6-04 2:1

1QuANTUM MECHANICS
divect Observable objects
C.lamical Mechanmics
miniature and
Quantum Mechanics At obSey v a ble,
celestial Bodies we can appuy
Atomic Level Like ElectronS,
proton6 and Nuetrons.

DYadbacks Of Ctamical Mechanlcs-

Fails to capiain the Stabiuty O Atom

I t Fails to explain the Spectrum of Hydvoqen atom

distvibution 6pectYum ok black body Radtation
mergy
Vovuation Of heat Of metas o ases.
Failed to eplain Photo- electvic effect, Crompton
effect Zeeman effect,
I n classical mechanics the enev9y transfer is
whose
Continous and appucab le t o the objects
cammot
veloity u less than ught velocityTt
the laws fov micro & Sub micro
explains pYopb and
level poarticles.
To overco me These M Came into enistance
T o

uantum Mechanics
Tt is a branch of physics that explains the
motion of micYOScopic particleS ike electvons, pvotons

etc t was intYoduced by ma Plank in 19oo and

developed by Einesteim.
Black Body
Yadiations OF all wwave
wwave leno-
lenqths
alhich absovbs
meitheY Yeflects n oY
incidemt upon it It

No
transmit
causes o the Incident Radiation Ideal B:B
Neavly approach Lamp Black (Fime black powde (oY)
Nearly
platimum Black (ASh type))

FeYyBlackbody
Scientist discovved hou tto dyauo a black bodu

so multiple reflections
After havinq many
O Total Absorption takes place

When oe qive Heat enerqy, ezccsS YadiatiOn Come

Out
E m i t any Radiation by giving Thevmal Energy
amy

Hot
B-B

Diagram of Black Body

5 5 0 0 K

5000kK

4500

hoook

650

1500
om)
 :-
Distvibution in Black body
Enerqy
radiatlon for
distvibution of energy In Black body
The was
waS
vaviOuS temperatureS
different wavelength 5 at
Pannqshein
cxperimentaly
detcmined by Lummer
in 1899
The observations aYe
dístribut
tht entrqy is not unlform y
1 At a
given temp
in radiation Spectrum ok Black body.
radiation 1 with f in
Intensity of
2 At a qiven temp T
Reaches maimum ( Am)unther
wavelenqth and
nadiation
Causes tht in intensity ok
dn wave length
decreases and
and
3-) As temperatuye
A m (Max waveleng th

emissive poweY 1. Finally

Am T COnstant

Wien displacemint Laus

The area umder each CuYve qives total enerqy emuttedl
4
foY the Complete Spectvum at a particuulah temp. -

As
As the temperatwe T this aYea inCYeases

5) The area Umder The CUYVe s T

E dTH (Skfanb Law)

E-T4
Where Stefans Covstamt
74|21
Law's to explain Blackbody Radiation

1Stefan- Boltgman haw

E XTH K Boltzman
E = TH Const
L Stefon's Constant
5-6Txlo8 wfm_ k4 A
T
2 Weins Lauo- Lo wer treq
Side
AmxT = Constant C A
Am / T Relatinq
Am C peak va ue of uoaveiCng th
Am = Constamt (Am) vauue
with i n Temperatu r
3 Rayleigh
Jeam's Law lavelength distri bution (oY)
Freauency distri bution
E) 8T|kT
C3

Planck's Radiation Lauo-

1Entrqy ok osci latng electrons w discrete, Yather than

Comtinewb
PlanckS Amunmptiomb
O Atoms Jnstd thi uoalls o Cawity yadiator behaves
behaveS
as S.h. OScillatb i t h

Camnet emit enerq4 n continous manmer and it can

do
do in
in multiples of a Small quantity PhotDY (o)
uantum"

mh
E Ih (Enerqy in lst ilevel)
2h
E3 3hv
 Electrom jumps
3h- 2h
= hv
E3-E2 >
oe provide hv it jumpts to E3
E2-E3
AbsoY ption
AE hv
Plancks Law :

E 8TT hC Total Enerqy ot

Ce
Ce he -)
AKT Black body
Radiation
Poue@
Averaqe enerqy of planck3 oscilater : EE E
F
N
N= Total no- oh Oscillater in B.6

