
•• 8Nif,sttm
•
I

'•
j
I
A
•
~~;r---:-~~
I

Spinal Skk1 (llunk. Mmbs) " Spinotholamic

cord troct
Lesion:
Anesthesia (loss of pain
2 Dorsal Ascend o, descend NQd~s
and 1empe<a1u,e 1-2 segments
sensations) . \ ~n in Ussauers tract C"
Spinal cord
S111 of INk)n:
Affected skte of body DAG
1l
A, B, C. and 0: Receplor Sympothtltic Ak>«ocm>f>
ConlraJaleral below the I
(llQn

lesk>o: tract intact rostral 10

the '8sk>n
 CNS PHYSIOLOGY

ANTERIOR SPINO THALA MIC TRACT

-
SITUAT ION ANTERIOR WHITE FUNICULUS
ORIGIN CHIEF SENSORY NUCLEUS OF POSTERIOR GRAY HORN
COURSE CROSS OBLIQUELY IN THE ANTERIOR WHITE COMMISSURE
ENTER THE ANTERIOR WHITE COLUMN Of OPPOSITE SIDE
ASCEND THROUGH SPINAL CORD AND bRAINSTEM
REACH THALAMUS
TERMINATION VEN~AL POSTEROLATERAL NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
EFFECT OF BILATERAL LESION : LOSS OF SENSAT IONS LIKE ITCHIN G AND TICKLING
LESION UNILATERAL LESION OF THIS TRACT CAUSES LOSS OF CRUDE TOUCH
SENSA TION IN OPPOSITE SIDE
FUNCTION CRUDE TOUCH (PROTOPATHIC) SENSAT ION.

CARRY MOTOR IMPULSES FROM BRAIN TO SPINAL CORD

TWO TYPES:
• PYRAMIDAL TRACTS
• EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS
LIST OF DESCENDING TRACTS OF SPINAL CORD

PYRAMIDAL TRACTS ANTERI OR CORTIC OSPINA L TRACT

EXTRAPYRAMIDALTRACTS
LATERAL CORTIC OSPINA L TRACT
MEDIAL LONGI11JDINAL FASCICULUS
ANTERIOR VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT
LATERAL VESTIBULOSPINAL TRACT
RETICULOSPINAL TRACT
TECTOSPINAL TRACT
R~BROSPINAL TRACT
OL!VOS PINAL TRACT

PYRAMIDAL TRACTS OR CORTI COSPI NAL TRACTS

RIGIN GIANT CELLS OR BETZ CELLS IN PRI. MOTOR AREA (AREA 4)- 30%
PREMOTOR AREA (AREA 6) AND SUPPLEMENTARY MOTOR- 30%
SOMATOSENSORY AREAS OF PARIETAL LOBE- 40%

rERMINATION a AND MOTOR NEURONS IN ANTERIOR GRAY HORN

:UNCTI ON - VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS Of THE BODY. RESPONSIBLE FOR FINE, SKILLED
MOVEMENTS
 4:48 ue,

CNS PHYSIOLOGY
EFFECT OF LESIONS
STRUCTURES COURSE -

HYPEATONIA, SPASTICITY
CORONA AFTER ORIGIN, FIBERS RUN DOWNWARDS AND CONTIMLATERAL MONO- OR HEMIPLE6IA
RADIATA CONVERGE ALONG WITH ASCENDING FIBRES FROM
THALAMUS. CONTQALATERAL HEMIPLEGIA
INTERNAL DUE TO CONVERGING CORONA R~DIATA
CAPSULE
IN PONS DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT BUNDLES BY THE NUCLEI
OFPONS
HEMIPARESIS VI AND VII ~ANTAL ~RVE PALSIEt
IN MEDULLA FIBRES FORM PYRAMID IN THE ANTERIOR SURF ACE
OF UPPER PART OF MEDULLA AND AT THE LOWER
BORDER DIVIDED INTO TWO BUNDLES:
• 80%- CROSS TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE
• 20%- REMAIN ON SAME SIDE AT UPPER CERVICAL SEGMENT•
,
IN SPINAL CROSSED FIBRES FORM PYRAMIDAL UNILATERAL LESION: IPSILATBML HEMIPLE6IA
CORD DECUSSA TION KNOWN AS LATERAL BILATERAL LESION: QUADRIPLEGIA
CORTICOSPINAL TRACT OR INDIRECT WITH PARALYSIS OF RESPIRATORY MU
CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
ATTHORACICANOLUMBARSEGMENTS
BILATERAL LESION: PARAPLEGIA j
WITHOUT PARALYSIS OF RESPDUTORY MUsa.E
UNCROSSED FIBRES DESCEND DOWN KNOWN
ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT OR DIRECT
CORTICOSPINAL TRACT
• Pre-cen tral gyrus

EFFECTS OF LESION

, ALSO CALLED THE UPPER MOTOR

NEURON LESION
• LOSS OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
FIRST IN THE EXTREMITIES
LATER INVOLVES THE OTHER
Cerebra l pedunc le
PARTS
• MUSCLE TONE INCREASED
~-Ml dbra ln
LEADING TO SPASTICITY AND
\ LEAD TO SPASTIC PARALYSIS
"'
• SUPERFICIAL REFLEXES ARE LOST
AND DEEP REFLEXES ARE
Medulla
EXAGGERATED
• BABINSKI SIGN POSITIVE

Oecuua tion ____ __......,.

of pyramid •

Anterio r
Lateral cortlcos plnal
00t1~p lnal tract
tract
..:,:W)::::::.-~- Upper motor
neuron

Spinal oord

Lower motor
neuron
Key

Upper motor nouron )la Lower motor neuron

JOHAR! MBBS I YOUTUBE JOHARIM BBS@GM AIL COM

 CNS PHYSIOLOGY

EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS

MEDIAL Anterior white • Vestibular nl Upper Anterior motor neurons

LONGITUDINAL column • Reticular fr. cervical
FASCICULUS • Superior colllculus Segments
• C~lls of cajal
ANTERIOR Anterior Medial vestibular Thoracic Anterior motor neurons
VESTIBULOSPINAL White column nucleus segments
TRACT
LATERAL Lateral white Lateral Throughout Anterior motor Neuron
VESTIBULOSPINAL columri Vestibular nucleus the spinal
TRACT Cord
RETICULOSPINAL Anterior white Reticular formation Thoracic y- motor Neurons
TRACT Column Segments
TECTOSPINAL TRACT Anterior white Superior colliculus Lower Anterior Motor ~urons
Column cervical
Segments
RUBROSPINAL TRACT Lateral white Red nucleus Up to Anterior motor Neurons
Column thoracic
segments
OLIVOSPINAL TRACT Lateral white Inferior olivary Anterior motor Neurons
column nucleus

FUNCTIO N OF EXTRAPYRAMIDAL TRACTS ~ - - Superiorccla1lus

• REFLEX OCULAR AND NECK MOVEMENTS
• MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE
--- Dorsal tegmental
Central canal _ , _ _ " " ' t t t l . , deru~oon
• ADJUSTM ENT OF POSITION OF HEAD AND
BODY DURING ANGULAR AND LINEAR ~ - Red nudeus
ACCELERATION
• CONTROL OF MOVEMENTS AND MAINTEN ANCE
OF MUSCLE TONE, RESPIRATION AND
IMldbrain I
DIAMETER OF BLOOD VESSELS \
• MOVEMENT OF HEAD TO VISUAL AND
AUDITORY STIMULI. ,........__ Ventral tegmental
• FACILITA TION OF FLEXOR MUSCLE TONE decussaoon
• REFLEX MOVEMENTS FROM THE
PROPRIOCEPTORS
Tecto~nal tract _.,.__---I
Rubrospinal tract

L8tefi
corti~ tract

Rubrospmal tract
lntemeoron _,__ lntemeuron
Anterior horn ~I ~--...-
--- Anterior horn cen
Tectos~nal tract _...,._..

