Teach 1n

passing of diff. ovdevedt Siqnals desn't

Same time.
distortion.

change
change in waveleng th also causes

uantum Mechanic3 .
Unil-4
De- broglie Concept:Mattey waves
a5Soctded
waves
theve wil be 970up 0f

hv) hy W + Er

W E max
photons mnah (v-v)|.
- plancks const.

thzesholdhold freguency
.

W w0Yk func. .
Ekinetit energy

Black Body 1a0dtation

P. E.E
CTompton effect.

OeBrohe3m
wavelengthJ"
P mv

p particle nature

.
 nature
particle
Wave nature
- InterfTence
- PE.E
- Compton Ejfect - Diffraction

Back Body Tadration Po larisation Wave

Apket

h
tF my.

momentum of the particle

FOT Te lativistic partit le
P mv

where, y - Yelativistic facto 7.

DifferentGorms0f De Broglie, elation3

h h
mEE mqv 3mkT

m am Ep
3 Y
chaTge
v- potential dif5
E T R- boltzm ann .
Einetic energy COnS

a830ciateof with material

Matter wave
Vlatfey wave wave

Darlicle8

Ohon dinger's ¬quation waye junchion

0f wtve mattey waves
Mathe matical Tepresentation
Qs80ciated wrth Parlicles
as4ociateod ts known a5
wave ".
 mate up
ns
Variatio
The quanlity whose

as wave
Waves, know of
ficance
Theve isno physical Oigni

wave function.

A +iB
ary part
Teal

w - y -(a-is) (A +iB) AtB

+Ve ,Te al .

probability density

ydyvldy dy dz
Volume
elemert
probability of finding the payticle
att
Ct any potnt
any
1n dpate at any time
cShould folbuo
operies of Well behavec Wave Junction 1 3 steps.
, must be nOYmalizab le
-
E FY, are
d O th ogona

must be continuous dingle value

cngfe valued multiva[ued

Continuous function s
3.
Devivative of wave Junction 1.e a , d , d.
1must be Continuous ngled values3

4. 0 at

all four Properties ust foltow the wave

The se
funttion

Uncertainity pytncipfe uncetainity

moTnentum
A

DP whe r e , h =*a

untertainity 1in
position .

A A PyO
Az AP
Ay APy
us :
tnside the nucle
tne aus:
rucle a
exist
Electron Can
O Can
not

Cet Size 0f
the nucle aus,

Use uner torinity Pvinetple,

. AP, Ar 1om

AP, a
 6.6 X 10T.s

3 1 4 1 0

m/3.
0.25 x16 kg

1Eg m/sec
nucleaUS

Eneigy of the electron inside

m 9.1 X10 kq

ni,c"so
E pe ar,) . r e
1 3 x10 Toule 3

163X10
Me V.
"V

1.6 x 10x 106

8.7MeV

The eneT9y of B-paricle cOming from the

ucled us i3 very Smalt 0.51 M.V

he P-pT B-particle t8 equivalent to ele tron

ex ist in
in the nuclegus
the nucleu3 due to
Electron
cannot

B-Partiele
very
Small ene"9 by
very
 Neuron.

proton, Can exist in the nucleus. .

et, Size of nucleuss,

Se uncertaimity punciple ,

AL: p,
hah cross h
P AL

h
4 A
6.6 X16"g-3
-
0.535 xlo kgm/
4x3.14 X Io4

0 Rg m/se c

+lUncertainity principle

the roton inside nucleaS.

Enenqy
E m c + p'c

VC67 xj0")(3x1o)(i3o) (3x10

E 15.03 x 10" Joule

15.03XIO
9.39x t0.
1.6X 10x 1o6

- 9 39 MV
 of e,P n?
.Caluculate Tes1 mass eneroy

pYoton:
E mc.

1.67x10 (3x oToule

6
1.67 x10xx1o, MeV
I.6Y1oX10

15.03x 10 = 934 MV.

MV

1.6X1010
(Y

to rest mas3 energy

This 13 equivalt ni
energy
energy
in 7ucleus
Can exist
of proton. So, Proton

Ele ctron
E m

9.1 x13' (3x18

- 9.410 Q1
33
981.9x0
M,V
1.6x to x10

0. 511MV.
Pove that
tha?
9youp velocity of the payticle 1s
to
Cqual to pariicle velocity and phase velocity
particle
1 equal to
-paricle
he yé locity
9YoupP velocity panse
ve locit y CSpeed of
Ttght

waves (o)
(oy
velocity (y)Veloeidy of group of
oup

waves
1 known as:
matter
C2TTt|
AC change in
9701up velotify.
angula
doo AG Jreq urty
A change in

payttcle ver. wave vector

of-Single
wareina -9YeP/4ndtviduaf *ove s
efority
43 KRown e pha3t Velottty,.
waves
idual wove
indiv idcual
an wavet
of an indiv
velocity
phase ve lbeity
() ves;ds
known
known a3
a3