E Total Enerqy oh N 0sdLNators a t T

Let No, N, Na ,
N3 - -

Nn
O, h , 2h, 3h- mh
N No +Nt N2+ Nn
E hAA PKA

O+ (Ni+h) + (Nz+2hw) + (N3t 3hY) + (Nn + nhv)

( Nn Nox e mh
KT No
exp-nhv
KT
The noo 0scilLatevs hawing enerqy nh
- ehv
N= No hv
+ No x e KT +No Xe KT -mhv
+No e KT

I m the form
N N- No + + + ---_
Ct-
- h/KT
E Nah Na(2h)
+ + Na 3h)+
hNOehIKT -2h/KT -3hv
+ 2h No e
+3hv No: T
=Noheh/kT I+ h/T+ 2hv/KT

No hve- hv/kT

C1-h/KT)

EE N
NohYe ho/kT
C1--h/KT)Z
No
(1-e kT)
h ehV/KT
hve/kT

1-e-h/KT
eehIKT )
h
(ehv/kT

rea
heaueny Ranqe and V+dv
The
me oh oscillaters Jb N 8tT xd- -
C3
Eyd =

TTd x h
C3

Edv TTh
eh/K1_-|
d
c3
(eh/KT_)
d -C dA
.Exdx Edy
Eda TTh Cc/)°
c3 Leh aKT C_d
Exda 8TThc
(ehc/AkT
 Photo Electric Effect
Light
The emitted electrong
aTe called photo elect
m
' are

The Current Comatituttd

photo electric Curvent
The emlssion
of electrons Fuem metal plate wwhen
a

Luminated by liqht is called photo electric Effect

Lightentr9y elcectronS to =

h ibera te Nork +K.E

The potential unction CWo)

The
dikkerence blw AAB
B
ntenst o incddent hadiation
The
frequency of Incident Radiation
The photometal UUsed
Einstein Photoelectvic Eqn
Discovery 1905
E
Wo mU
Amount of enerqY nea,uived for electron
liberates from the Surface

h Wo t
mv
hvo Wo (No Cuaent)

Louoer
reaueny Radia tion
called as Threshold freauency atT-0
min. Ji bonati
amoumt oknadiaton
om Photo metal Surtface
 h Wot mv
h ho +L mV
2

mu - h(v-vo)
Stopping potential (Vo)
When I 0
m eVo
CVo - h (V-No)
Voh (N-vo)|
Tt follows the Straight line
haws-
photo cuTrent X intensity o Inci dent ught
I Intensity of Incident Ught
N o Time Laq. bfw iumination on a metal Auace

KE does mot dependls on intenmity of Incidont

RadiatioCm
KE of photo electrons depends on
frequency of InudenE
Rotdiation
6 The nate at which the electrons from a
photo
Cathode J Jndependent o its Temperaw
 COMPTO N EFFECT
Lm192 By Prof. AH Comptom
When monochromatic
a bean of high v (1-Tays)
S
1S Scattered by a Substance, thc Scattered

Ya
diations and component
Modified Radfation.
22 Un Modihied Rodtation
AAAAN Light
Dual Natwu
Incident photon mc h
AAAAAAAAA ElasttC
Scattered colision law of Conberva

Monechramatn
E- hv Electyom electyobm of Energy
at restt mometum
AYYangement :-
Bra99'3 X-ray
L L2
Spectrome ter

SourCe C
Graphite
Unsgátterd
Raug
Statt BIack path of spectrom et-er

H
Havinq 2 peaks

mchv
Af A (A)
mc hv
Epye5S10n of Compton shitt hvfSinO
C
C P: mC
h E cose
C
JO
hi
m COSo

mvsin
Before Collision
of Tncident
Of Incident photon hv,momentum
Energy
Entrqy

photon
Emergy of Thcident Rest enerqy he =moC
Momentum o u Photon hhvEi momentum o e 0

Ater Couision:-
Enerqy Scatteed photom - hvf
Enerqy
Momentum o "
C
Energy Oelectyon mc m mo

mU
Momentum o e - C
Accordinq to law oConservation oenerqy
Enerqy betove coueuon =
Enerqy ater couion

hVtmoC -
hf +mc O
mc
mc2
h(-Vf) + moC
mc hi-VE) +moc*
mc h +N-2, Vf+ moc1+
2hmoc (i-Vf)
Lau O Conservation ok momentum, Alonqhe
direction o ncidamce