JOHAR! MBBS I YOUTUbt JOHARIMBB'.'i @GMAIL <.'O.\\

DYSFUNCTION OF SPINAL CORD TYPES:
COMPLETE TRAN.SECTION: LOSS OF SENSATION AND VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT BELOW THE LEVEL
OF LESION
o THREE STAGES OF SPINAL INJURY:
• SPINAL SHOCK: FLACCib PARALYSIS OF LIMBS AND VISCERAS
• LOSS OF ~EFLEXES AND SENSATIONS
• HEART RATE AND VENOUS RETURN DECREASED bUE TO MUSCLE TONE IS LOST
AND FLACCID PARALYSIS OCCURS
• LESION ANYWHERE BELOW L2 SEGMENT: NO CHANGE IN BP
• LESION AT OR ABOVE Tl SEGMENT: BP FALLS DRASTICALLYAND MAP FALLS
• REFLEX ACTIVITY OR RECOVERY STAGE: FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES FIRST RETURN-TO
SMOOTH MUSCLES
• SYMPATHETIC TONE TO BLOOD VESSELS RETURNS
• TONE IN SKELETAL MUSCLE RETURN AND FLEXION REFLEX IS SEEN FIRST
KNOWN AS BABINSKI REFLEX
• AF I ER 1 TO 5 WEEKS OF FLEXOR REFLEX, EXTENSOR REFLEXES RETURN
• REFLEX FAILURE; MUSCLES BELOW-THE LEVEL OF INJURY- LESS POWER AND LESS
RESISTANCE AND CAN RESULT INTO GENERAL INFECTION LEADING TO FAILURE OF
REFLEX FUNCTION DEVELOPS

INCOMPLETE TRANSECTION: SPINAL SHOCIC AND REFLEX FAILURE ARE SIMD-AR TO COMPLETE
TRANSECTION. DIFFERENCE IS SEEN IN REFLEX ACTIVITY:
• TONE RETURNS TO EXTENSOR MUSCLES FIRST
• EXTENSOR HYPERTONIA AND PARAPLEGIA IN EXTENSION
• STRETCH REFLEX REAPPEARS FIRST ... •
• PHD-IPSON REFLEX (CLASP-KNIFE REFLEX) :ELICITED

,
BROWN-SEQUARD SYNDROME: SPINAL CORD IS ~NSECTED ON ONLY ONE SIDE AKA
HEMISECTION
o BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE TRANSECTION
ON THE SIDE:
• ALL MOTOR FUNCTIONS BLOCkED·
• SOME SENSATIONS ARE LOST:
• ICINESTHETIC AND POSITION
• SENSATIONS VIBRATION SENSATION
• DISCRETE LOCALIZATION
• TWO-POINT DISCRIMINATION
ON OPPOSITE SIDE:
• NO SERIOUS PARALYSIS OF MUSCLES
• SENSORY CHANGES LOST ARE:
• CRUDE TOUCH
• PAIN
• TEMPERATURE
JOHARI MRPS Y('UTl Pr

CNS PHYSIOLOGY , .
r :J
(
J

o AT THE LEVEL OF LESION

ON THE SAME SIDE:
• SENSORY CHANGES- COMPLETE ANESTHESIA
• MOTOR CHANGES-
• FLACCID PARALYSIS
• REFLEXES AND VASOMOTOR TONE IS LOST
• MUSCLES DEGENERATE
(+ ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE:
• SENSORY CHANGES-LOSS OF PAIN, TEMPERATURE AND CRUDE TOUCH
• NO MOTOR CHANGE OCCURS

DISEASES OF SPINAL CORD:

._ 0 SYRINGOMYELIA- PRESENCE OF FLUID-Fn.LED CAVmEs IN THE SPINAL CORD DUE TO THE
OVER GROWTH OF NEUROGLIAL CELLS IN SPINAL CORD
o TABES DORSALIS~ DUE TO THE DEGENERATION OF POSTERIOR (SENSORY) NERVE ROOTS
IN SYPHILIS
o MULTIPLE sa..EROSIS- DEMYELINATION IN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD
o DISK PROLAPSE- RUPTURE OF SPINAL DISK DUE TO ANY INJURY.

I
 SIOLOGY
PAIN PHYSIOLOGY
PAIN OCCURS WITH OR WI1 HOUT ACT
UAL 11SSUE DAMAGF LIKE SHARP, PRIC
ELECTRICAL, DULL ACHl::, SHOOTING, KING,
CU fTit"G, SrA~BING ETC. At JD PRODUC
SENSATIONS TO DIFFERENT STIMULI E DIFFERENT
THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAIN:
wr n If EEL.ING OF RfMOVTNG OF STIMULI

BASED ON DURATION-
• ACUTE PAIN: SHARP PAIN OF SHO
RT DURATION LOCALIZED IN A SMALL
AND IDENTIFIED CAUSE AREA
• CHRONIC PAIN: INTERMITTENT OR
CONSTANT PAIN FOR LONGER TIME AND
DIFFICULT TO TREAT
COMPONENTS OF PAIN SENSATION ARE
:
1. FAST PAIN
2. SLOW PAIN

FAST PAIN
SLOW PAIN
WITHIN 0.1 SECONt> AFTER A PAIN
BEGINS AFTER 1 SECOND OR MORE INC
STIMULUS REASING
SLOWLY OVER MANY SECONDS

I
-
AKA PRICKING PAIN, ACUTE PAIN AKA ACHING PAIN, THROBBING PAIN,
CHRONIC
PAIN
NOT FELT IN MOST DEEP TISSUES OF
THE W!TH TISSUE DESTRUCTION AND OCC
BODY URANCE
IN .$KIN AS WELL AS DEEP TISSUE
- - -
CARRIED BY TYPE A DELTA FIBERS- - - ~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
CARRIED BY C TYPE OF NERVE FIBERS

PAIN RECEPTORS ARE FREE NERVE END

INGS PRESENT IN SKIN, PERIOSTEUM,
ARTERIAL WALLS, THE JOI NT SURFAC THE
ES, AND THE FALX AND TENTORIUM IN
CRANIAL VAULT. THE
\
THREE TYPES OF STIMULI OF PAIN ARE
: MECHANICAL, THERMAL, AND CHEMIC
PAIN STIMULI AL
THE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES ELICITING
PAIN RESPONSE ARE BRADYKININ,
SEROTONIN, HISTAMINE, POIASSIUM
IONS, ACIDS, ACETYLCHOLINE, AND
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES
DUAL PATHWAYS ARE PRESENT FOR TRA
NSMISSION OF PAIN SIGNAL~ INTO
CNS: THE
, NEOSPINOTHALAMIC TRACT FOR
FAST PAIN
, PALEOSPINOTHALAMIC TRACT FOR
SLOW PAIN
PATHWAYS OF PAIN:
o PATHWAY FROM SKIN AND DEE
PER STRUCTURES
o PATHWAY FROM FACE
o PATHWAY FROM VISCERA
o PATHWAY FROM PELVIC REG
ION