group,wa
tn
/mattey
phast velosity

- 8v
Group veloitiy G = Mmc
h

2nP

k mu

-
 AP
IC p
( Ap
AP/e) P AP.
np hz12ojan dnot
. hzpo)an as0yd
Aud z
 .
la tephage,
and 9voup velocity of
a.
Calueu
n o n - v el at i v i 3 t i c p a r l i c l

whose de-670glie3
.Find the K.E o p h pioton

wove le noth
is 1fm 1m 16
1 0 5m
dol.
m 1.67x1o""kG
prot on

enevgy o
the pToton ,

Rest na3s

-mi"+p
E m c = 938MeV0.435, E
16.63 x 10-34 x3x10

lo15

1 Ge 10'm
.2410 Gev

4.2 lo Gev.
1.6X 167x 10

tivistic.
peE Re la
pe Non- Relalivistic

ve lativisthic p a r t i c l es
particle s
lativistic
Te
Total eney94 fov
"lofal enevqy

E
e pc
o.936)'+(1.410)1.555 Gev

t 7e3t
massene9y ene9y
E k.E

k.E t 4TO4t0.0. 36
1.555

k.E1.555 d.8+to q38

-344k.E=6.617 Ge
 0s.d
]LL°0=
- si
0 01 x91
9 Kb8 bl
ano0IX E hEOXE899
104 NN
! 0d 1
d
u C01 de
oypbung mon 36oig-p
' oy opaya
 An Cperator tells us what Kinol
kinot of
Cperator
CperatodY
0n
Operation we are Qoin9 to folbw

unction that follows it

it
the

Oper atov

Tee partcle wave junction

i/REt-px
= A e'

particle movin9 alono +2 axiS With eneT9

energy

&nomerlum by P
Astn(cot- kz)
h
Differenttate egOwith
W.Y.t time. h

1Et-r
Ae/6
d
dy
d

-E -

E iR.
dt
.

ih
 P ug
v
A3)
}4od y fo tubaou? o»tu:
-/A
LODADdg
unju3U OUL
A p
p
d -[x4-13|/V A
b FFia
V
a - d-19]
tT TLT ilti
 Hamitovian by
ts gtven. Dy

H-k.E +U' l0-P.E

HY - dY+vY
m

Hami Honian
|H ope 1ato7.,
d

A
operato7
1 U Potenti al energy
PoSitton operatoy.
.Pi

2. ih
A
3. FE d
m

4.H
-h +
m

5 = u
6

Equatiorn two types

8ch vodtinger's

i.Time indepenolen t Schrodin9tY Eqn

State Schrbdinger eg
Stationary
8chrodin9er en.
ii. me depenclent

HY EY.
 gtven
by,
tHamillomian is
Pro0f
F.E+ 0.=E
H
wave fn
mullply by
EV:
HY kv + UY=

-h Y +U EY
Time indepencenB S.E
8 E.

dt

dv L Time
d +Uy
=
n dtdependent
i
dependent
m
3.E

=EY.
-h_. dY +UY
m

d 9mu -m

- &mE
Y2moY

Time -vo
independent d
Sch1ondien tqh
(E-u) v.
**

particle in a box PTOblenm -

U- - 0

Conftnec
1n a
Consicley, a particle ofmas3 'm
1 fo) nfinile
ofSize L. The poten tial
Eo weft
a3Oulstde

the 5ox 03
at the walt of
he bo

8TM- Scannin9 tanneling

mgh
maqnetc tube

+uantum tunneling magnetc

tube

The peTticle bo ñeight i3 tnfinite. rt

dchrödinger Con of partcle

[E-uv
mE
+

0 O

mE
where, k

dolutton of eqO Ts given by.

Tht geneTal

y Adinka + B cos Er -
 7 Ug
134
7
Tu= 7
Ouig 0 74uig
gnonN
o-E
O.Find
the entvgy of the (n-1, n- 2 movin9
width
potentia boz of
in infinetely htgh
A .irr

m
E h
8 m2
8m
63 x103
9
ax9.1X10Sx (1xl6

- 6.02 x1o

4
isit
8 JEm 8m

4xE, 4Y6.0x1 o : 9 i

the Smatfest po33ibfe

culate
Calucula
a hydrogen atom kas
has
.fan excited State of
3.5xlo. what is the mtmmum
aa Tife
Tife time . 5 x

e710Y with which the Cnevgy fof hit3State

Can
Cam be measuved?

o Use uncertainity P»inctple

AE A 2 %

AE 516)
AE
h
4T7X5x1o 6.63 *164
 .11 X1 o .

uantum unneling f its applicatons

vansmis sion probabtlaty (Nanote thnoloq

T .

F
t where k/m(
11.f
Y
41 a PaTtcle has energy (E) less than barie

Cnevgy () the classi cally

9t Can not CYOSd the ba1VieT but Quantumn

Tmechanically tven if particleCnergy is less than

bavyie enevgy,the parthiele Can Cross the barrie

8 TAM s7in - potenlia l

Scanning lunneling Mitroscope Cne9

Arthur Btises it

Modan phy