V+o hofcoso + mvcos

C

or direction O photon
OtO = h f Sino-mUsIn
 FYom Ea )
mycos oC hvi-hVe Cos e
From Eq
Ymuc sim hVfSine 6)

Chvi-hvf Cos ®) + (hesino)

m vc* (Sin d +cos*o) =

vcC) h+h fcose -2h Vvp COs O+

hesine
mvc b+hp-2hVECoS O
moc hlvi*+ VE-2-0íVf Coso
Ea -
mc- m*u'c -
h| e-2-VEJ+mo c+
ahmoC(} -F

-h +f_2-j VECOSOJ
mcc -2h*iyetmot+ 2hmoc"(Vi-V)
+3hi vfeCOS ®
- 2 h i f -Coso +
mo 2hmoc lvi-veJ +
mm

J moC
no'c
moc Cc) - 2hive C1-cos e)t 2h (Vi-VP)
I-
-0 m o c t moc4
 mo cCe)
c-
2
mo4 2h iVf (-coso) +9h (N-Vf)Tnoc+mo C
ohiVfmoCc- h iVf (1-cOSe)
i-f h 1-COS o)
ViVf moC
h [1-Coso
moc2
h -cose
MoC
Af A= h 1-coso
moC
O = 8h
mocmo/2

De Broqlie's Hypothesis - MatteY Waves

particle 1 9 t-mc
t
MatteY P mv
Wave
enhibib Dual
, AE
Characteristics
Im 1924, Scientist Louis De-Broqlie
A wave is a spread out disturbance throu ghto S ut

SOme phase
Characteristfcs olaves Characteristics of fartfcles

OvFreauenty) O y 1 Mass n)
ACWave length) velodty
V Cphase velody)
4 a Campitude) 3 momtntum P-mU
Enegy t 1/a myz
5i Cintcnsity) E=mc
 De- Bro qlie Wave /matter wave

A- h
h

Derivation ot De- Broqlie lavelenqth:-

E mc - O particle natuwe

E h -( Have nature

mc h
h)
mc h

A =h h
mc
P
A-h P mc (proton)
P P
P mu Ah
m

>De-B TOqlíe Havelenqth in T terms o Kinectic

Energy E m
E m 2m
Cmu) mU
2m
E p 2
m muE
P 2mE
P 2mne E mv mx m
h
P 2me (kt)- Y m * . p2
m

mas o the accelenating Patide

 associated with electrons-
De Broqlíe's Wlavelenqth
mu = ev

mU 2ev
multipuy with m

2meV
mu
P - 2mev

P 2mev
h
P 2mev
h- 6.6 2 x1o J. Sec

m -31
9:|xloo kJ
e :6 x lo1C
xe 22 6 A°
V

De BYoqlíes Wavelenqth asseo iated oith pauticals in

Thermal EquuilibTium:-
KE 3 KT

=_ h h
2me Nzm( KT)
h
3mkT -
Bolt2man Const
Properties of Matter hlaves
(o7) De-Broq lie's aves :
A =h
mU
 high A - > Iow
A m
m - low hfgh
Smoll v 9reaterA
1

matter wave ts
ony with a moving particle
associat ed
Waves.
Matter waves are not Electro maqnetic
i qreater than velodt
Velocty O matter uwau
o gkt
Wave velocity W :A O
& mc
E hy
h mc
mc 2

h
Ah
my
Now sub. e 6 in ea O

W mc.h C2

Wc

laves :-
Matter
Eriperimen talStudy o
study dn 1924
1924
Davision German Ezperimental

Cylinder
s
Favadouy

G
SAikclo
Tungsten -5o Difractive angl
Filantnt 2plat
Galvanometer
EltctYonn
deatectoY Cylinder
44v 54V Gov
50
A= l2-26
Ve S4 226 6A-O
V
54
180-5o 50
65

80-50= 130
d O 9IA
h 2dSin O
2 xo-91A Stn 65
- 65 A