&J.10.Uiit.l.lDLEli _
 TRACTS FOR PAIN

RECEPTORS FREE NERVE ENDINGS

1ST ORDER NEUR ONS SYNAPSE OF TYPE A FIBERS
·--~~I AND MARGINAL NUCLEUS
2ND ORDER NEURONS NEURONS OF MARGINAL 1
NUCLEUS
TERMINATION OF 2ND ORDER VENTRALPOSTEROLATERAL
NEURON NUCLEUS OF THALAMUS
SYNAPSE OF C TYPE FIBERS AND
SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA OF
ROLANDO
NElJQON OF SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA
OF ~OLANDO
ONEFIFTH:VENTRALPOSTEROLATERAL
I NUCLEUS

REMAINING~
I. NUCLEI OF RETICULAR FORMATION
IN BRAINSTEM
II. TECTUM OF MIDBRAIN
III. GRAY MATTER SURROUNDING
__ ---------+-------
- - - - - . . I . . AQUEDUCT OF SYLVIUS
3RD ORDER NEURON
• THALAMIC NUCLEUS
• RETICUL_AR FORMATION .
• TECTUM
• GRAY MATTER AROUND AQUEDUCT OF SYLV IU~ -
--~--

•\-Cortex 1 Ascending nociceptive tracts

Sii&aoceP
F-
rAlnmml
Medal
tholamu s---JJ~
Lateral
thalamus
Hy,»
thalamus

--
Nedat!XA!Ne ~meda crs: 0p(Md pepkjts,
Skin ctft){_e (and comm)
I r o ~ . 'if';n. and GA8A I

I
OesctnCi\g nttaypaftway

Trigfminal
ntlW

ln11s&em- MotOQICon
Sb, (trunk. lmbs)
<- > s,,;nothobnic
tract
Paleospinothalamic
NociSfflsors path way by C fiber

~iner tt
Tra mb1
SympothttlC Motoa.M
GlCM

Spnic.ad
I"'
VISCERAL PAIN: PAIN OF VISCERA
• THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL- BY SYMPA T-HETIC (THORACOLUMBAR) NERVES
• ESOPHAGUS, TRACHEA AND PHARYNX- BY VAGUS AND GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVES
CAUSES OF VISCERAL PAIN:
1. ISCHEMIA
2. SPASM AND OVERDISTENTION OF HOLLOW ORGANS
3. CHEMICAL STIMULI

REFERRED PAIN: PAIN IN A PART OF THE BODY THAT IS FAIRLY REMOTE FROM THE
TISSUE CAUSING THE PAIN

=
lo,,,.,

PlrMrlllltw
ganglon

• EXAMPLES OF REFERRED PAIN;

• CARDIAC PAIN- LEFT ARM AND SHOULDER
• OVARY- TO UMBILICUS ,.,..,.
Slnsory

• TESTIS- IN ABDOMEN
.. DIAPHRAGM- TO SHOULDER
., GALLBLADDER- EPIGASTRIC REGION
• RENAL PAIN- TO LOIN

ANALGESIA SYSTEM: PAIN CONTROL SYSTEM BLOCK PAIN SIGNALS AT THE

INITIAL ENTRY POINT TO THE SPINAL COR~
INCLUDING:
1. PERIAQUEDUCTAL GRAY AND PERIVENTRICULAR AREAS
2. RAPHE MAGNUS NUCLEUS AND NUCLEUS RETICULARIS
PARAGIGANTOCELLULARIS
3. PAIN INHIBITORY COMPLEX LOCATED IN THE DORSAL HORNS 0~ THE
SPINAL CORD
4 TRANSMITTER SUBSTANCES: ENKEPHALIN AND SEROTONIN
ENKEPHALIN- PRESYNAPTIC _AND POSTSYNAPTIC INHIBITION
OFCINCOMING TYPE C AND TYPE A DEL TA PAIN FIBERS

r:°lHA~fM88S@GMAIL COM
 BRAINSTEM

I MEDULLA OBLONGATAJ
},,- BELOW PONS AND CONTINUED DOWNWARDS AS SPINA L
CORD
CONTROL THE VITAL FUNC TIONS :
1. RESPIRATORY CENTERS
2. VASOMOTOR CENTER
3. DEGL UTITIO N CENTER
4. VOMIT ING CENTER
5. SUPERIOR AND INFER IOR SALIV ATOR Y NUCLE I
6. CRANIAL NERVE NUCL EI- NUCL EI OF 12rH(HYPOGLOSSA
L-TONGUE),
11TH (ACCESSORY- SHOULDER}, 10TH (VAGUS- VITAL FUNC
TIONS )
7. VESTIBULAR NUCLE I

PONS
,. BRIDGE BETWEEN MEDULLA AND MIDBR AIN
,. FUNC TIONS OF PONS:
1. CONNECTS CEREBELLUM WITH CEREBRAL CORTEX
2. NUCLE I OF 8TH, 7TH, 6 TH AND 5TH
3. CONT AINS THE PNEUMOTAXIC AND APNEUSTIC CENTE
RS
4. CONT AINS THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI

MIDBRAIN
CONS ISTS OF TWO PARTS:
1. TECTUM: FORMED BY TWO STRUCTURES:
• SUPERIOR COLLICULUS- CENTER FOR REFLEXES OF THE
EYES, HEAD, TRUNK AND
LIMBS THROUGH TECTOSPINAL TRACT AND CONS TRICT
ION OF PUPIL DURIN G
LIGHT REFLEX ALONG WITH INTEG RATIO N OF OPTICAL
AND POSTURAL REFLEXES
• ![NFERIOR COLLICULUS- CENTER FOR AUDITORY REFLEXES
PRODUCES REFLEX
VOCA LIZAT ION DUE TO SYNA PS\WITH LATERAL LEMN ISCUS
(AUDI TORY
FIBERS).
2. CEREBRAL PEDUNCLES: INCLUDE:
1. BASIS PEDUNCULI ,.
11. SUBS TANTI A NIGRA " ·-' •
TEGMENTUM: 3 DECU SSATI ONS IN TEGMENTUM SEEN ARE:
111.

