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Z.am 意 1 芋 ⼀年 笀 冷 友可

e.im v2 > =
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"

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iclassical
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te-MkBTtext.n.xxiltexte-xte-3Xr.ec
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e 幾 -1

p (f)

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x
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Xnt 4
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h 0
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u
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ony depends on


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intensityiifintensity
2

(i)
EMwaveenergy.IE lht ) 1 -

lthan T T
EM

waiieneedstotaketimetoaccumulateenought.kuockoufelectvons.si
iii)

afterot
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nnnr n ⇒
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V0 ↑

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,

0nc-E-hw-hfi-th.PE
0

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ofphotonsxintensityi.IT

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photon electron
re
V0
2

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-

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-

↑ Bt After
hf

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y

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f 。 入。
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f
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eg.cn ,
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stopping
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4 70

e.VN
.

a.
W ⼆
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入 。
r
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2638 Á ( U V)
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intensity
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oul 15 ⇒

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~ > ,
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- . -
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吀 、
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V + é → é + r
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photon electron electvon
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Beforeandafterthereaction.to
talenergyandmomentumareconserved.E-li.it
CPx.Py.Pz.IE c)
-

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e.it
Ié f tf :

Ei ⼆
Eit ii. Eǐ
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square
,

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Ǖt Eī ⼀⼆年 0,1 Eǐ
-

uhi
+
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Eǐii T.IE i. Eǐ )

直 i-co.im C) , Eǐ =
( E.it )
Eǐ 入世 )
F.ipjtibppioso-ppi.me
( F (
'

= ⼆
,

ccppg

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△ 入 ⼆
成 ⼀
入 :
Èāltcos 0 )

Ǎ
h-i_c2-o.5nxt.li Á
12 4 00比

≈ o.0
243 也
Bohr Tn 1913
Quantum
Theoy 、

Background
bistinnousafomicspectuallevels.ci
(i)

Thestabilityofatoms.tl
i)

ydrogen Atom

Experica 1 Formulas

1885 Balmerseriesiiqn.gl Ìnt ) ,


ni 3.4.5 …

古)
1905 lymanseriesiiqn.gl ,
以 2.3.4 i

信 本)
Paschenseriesjiqn.gg 以 4.5.6
⼀ …

1908 ,

" "
三 1109678 10 A RH
Rydberg constantiqng
✗ ⼆

Rutherfld Atomic Hodel in 1911

③ ées
Ek ↓ ,
r ↓

ēii ≠
constant iǎto

From Maxwell equation ,


éwill radiafe EH wave


lose
energy
Bohrs 2
assumption
ii)
Thereexisfstationarystatec.in which electronsdon 4

obey Maxwell equation ⇒


Eneg
Leuels

ThefequencyconditionsfovstatioEúthf
nagstate.A-A.ir
(ii)

En ⼆

Eu Eù
exited
-

f h
state

Ā n
En
△ Ei En -



g. Energy is discrete

A
V Eú

Bohrs
Hydrgen-likelH.tk e)
ir
Atom

toe

F-me-f-yorziafomicnumberB.hr
2
Ze

ze

stationavyconditionsilil-vmev-hh.tl ⼆ ⼈
2.3.41 …
23 03 27

Bohv Htike Atom

Zi Atomic Number
F-i.me 1 Ǎx 有 1 :
A Bsin 0

i
iimei
tti
Quantizationof Angular Momentum

L-lixfliimev-nh.n-h2.3.i.ME/NF:metrl-
以 匯率
f
⇒ ①

rmev ⼆
听 ②

① V
2


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"

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'

⾶f

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:
finestructure constanf

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Fi Homework # 12

tme Ex
2

ě
i

E.io Ei Ekt
U ⼆
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1316 e V

ÈU ⼆ ,

Ek Homework # 1 3

= -

Ìme v2 -_-
imedlzii

eV.tk/i23i.rn;En=1cZiXmec21Zif=7ZN/r=mec2(Zxifrn=

1316 2

Ǚxti ⼆点 ri.tn ✗
-1.2 , 3、 …
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En : ⼀

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Vn : CZx.it
n 137

h
rn ⼆

mecza

TT
去 Homework # 1 4
Bohr
.
i
Go

Radius
mecx
.

0,539 f
=
hc
E
2 amec ⽂

Now 、

fn.sn ⼆点 1 1 Em Eù )

六 meiczxilǜ ⼀

右)
c

入 nnri

入 mri

Ímeiczi) ( 於 f)
E

911.2 Ǎ
(ii)
qig ÉÉ )
'
1
Balmevseries

i
不2 Otherseriesarealsopredicted

qihi 卡 的
'
1
有 bythe

Bohr
Lyman Series :
Theoyi
作 市)
1 1


i
Paschen Series 不, 3 qng

Whyis 91112 À nof 911.8 À ?