• !Jun;R 10R CcRt;Bt:LLAR PJ;DUNCLt CAkK1 ttrcR cN 1 r .1.~cK~

ri<U,\~
DENTATE NUCLEUS OF CEREBELLUM
• FOREL DECU SSATI ON CONT AINS CROSSING OF RUBROSPIN
AL TRACTS
• MEYNERT DECU SSATI ON CONT AINS CROSSING OF MEDIA
L
1
o~r-TT IJr')IN 1'l 0 L•Nl)t F BY fFFF 0 Et'- 1T i;TBERs OF 3Q 4
AND 6 cN
• RED NUCLEUS: PARTS OF RED NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS MAGNOCELLULARIS- FIBERS FROM THIS FORM
THE
RUBROSPINAL AND RUBROBULBAR TRACTS
NUCLEUS PARVOCELLULARIS· FIBERS FROM THIS FORM
MAINL Y THE RUBRORETICULAR TRACT
 CNS PHYSIOLOGY

7
FUN CTI ON S OF Rl:D NUCI I
US PARALLEL
1. (. ON TROl 01 MU<;,CLl l ON PIOERS CLIMBTNG
I FIBERS
2 CONTROi 01· ~uMPI I X M\J I • Cere bella
Cort ex r
SCUL AR

3
M( '\ l Ml Nl S
C() NlR OL OI R1GH11N,-,Rt
MOSSYh
PlllP .RS
•
- ·
•• .
!t
lntCfJ)9'1ttuq •
111 XI Inferior
I
•I
Pont,nc

..t.
Nuclcuq Oliv e
4 ~l""N ROL 01 MOVI Ml N l c; tlf nuc cl

t
I Yl BAI I LA IRP UF F

l
5 C "'t\l ROL Of ,KILL! l) M1 )V\ us

r
Ml N t S Red ••• I
Aud itory Nucleuq •
. + .
Tng cmm al
nuclei
nucleus
t
Tc~"s
Mot or •
THALAMUS e nucl1
euA · · - -
Reticular
Form ation
EYEBLTNl<
CR &U R
NUCLEI OF THALAMUS
Ventral anterior nucleus --- --- -,

Ventral lateral nucleus --- ---

",,
'-.
--- --- --- Anterior nucleus
Dorsolateral nucleus - - - -

--- -- Dorsomedial nucleus

Posterolateral nuc leu s--- --·~ -,_

Ventral posterolateral nucleus --- --- - Midline nudeus

-
Ventral posteromedial nuc leu s---
-- - --

Thalamic reticular nucleus ----

-- -

- - - - - lntralaminar nucleus
Pulvinar _________/
--- --- --- - Medial geniculate
', body
'--- ---- ---- ---- --- Lateral gen
iculate body

EF UN CT ION S OF THALAMUS:
• RELAY CENTER FOR THE SE
NS ATI ON S
• CENTER FOR PROCESSING
OF SENSORY INF OR MA TIO
N ACT AS FUNCTIONAL
GATEWAY FOR CEREBRAL CO
RTEX
• CENTER FOR SEXUAL SE NS
ATI ON S
• ROLE IN AROUSAL AND ALE
RTNESS REACTIONS
• CENTER FOR REFLEX AC TIV
ITY
• CENTER FOR INT EG RA TIO N
OF MOTOR AC TIV ITY
• CENTER FOR DE TER MIN ING
QU ALI TY OF SE NS ATI ON S.
DETERMINE THE
AFFECTIVE NATURE Of SE
NS ATI ON S
• DIS CR IMI NA TIV E NATUR
E- RECOGNIZE THE: TYPE LOC
ATION AND
OTHER DE TAI LS OF THE SE
NS ATI ON S
• AFFECTIVE NATURE- DE 1
TERMINE WHETHER A SE NS
PLEASANT OR UNPLEASANT ATI ON IS
AND AGREEABLE OR DISAGR
EEABLE
 INTERNAL CAPSULE

AFFE~ENT AND EFFERENT FIB(R6 CONNECTING CEREBRAL CORTEX WITH BRAINSTEM

AND SPINAL CORD FORM DUE TO CONVERGTNG OF CORONA RADI ATA
SITUATED Bt TWE:l:N THALAMUS AND CAUDA TE NUCLEUS (Mf:DIAL SIDE) AND
LENTICULAR NUCLEUS (LATERAL SIDE)
DIVISIONS:

Anterior limb

(----------------· Frontopontine fibers

.........----------- Anterior thalamic radiation

Head of caudate -------- Fibers from orbital cortex

nucleus ----------
Genu
Posterior limb

._,.._.___ Corticospinal fibers to

upper part of the body
Corticobulbar tracts -.::.:==:-
--· Lenticular nudeus
Thalamus---
- Corticorubral tract
----- Superior thalamic radiation
-- Corticospinal fibers to
lower part of the body

''\ _______ Auditory radiation

Medial
geniculate body ',
Lateral
I
______________ .,I ',, ' "-------- Posterior thalarnic radiation
',',
geniculate body '...________ Optic radiation

LESION IN ANTERIOR LIMB: WIDESPREAD DISABILITY

, LESION IN POSTERIOR LIMB. CONTRALATERAL HEMIANESTHESIA· SENSORY LOSS ON OPPO SIDE
OF BODY CONTRALA TERAL HEMIHYPERE STHESIA AND HEMIPLEGIA
, LESION IN GENU: AL TERA TION IN MOTOR ACTIVITIES
;; LESION IN CAUDAL PORTION: CONTRALATERAL HEMIANESTHESIA AND ALSO PRODUCES
HEMIANOPIA AND DEAFNESS
 HYPOTH L
IT EXTENDS FROM OPTIC CHIASMA TO MAMILLARY BODY
NUCLEI Of HYPOTHALAMUS:
1. ANTERIOR OR PREOPTIC GROUP
2. MIDDLE OR TUBERAL GROUP
3 _ POSTERIOR OR MAMILLARY GROUP
TWO-WAY COMMUNICATING PATHWAYS
SEND OUTPUT SIGNALS IN THREE DIRECTIONS:
BACKWARD AND DOWNWARD TO THE BRAIN STEM
1.
2. UPWARD TOWARD MANY HIGHER AREAS Of THE DIENCEPHALON AND CEREBRUM
3. INTO THE HYPOTHALAMIC INFUNDIBULUM

f.;:. OUTPUTS
llliiiial l
Brainstem(visceral. Recipro cal to input
son1atic. gustato ry

/
structures.
afferent s)

Limbic system Thalam us for

(via fornix & stria cortica l targets
terminolis) HYPOTHALAMUS (neural)

Cerebra l cortex "- To autono mic

nervous system
Retina (neural)
~'

Non-neuraJ inputs: blood To the pituitary

tempera ture. osmolority,
hormon e levels
' gland (neural &
neuroe ndocrin ol)

\
I FUNCTIONS OF HYPOTHALAMUS
SECRETION Of POSTERIOR PI!UITARY HORMONES: ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
•.

(ADH) AND
OXYTOCIN ARE SECRETED BY SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI
CONTROL OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY: BY SECRETING RELEASING HORMONES AND
INHIBITORY HORMONES SECRETES SEVEN HORMONES.
o GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)
o GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING POLYPEPTIDE (GHRP)
o GROWTH HORMONE-INHIBITING HORMONE (GHIH) OR SOMAT OSTAT IN
o THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)
o CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)
o GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (GNRH)
o PROLACTIN-INHIBITING HORMONE (PIH).
REGULATION OF AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
 CONTROL OF ADRENAL MEDULLA: CAUSES RELEASE OF CATECHOLAMINES
CONTROL OF ADRENAL CORTEX: BY SECRETING
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH)
REGULATION OF HEART RA TE: THROUGH VASOMOTOR Decrease In ECP Volume
CENTER
REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE: BY ACTING ON THE ..

~~W¥¥hdl
VASOMOTOR CENTER
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE: TWO CENTERS-
o HEAT LOSS CENTER IN PREOPTIC NUCLEUS
,..---,______!._ __
o HEAT GAIN CENTER IN POSTERIOR
HYPOTHALAMIC NUCLEUS SUmufatlOn of ottn«etApl«& In

REGULATION OF HUNGER AND FOOD INTAKE:

THROUGH-
o FEEDING CENTER IN THE LATERAL HYPOTHALAMIC
NUCLEUS
o SATIETY CENTER IN THE VENTROMEDIAL
NUCLEUS FeeRng of thirst
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE: TWO
• MECHANISM S- p

I ]I
o THIRST MECHANISM
ANTIDIURET IC HORMONE (ADH) MECHANISM
o
REGULATION OF SLEEP AND WAKEFULNESS THROUGH
r .
Waterin~

Increase in vobne of,ECF

MAMILLARY BODY AKA WAKEFULNESS CENTER and
ROLE IN BEHAVIOR AND EMOTIONAL CHANGES decrease in 09ffl0laltyof ECF
THROUGH REWARD CENTER AND PUNISHMENT CENTER.
REGULATION OF SEXUAL FUNCTION
ROLE IN RESPONSE TO SMELL

\
'

FOLLOWING LESION OF HYPOTHALAMUS OCCURS oue ro TUMORS, ENCEPHALITIS AN[) ISCHEMIA

, LAURENCE-M OON-BIEDL SYNDROME
, NARCOLEPSY: ABNORMAL SLEEP PATTERN UNCONTROLLABLE DESIRE FOR SLEEP
, CATAPLEXY: SUDDEN UNCONTROLLED OUTBURSTS OF EMOTION ASSOCIATED WITH
NARCOLEPSY CONSCIOUSN ESS rs NOT LOST
, DIABETES INSIPIDUS
, DYSTROPHIA ADIPOSOGEN ITALIS (FROHLICH SYNDROME): CHARACTERI ZfD BY OBESITY AND
SEXUAL INFANTILISM , ASSOCIATED WITH DWARFISM
, KALLMANN SYNDROME: ANOSMIA (LOSS OF OLFACTORY SENSATION) OR HYPOSMIA
(DECREASED OLFACTORY SENSATION) DUE TO DEFICIENCY OF GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING
HORMONES

RI MBBS YOUTUBE JOHARIMBBS@GM AIL COM

 CEREBELLUM
VITIE S
, MAJO R .ROLES IN THE TIMIN G OF MOTOR ACTI
MUSCLE MOVEMENT TO THE NEXT
;,> IN RAPID, SMOOTH PROGRESSION FROM ONE
ON OF THE CEREBELLUM DOES NOT
SILEN T AREA BECAUSE ELECTRICAL EXCI TATI
CAUSE ANY CONSCIOUS SENS ATIO N
Hemi sphe re Vetm lt,
A----~ Anter ior
t t lobe
--" "
r

Poste rior
lobe

dular
----.__--.!fll--- Flocc ulono
Later al zone Venn ie lobe
of hemi sphe re
Inter medi ate zone
of hemi sphe re

DIVISIONS OF CEREBELLUM -
• ANAT OMIC AL DIVIS IONS
• PHYLOGENETIC DIVIS ION
• PHYSIOLOGICAL OR FUNC TION AL DIVIS IONS

, FUNCTIONAL DIVI SION S -

• VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM
• SPINOCEREBELLUM
CORTICOCEREBELLUM. Sialaa cel
• ----t'::: :_--.::; ;-=--~' ::"'-_-_ -_-_-_- -=---_- _-_-_--

FUNC TION AL ANAT OMY OF CEREBELLUM

OUTER GRAY MATTER OR CEREBELLAR I s-etce il

CORTEX: ARRANGED IN THREE LAYERS- _____JL_ Transverse fiber
o OUTER MOLECULAR OR PLEXIFORM -+--- t---+ ---+- ---+- -+-+ ---+- -

LAYER- CONT AINS THE FOLL OWIN G

STRUCTURES:
• STELL A TE CELLS
• BASKET CELLS
• PARALLEL FIBERS- AXON S OF
• GRANULE CELLS
• TERM INAL PORT IONS OF
CLIM BING FIBERS I
• DENDRITES OF PURK INJE ! f !
cELLs AND GOLGr cELL s I f'" \
~ nuae1
I
Mo6sy fibei
e
Climblno fibet T
o INTE RMED IATE PURKINJE LAYER
FIBERS OR THE PARALLEL FIBERS AND
DENDRITES TERM INATE EITHE R ON CLIM BING
------:-------------------

BECAUSE THE IMPULSES ARE TRANSMITTED TO OTHER PARTS OF BRAIN ONLY

THR~UGH PURKINJE CELLS THEREFORE KNOWN AS 'FINAL COMMON PATH'
I'\ t > M "' NDRITES Of
A I A t AN r W fJ A Y APS WI H

IMPORTANT INfORMAffON
AFFERENT FIBERS TO CEREBELLAR CORTEX THROUSH TWO TYPES OF NEAVE FIBERS:
• CLIMBING FIBRES- ORIGINA Tl: FROM THE NEURONS OF INFERIOR OLIVARY NUCLEUS
AND TRAVEL VIA OLIVOCEREBELLAR TRAGT
o RELAYS THE OUTPUT SIGNALS FROM MOTOR AREAS AN[) PROPRIOCEPTIVE
SIGNALS FROM Dif:FERENT PARTS OF THE BODY
o TERMINATE ON THE DENDRITES OF PURKINJE CELLS
• MOSSY FIBERS- ORIGIN FROM MOTOR AREAS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX, PONS, MEDULLA
AND SPINAL CORD
o SEND COLLATERALS TO CEREBELLAR NUCLEI
o REACH THE GRANULAR LAYER AND DIVIDE INTO MAm TERMINALS

INNER WHITE MATTER OF CEREBELLUM: CLASSIFIED INTO THREE GROUPS

•
ASSOCIATION FIBERS- CONNECT DIFFERENT REGIONS OF SAME CEREBELLAR
HEMISPHERE
• COMMISSURAL FIBERS- CONNECT THE SAME AREAS OF BOTH HALVES OF
CEREBELLAR CORTEX
• PROJECTION FIBERS- CONNECT CEREBELLUM WITH OTHER PARTS OF CNS
o ARRANGED IN THREE BUNDLE:
1. INFERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES- TRANSMIT THE IMPULSES FROM TACTILE
RECEPTORS, PROPRIOCEPTORS AND RECEPTORS IN VESTIBULAR APPARATUS
2. MIDDLE CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES- CONTAIN THE AFFERENT FIBERS
3. SUPERIOR CEREBELLAR PEDUNCLES- COJ\TAIN EFFERENT FIBERS

PHYSIOLOGICAL OR FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS

THREE DIVISIONS: VESTIBULOCEREBELLUM- t;ONN~CTED WITH THE VESTIBULAR
APPARATUS INCLUDES THE FL.OCCULONODULAR LOBE
------
r AF.FERENT CONNECTIONS VESTIBULOCEREBELLAR TRACT FROM THE VESTIBULAR NUCLEI
EFFERENT CONNECTIONS • CEREBELLOVESTIBULAR TRACT
• FASTIGIOBULBAR TRACT