(i) Neudeus fixed Nucleus

911.7A
moving
is → is

(ii) Civcular Orbital →


Elliptical Orbitd
7
sommerfeld in 1915
9 1 1.7 A → 911.8 Ǎ
(iii) Nonrelativistiv →
Relativistiu Correcfion VE 茄
Problem )
(I) Reduced
MasslTwo.bg Problem
body
→ One

Lab Frame '


^

t
在 MIF.tn E

CM.ie/-sxt=F.-F2kelativeCouvdinafeZLE:imT+ImiI2+
7 m 上
>
ma r mtm

V11 六 右 1 )


ÈME t ÍMF + V11 ii)

i i gnoved.Noexternalforcekiconstantltm.tn
,
去 ⼆点 ⼗点
cpwof >

fmitmyk-mihtmzh-DF.it
,

百 ⼀ ②

② xmz ⼗ ① mmh.cm tmz ) k + 吸 F


m

⼀点以
ikt-m.FIPickoriginatk.in
,
在 ⼆
⽀ F

t.ik-ri-i mi immi-imkei.kin.TT
Fnkt 匯

tim 21 友 ⼀

瓢下 反 ⼤⾦ F) +

icmtmsiti 䭬嘎
2

mm ( mitn

ilmtm ) 起 Ìmz F ÌMK Iur : +

Ǐ ⼆
Ìutt V1 v) È :
有 ⼗点
0m fs Hydrogen

umezmnuci_memp metmnucltmetm imeltn melt.sn


藏F

… =

zi 求 ⼆ 911.2 Ǎ

⇒ 武 ⽂ 沿港 求
: ( 1+
前) ✗ 911,2 Ǎ

-
911.7 Ǎ moreclose to 911,8 Ǎ

Applicationf Bohv
Tnagi
(i) Positive Ions i
He t.LT ,

2 ⼗
eg.li M 三 me

^
tu-Me-mit.nu
cl

Z 3
-

metmit.nucl
=
e

(ii) Dopped Semi -

conducfor
IV V As
Intrinsic
Doppedbg 、

C N
siisiisifennpairedelectron.ii.in
51 :
Si i
Si
effectivemass mxi tme
iififsi
. ,

Si P siisi.si o。 →
erc 。
- L L ˋ _ ˋ
- L L ˋ _ ˋ

A3 C
Ge 51
< 1
i
Si
.
1
:
Si
-
e
51 i
Si :
Si

.

< / 1 -

.

Eniimi ( 怒 )
velocity
Vn ⼆ CZ Ckr ) Ì
tn
h

mtczcanm



Direct Experimenfal Evidencefor Atomic
Enegy Level ,

Franck-HerfzEXP.in 1914 .

tn.i.io

-

3
: "
E ⼆
im.titim.it V11 F ,

古 1)

1
g. →
→ 。
,

ÍM
.

'


e.
s
.

, ,
.
_

11 11 pvee
Heating Voitage
Accelaratingvoltge

Experimental Resultsi

Atoms
(i) Highly diluted Hg (ii)
Extremely Concentrated
Hg Atoms

In In

A.
ii
AAV
i.6.7-sv4.cl
I
6.7
> V
'
i
1

14.7
ˇ

Explanationi Ek ⼆
ex V

4.9
eV.electronspassthroughthetubedi recty.AfterEK-4.ge
(i) Before Ek ⼆

someelectronshavebeenabsorbedbymecugvaporsiher.fr
V1 I ↓

ishigh.someelectronswillhiftlgatomsmorethanonetime.4.ge
(ii) i
Thedensity
Vxz -9,8 evwillbeabsorbec.ci I↓

YThedensi
6.7
tyishigdrop
h.theelectronswil beabsorbedbefore6.7evi.no
ev .
( Winson
)
Bohr -

Sommevfeld Quanfizafion Conclitions (


1913 1915)

coorginafesqiandmomentumPi.it/VthelineinfevgralifdGi:hi
Frgenevalized

hinic-N.andOFovexample.H-at.in
解癖
i
⾓動量 量⼦化
+ oē
F

Angularmomentum , Pq ⼆
ruu

nh
fdf Po :P ∅ fdf :P 2不 ⼆

P∅ ⼆ n Ǐ ⼆
呿 ,
以 1.2.3 、
-.-

Cakulafe Euergy Level

(i) 1 D
Infiuife square well Pofential
^

1
_

O.0 EXEL
V (X)

的 , 0th erwise
E
,

>
0 L

fdxi lidxtlidx Ez
_

t V4)

Px ⼆ ± zml ED

fdx Px
lidxETEtfidxtzmEJ-2ffdxEE-2LVzm-E-nh.hr

0.1.2.3
ˋ "
.

nti
⼆点 俓)
2

8mi
(ii) 1 D Havmonic
Simple Osillator ,

k
ssssn m
友 = mū
vcxizmwi
E 器 timni
n

i
E Pi I 2m ( Ejmw⾏
1 1

i i ,
4 dxpan -1 xodxamlE.INT
"

ri iǖx
f-xoxodxamlE.IN划
-
:-x 。 。
_


4
lǐdxamcēimnn ⼆
4 TE 1 ! dxtmiǘǜ
du ⼆
du-cosoc.IO

4TH !
dxf-lfe-j-4X.EE/idui-u2,u:sin0=4XoTEFdOcoS20=4xofTE!d0Il tcoS2O

)

⼆ ㄤ Xo 2m E
⼆ nh

E
nh
2
不 E ⼆
2 2m
mw

⇒ En ⼆

nhw-nhf.n-0.li 2、 …

⇒ liqoo Planks
Assumption )

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