MECHANISM BY INHIBITING VESTIBULAR NUCLEI AND MEDULLARY RETICULAR

FORMATION. THEREFORE, MOVEMENTS OF NECK, TRUNK AND
LIMBS ARE CHECKED AND THE MUSCLE TONE INCREASES
FUNCTIONS REGULA TES TONE, POSTURE AND equILIBRIUM
--'-'-------
LESION REDUCTION IN MUSCLE TONE AND IMPAIRED BODY BALANCE
 SPINOCEREBELLUM- R~cr rvtNG ARFA OF srN,O RY
TNPU T5
AFFERENT • OOR~AL SPINOCEREBl:LLAR TRACT CONVEYS THE
CONNECTIONS PROPRIOCEPTIVE INFORMATION FROM
THE LIMBS OF SAME SIDE
• VENTRAL SPINOCtREBELLAR TAACf- PROPRIOCEPTIVE
NfORMA TION OPPOSITE LIMBS TO
SPINOCEREBELLUM
• CUNEOCEREBELLAR TRACT- CONVEYS THE PROPRIOCE
PTIVE IMPULSES FROM NECK UPPER
LIMB AND TRUNK
• OLIVOCEREBELLAR TRACT- CONVEYS PROPRIOCEPTIVE
IMPULSES FROM THE BODY AND
OUTPUT SIGNALS FROM CEREBRAL CORTEX
• PONTOCEREBELLAR TRACT- CONVEYS THE INFORMAT
ION TO SPINOCEREBELLUM ABOUT THE
MOTOR SIGNALS
• TECTOCEREBELLAR TRACT- CARRIES VISUAL IMPULSES
AND AUDITORY IMPULSES
EFFERENT • FASTIGIOBULBAR TRACT
CONNECTIONS • CEREBELLORETICULAR TRACT
• CEREBELLO-OLIVARY TRACT
FUNCTIONS • REGULA TES TONE, POSTURE AND EQUILIBRIUM FROM
TACTILE, PROPRIOCEPTIVE,
AUDITORY AND VISUAL IMPULSES
• LOCALIZATION OF TACTILE AND PROPRIOCEPTIVE
IMPULSES
• REGULA TES THE POSTURAL REFLEXES
• INCREASES THE MUSCLE TONE

CESION HYPOTONIA AND DISTURBANCES IN POSTURI;

. .

CORTICOCEREBB.LUM: CONCERNED WITH PLANNING

, PROGRAMMING AND
COORDINATION OF SKILLED MOVEMENTS
AFFERENT -- - --
• PONTOCEREBELLAR TRACT- RECEIVES-SIGN ALS FROM MOTOR AREA Of
CONNECTIONS CEREBRAL CORTEX
• OLIVOCEREBELLAR TRACT- ~ECEIVES IMPULSES
FROM BRAINSTEM, SPINAt-
CORD AND CEREBRAL CORTEX

EFF.ERENT THROUGH THE DENTAT_E. NUCLEUS, FORM DECUSSA

TION AND GETS DIVIDE
CONNECTIONS INTO TWO TRACTS: •• . '.'- ·,
a. DENTA.TOTHALAMIC TRACT
b. DENTATORUBRAL TRACT

FUNCTIONS INTEGRATION AND REGULATION OF WELL-COORDINA

TED MUSCVLAR ACTIVITIES
RECEIVES FEEDBACK SIGNALS FROM THE MUSCLES

JOHAR ! MBBS • YOUTUB E

JOH AR 1MBB S(.:lC,,\\A IL COM

C
,
IMPORTANT INFORMATIOTICNOCEREBELLUM:
MECHANISM OF ACTION OF COR KING
PRE VEN TION OF EXA GGE RATED MUSCULAR ACTIVITY AND MA
a. DAMPING ACTION- ) TO CEREBRAL
S SM OOTH AND ACC URA TE. IT SENDS INFORMATION (IMPULSES
MOVEMENT ANY
RGE ONL Y APP ROP RIA TE SIGNA LS TO THE MUSCLES AND TO CUT OFF
CORTEX TO DISCHA
EXTRA IMPULSES VEMENTS LIKE TYPING
ENTS I.E. RAPID ALTERNATE MO
CONTROL OF BALLISTIC MOVEM
I

b.
CYCLING, DANCING, ~TC. CESS
ING AND PROGRA MM ING THE MOVEMENTS DURING LEARNING PRO
c. TIM RK
E WHILE PERFORMING SKILLED WO
d. SERVOMECHANISM- INTERFERENC IOUS MUSCULAR
ATO R FUNCTI ON - INTEG RA TIO N AND COORDINATION QF THE VAR
e. COMPAR •.
ACTIVITIES

BASAL GANGLIA
Head of
caudate -- aeft for internal
nucleus capsule
\

COMPONENTS
Y DIVIDED INTO
CORPUS STRIATUM: INCOMPLETEL --- - Tail of caudale
E: Putamenl
TWO PARTS BY INTERNAL CAPSUL nllde clS

TO LATERAL
• CAUDATE NUCLEUS- RELATED Amygdaloid - -
nucleus
VENTRICLE
AL MEDULLARY
• LENTICULAR NUCLEUS- EXTERN Thablmus
LEUS INTO
LAMINA, DIVIDES LENTICULAR NUC Csudate
INNER
TWO PORTIONS: OUTER PUTAMEN nucleus ::_~-:__-_ -- Internal capsule
- .._ --- Gk>bus pallidus
GLOBUS PALLIDUS Tail of caudate
R D NUC AND Putamen ---
s A"' I J.,\ NJ.l :7KA : tsi:LOW nudeus
CO T IN.5 UT~ H QUA ITTT Y OF
DON

y SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS
OF LUYS: LATERAL TO
RED NUCLEUS \\

Cortex
Caudate
nucleus

Subthalamic nucleus

Substantia nigra
Substantia
nlgr~I
~..,.. Subthalamic nudeU 5

Putamen
TION OF CORPUS STRIATUM
~FFERENT AND EFFERENT CONNEC

JOHA~IMBBS@G\~A! •M
 FUNtnjONS 01' IAIAL IAN8LI~
• CONTROL OF MUSCLE TONE: DECREASE TJ fE MUSCLE TONE BY INHIBITING y- MOTOR
NEURONS
• CONTROL OF MOTOR ACTIVITY: rOLl OWJN& MOVEMENTS APf RfGULATED - BY
MOVEMENTS
• fONTROL Of REFLEX MUSCULAR ACTIVI rv MAINLY I IKE VISUAL AND LAB 1RINTHINE
Rt-~• t.-XES
• ~\."'N- ROL OF AUTOMATIC ASSOCIATED MOVEMENTS TAKE PL /Cf ALONG WITH 501/E
MOTOR ACTIVIT... tS FOR EG SWING OF THE ARMS WHILE WAL¥ING
• ROLE IN AROUSAL MECHANISM: GLORUS PALLIDUS AND RED NJO J:US ARE If', /0_/ED
BECAL!,E OF THE.IR CONNl::CTIONS WITH RETICULAR FOPMA TION
• ROLE OF NEUROTRANSMITTERS IN THE FUNCTIONS OF BASAL GANGlI,'· i:o_ Cl/I 'G
NELJROTRANMITTERS ARE SECRETED- DOPAMINE, y- AMINOBU fYRlC ACJ ..J (GA3A},
ACETYLCHOLINE, SUBSTANCE P, ENKEPHALINS, NORADRENALINE, GLJ rAM..,C At:J.)

DISORDERS OF BASAL GANGLIA

...:• PARKINSON DISEASE: SLOW PROGRESSIVE DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
CAUSES: DUE TO LACK OF DOPAMINE CAUSED BY DAMAGE OF BASAL GANGLIA OR
DESTRUCTION Of SUBSTANTIA NIGRA AND THE NIGROSTRIATAL PATHWAY,
OCCURS BECAUSE-
• CEREBRAL ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
• DESTRUCTION OR REMOVAL OF DOPAMINE IN BASAL GANGLIA BY DRUGS KNOWN
AS DRUG-INDUCED PARKINSONISM
• UNKNOWN CAUSES/ IDIOPATHIC PARKINSONISM
• VIRAL INFECTION OF BRAIN LIKE ENCEPH.ALITIS
• INJURY TO BASAL GANGLIA
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS-
• SLOWNESS OF MOVEMENTS BE~AUSE OF HYPERTONICITY OF THE MUSCLES
• POVERTY OF MOVEMENTS LOSS 0F ALL AUTOMATIC ASSOCIATED MOVEMENTS
MASK LIKE FACE AND STATUE LIKE BODY SEEN
• RIGIDITY BECAUSE OF INCREASED MUSCLE TONE AKA LEAD-PIPE RIGIDITY
• FES TINA NT GAIT
• TREMORS DURIN0 REST CALLED STATIC TREMOR OR RESTING TREMOQ
• SPEECH PROBLEMS
• EMOTIONAL CHANGES
• DEMENTIA

WILSON DISEASE: EXCESS OF COPPER AND DAMAGE OFPUTAMEN

CHOREA ABNORMAL INVOLUNTARY JERKY MOVEMENTS AND ATHETOSIS rs SLOW RHYTHMIC AND
TWISTING MOVEMENTS. BOTH DUE TO LESION IN CAUDATE NUCLEUS AND PUTAMEN
CHOREOATHETOSIS: AIMLESS INVOLUNTARY MUSCULAR MOVEMENTS
HUNTINGTON CHOREA: DUE TO THE DEGENERATION OF NEURONS SECRETING GABA IN CORPUS
STRIATUM AND SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

JOHAR! MBBS YOUTUBE JOHAQIMBBS@GMAIL COM

 GRAY MATTER (CELL BODIES, DENDRITES): INFORMATION PROCESSING
• MOTOR ASSOCIATION AREA: DETERMINES APPROPRIATE MOVEMENTS FOR
SPECIFIC TASKS
• PRIMARY SOMA TOSENSORY, REC(IVES SENSORY INPUT At ID SOMA fOSfNSORY
ASSOCIATION AREA PROVIDl S DISCRETE IN1ERPRETA rrot J
• LANGUAGE PROCl' SST NG BRO( AIs AREA: GENERA r rOt I Of SPO!t'FN WORD
(MOVING MUSCl ES TO !:>Pl AK) WERNICKE' S AREA: COMPREHE:"JSI 0t J Or- SPE-FCr4

WHITE MATTER: AXONS; CARRY INFORMATION TO OTHER PARTS OF BRAIN

TWO PARTS OF CEREBRAL CORTEX:

o NEOCORTEX- FORMS THE MAJOR PORTION AND HAS ALL SIX LAYERS
o ALLOCORTEX- OLDEST PART HAS LESS THAN SIX LAYERS

'-OBES Qf CEREBRAL CORTEX: NEOCORTEX CONSISTS OF FOUR LOBES

1. FRONTAL LOBE
2. PARIETAL LOBE
3. OCCIPITAL LOBE
4. TEMPORAL LOBE
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe

Front I
lobe

-...... ---,
I
I
I
I
I
~ - Occipital
:I lobe
I
I
___ l

........
Temporal lobe

.:. DEMARCATED BY FOLLOWING FOUR MAIN FISSURES AND SULCI:

CENTRAL SULCUS OR ROLANDIC FISSURE FRONTAL AND PARIETAL LOBES

PARIETO-OCCIPITAL SULCUS PARIETAL AND QCCIPITAL LOBE

SYLVIAN FISSURE OR LATERAL SULCUS PARIETAL AND TEMPORAL LOBES

CALLOSOMARGINAL FISSURE TEMPORAL LOBE AND LIMBIC AREA

.TOHARI MBBS YOUTUBE JOHA~IMBBS@ (iMAIL C('M

L
 FROM FRONTAL POLE TO THE CENTRAL SULCUS AND IS DIVIDED
FRONTAL CORTEX AREA
INTO TWO PARTS:
1. PRECENTRAL CORTEX- SITUATED IN POSTERIOR PART AND IS RELATED TO
ACTIVITY OF DISCRETE SKELETAL MUSCLE

• DIVIDED INTO THREE FUNCTION AL AREAS

AREA 4- ACTIVATES BOTH a AND y MOTOR UNILATERAL LESION:

PRIMARY MOTOR· AREA
NEURONS PARALYSIS OCCURS IN
• INCREASE IN MUSCLE TONE CONTRALATERALSIDE
AREA 4S- SCRUTINI ZES AND SUPPRESSES
THE EXTRA IMPULSES FROM AREA 4
PREMOTOR AREA 6, 8, AREA 6- COORDIN ATION OF MOVEMENTS r LOSS OF SKILLED MOVEMENTS
WITH AREA 4 ,, LOSS OF CONJUGATE
44, 45
AREA 8- CONJUGATE MOVEMENT Of MOVEMENTS
EYEBALLS , APHASIA
AREAS 44 AND 45(BROCA AREA)- MOTOR
AREA FOR SPEECH
SUPPLEMENTARY COORDINATED SKILLED MOVEMENTS HEAD AND EYEBALLS TURN
MO~OR AREA TOWARDS THE AFFECTED SIDE
- ---- -
2. PREFRONTAL CORTEX- INCLUDE AREAS 12, 13, 14, 23, 24, 29 AND 32 IN MEDIAL
SURFACE AND AREAS 9, 10 AND 11 IN LATERAL SURFACE
• FUNCTION S: CHANGES IN THE ACTIVITY OF DIGESTIVE, CARDIOVASCULAR,
RESPIRATORY AND EXCRETORY SYSTEMS, SHORT-TERM MEMORIES
REGISTRA TION AND SEAT OF INTELLIGENCE
o CAUSES FEAR AND PLANNED ACTIONS
• EFFECT OF LESION: BILATERAL LESION DOES NOT ~AUSE PARALYSIS, CAUSES
LACK OF INITIATIO N AND LOSS OF MENTAL ALERTNESS

PARIETAL LOBE
DIVIDED INTO THREE FUNCTION AL AREAS\
• ~OMESTHETIC AREA AKA SOMA TOSENSORY OR PRIMARY SENSORY AREA
• AREAS OF SOMESTHETIC AREA I: AREAS 3, 1 AND 2
• FUNCTION S OF SOMESTHETIC AREA I:.•
o INTEGRAT ION OF CUTANEOUS AND KINESTHE TIC SENSATIO NS
o SENSORY FEEDBACK TO THE PREMOTOR AREA
o MOVEMENTS OF HEAD AND EYEBALLS
o TACTILE LOCALIZA TION, TWO-POIN T DISCRIMI NATION AND
RECOGNIT ION OF POSITION AND PASSIVE MOVEMENTS OF LIMBS
o RECOGNITION OF INTENSIT Y OF DIFFERENT STIMULI
o RECOGNITION OF SIMILARI TIES AND DIFFERENCE5 BETWEEN THE
STIMULI
• EFFE-CTS Of- LESION: DISCRIMI NATIVE FUNCTIONS ARE LOST
• - INCLUDE AREA I AND II RECEIVE PERCEPTION OF SENSATIO N
• INCLUDE AREAS, 5 AND 7
• FUNCTION- CENTER FOR COMBINED SENSATIO NS

JOHAR! MBBS YOUTUBE JOHARIMBBS@ GMAIL COM

 CNS PHYSIOLOGY
TEMPORAL LOBE

Primary auditory area

Secondary auditory area

__ l Areas 41 and 42
Wernicke area
Area 22 I
Perceive auditory sensation -
Interpret s auditory sensation (along with area 22)
Interpr~t s auditory sensatfon

Area for equilibrium maintenance of equilibrium of body

I
OCCIPITAL LOBE

Primary visual area Area 17 Perceive<; visual sensation

Secondary visual area Area 18 Intc.>rpre1 s visual sensation
Occipital e.ye field Area 19 Concerned with ref lex movement of eyeballs
Concerned with associated movements of eyeballs wr 1" -'ol ON r9,. ""V,'.t r9 ocJect

LIMBIC SYSTEM
PRIMARILY RELATED TO EMOTIONAL PART AND EXTENSIVELY CONCERNED WITH MEMORY

• Limblo system

I
!
Archioortical structures
r! - -- r l
r
PaleooortJcal structures J Juxtallooortical structures Suboortical structures

+ -+
1. Hippocamp us , . Plriform cortex 1. Clngulate gyrus 1. Amygdalold complex
2. Oentate gyrus 2. Olfaolory lobe or limblc cortex 2. Septal nuclei
3. Olfactory tubercle 2. Orbllolnsulotemporal 3. Thalamic nuclei
O(?rtex I 4. Hypothalamic nuclei
5. Caudate nucleus
6. ReUcular formation
of mldbraan

PAPEZ CIRCUIT
\
IT IS THE INTERCONNECTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS STRUCTURES OF LIMBIC
SYSTEM, FORMING A COMPLEX OF CLOSED CIRCUIT
}.- CONNECTIONS INCLUDE:
..,-... .,""· ,.

o HIPPOCAMPUS CONNECTED.TO
MAMILLARY BODIES VIA FORNIX. Fomix
Hippocampus - - - - - - - ~ Mamillary body
o MAMILLARY BODIES CONNECTED TO
ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEUS VIA Mamillothafamic
Corticohippocampal
MAMILLOTHALAMIC TRACT. fibers fibers
o ANTERIOR THALAMIC NUCLEUS IS

L
PROJECTED INTO CINGULATE GYRUS Cingulate •. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Anterior nucleus
_ of thalamus J
THROUGH MEDIAL gyrus
Thalamooortical fibers - -
THALAMOCORTICAL FIBERS.
CINGULATE GYRUS IS IN TURN
o CONNECTED TO HIPPOCAMPUS. PAPEZ CIRCUIT PLAYS A ROLE IN MEMORY
ENCODING

JOHAR! MBBS I YOUTUBE

JOHARIMBBS@GMAIL COM
, .- FUNCTION OF LIMBIC SYSTEM

• OLFACTION- PIRIFORM CORTEX AND AMYGDALOID NUCLEUS rORM THE OLFACTORY

CENTERS:
• REGULATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS- BY SECRETING GLAND REGULATORY HORMONES
• REGULATION OF AUTONOMIC FUNCTIONS- FUNCTIONS SUCH AS: HEART RATE, BLOOD
PRESSURE, WATER BALANCE, AND BODY TE:MPERAiURE:
• REGULATION OF FOOl) INTAKE Rt'GUL ATED BY AMYGDALOID COMPLEX, ALONG WITH THE
FEEDING CENTER AND SA TIE TY CENTER
• CONTROL OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
• REGULATION OF SEXUAL FUNCTIONS- IN BOTH MAN AND ANIMALS
• ROLE IN EMOTIONAL STATE- MAINTAINED BY HIPPOCAMPUS ALOT JG V/ITH
H) POTHALAMUSPAPEZ CIRCUIT
• ROLE IN MEMORY

• ROLE IN MOTIVATION - REWARD AND PUNISHMENT CENTERS A~ Jo O rHFR ST~vCTUr<cS OF

LIMBIC SYSTEM ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR MOTIVATION AND THE BEHAVIOt< P,A fTcKN

RETICULAR FORMATION
•
MESHWORK OF RETICULUM IN CENTRAL PORTION OF THE BRAINSTEM

Reticular
formation
alamus
thalamus
Thalamus Reticular lamus
formation

Spinal cord Sensory pathways

Pathway for touch, Optic pathway Red nucleus

pain, temperature, Auditory pathway Substantia nigra
kinesthetic Olfactory pathway
sensation Taste pathway Spinal cord rectum

AFFERENT CONNECTIONS EffEAENT C0'NCTIQNS

JOHARIMBBS@GMAIL COM
JOHAR! MBBS I YOUTUBE
_, ______ YSIOLOGY

Re tic ul ar fo rm at io n
I

As ce nd ing re tic ula r

De sc en din g reticurar
ac tiv at ing sy ste m sy ste m

De sc. en din g inh ibi to ry De sc en din g facilitatory

re t1cutar sy ste m reUcufar sy ste m

FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS
C

FORMATION
c::-~NCTIONS OF RETICULAR
ACTIVATING SYSTEM:
A. ASCENDING RETICULAR

CONCERNED WITH S. AROUSAL PHENO ~ON, ALERTNESS, MAINTENANCE OF ATTENTION

1.
FU LN ES ME
AND WAKE
DBRAIN RETICULAR
2. STIMULATION OF MI
WAKEFULNESS BY GENERA
3. FORMATION PRODUCES US, BASAL ;~ ~i :!~ TI RE BRAIN
BR AL CO RT EX , TH AL AM •
INCLUDING CERE
US ES EM OT ION AL RE AC TIONS
4. CA PMENT OF CONDITIONED
LA TE TH E LE AR NIN G PR OCESSES AND THE DEVELO
5. REGU
REFLEXES \\
NS
SYSTEM: TWO SUBDIVISIO
B. DESCENDING RETICULAR
TIONS:
FA CIL ITA TO RY RETICULAR SY~TEM- FUNC
• bESC EN DING S MUSCLE TONE BY
TIO N OF SO MA TO MO TO R ACTIVITIES- MAINTAIN
FACILITA
URONS IN SPINAL CORD
EXCITING THE y MOTOR NE
o FACILITATES TH
E MOVEMENTS OF THE BODY
o ROLE IN WAKEFU
LNESS AND ALERTNESS
o CAUSES INCREAS
ED MUSCLE TONE N, BLOOD
VE GE TA TIV E FU NC TIONS- SUCH AS CARDIAC FUNCTIO
FACILITATION OF D BODY TEMPERATURE
RE SPI RA TIO N, GA ST RO INTESTINAL FUNCTION AN
PRESSURE, NC I lON~.
RY RETICULAR SYSTEM- f-U
• DESCENDING INHIBITO R A(TlVIllE-5- LIKE CO
NlROt. OF MLJ~CI E tONt: AND
COfJTRO l Of SO MA TO MO TO
'; MOvt-i\H:NT
-N r S OO I Ht- Jf5 S AN D ACCURACY Of VOL LJNT AR
Rt:FLfX MOVE.M[ SM
NCTION, BLOOD
NCTIONS LIKE CARDIAC FU
1

VE GE TA TIV E FU
INHIBI TIO N OF Y TEMPERATURE
SPI RA TIO N, GA ST RO INT ESTINAL FUNCTION AND BOD
PRESSURE, RE

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