Fviee = ndu

dy 3 dy
This change eaual to he Fvise
behon

We know that
density m=fca. As tunperatue ‘,
and
= constant wir,t
chonge in tempenauhe

Hene
Effecs P
As prresse ineas es and
is a contant w.r.t
ange in
is independnt o ? presswe
: n is indupende oP
 D.O0055
10" x
IO2.6x8 x\ox 3.|4x8.8 1L414x
LO
268X 0.G.023xO
+26
a.4X X(o3 G.02
lo' t850q
xa
x3.|4x8.8X10'x
o23 1.414
on JaT
8.8X10° colision treqyuncy
ofl
Xo
O.511
l.25 450X
x16 8.8 XI3x1-66
D 31
mls 450 C=
Nslm
olcuan diameter.
coliion frequenyo moleeules path
meanCalculate m. kg 2 sgas the
he MS. 45DD veloát
is
y ihy
eund
to was qas the (S
vsosity rm The Nsm. x0 L,66 be
xpeimant,
the an
e Tetmal condettvity
Theunal conductivity ú the alaility oh moateial
conduut themal neqS Thougn it R
by a qyunuctty
uchoat
coclhiient e thmal conductih
ff we dine a
ehehqy tras fured perquantity
quohich is
(hAQy wit the auMOwt d
per wnit tine,
q’fux then

d tmpeah
grudient

k=

k is
dcined as the
pUn wit
aa pU wnit
tie
aOUnt o enehay trasfoe
ohen a nit
 Pot
tempeate gradient be
Let dy heot
moleules nit voume
Mass o each molee
M- Co'd

moeeles passing from

No. e nit second
p 2x
bb to
mnc

- k d9 Temp. vadient
heat =
fun
speciyc hea
velocity
C - average the doonwac direction ber
olacules ouoing tn
No. ne S
wnit time
Uit a a pei 6
aa to w2 u
Sruitay no. o msle cus Howing gom
equal to
the
neat ot constat vouM, then
fn douonward direcion
If Cv - spe ctic
trans jened pes nit
areawit tine
amowt o heat enegy
dy
wit area pes urit t e
þen
Heot enegy tranered upad
9- do
dy
in the doonwand
dire ction wit A wit t is

ds ) -(nc)c(-db
mne) c(b* dy dy
mnc de
y
Ihis is the heat Hux q, grven by k
k dg
3
dy
k mncac
m
k=facCv S K

k= n. C

Effects e T en k

k-c.Cu
Constant w.rt change
21-TI in tempvte

k" yfac.Cu
PI
PI (2f) ís Corstant. w.rt change in
C- P Presse
indepencent
k ís îndependent
endnt o change in presue.
 Awtuntatal

tks

n(y.1)

duchon
dy

I)c dn
dy
J: Ddn

dy
 Efects en T en D:

Black Body - cu
ideal black bocy
which absorbs al objet
the E.M rodiations
incidantnt wpon it
the radictio ahd when cxcited
Emmiswe
Powes’lhe enqy o
nits
nadiotion enmited per
wt
Seneay it is de<ined for a
aeauntty
Area undes the ve
pantiaulen woavelngt feg
enitted bu the B.B = lotal engy Ennissive
Dower

(E)

Ex

-2000 le Weins Displacement law

000K
mT const

Stefan's constant
Stefan's Law
5, 67|o

B.B spe ctrum is not wniform

Etotat = T
Em d T
 e black body inceasts the waveength
As ternp'
corespondng to maximmenengy ift touwads,
Such that m Costnt.
A. lowr À.

tefan- Boltzmann taw'

whee

black body at absclute Tp T is swounded by

tenp To te
then the net
QNOthen black body at absolute
Tote eh oss hat pen wn rea

E- (TT)

Raulcigh's - Jeans aw
3t
tis aw was duveloped to explain 8.8 Spectm.
to tis la,
dasical physit. Accooing
given by
Ea: d = 8Tk1, d

-d)
2
Ey d) 87KT
c3
 :8TTET

This is Jt utr
aiolet catostrophy becoye it violates
utrumel
Rayliah
at Aowe -Jeans lauw vio lenty disagrees ith B.8 spectu
blow

aU.v Yegion). This is U.V

U.V catastopy
Problerns:
1) Ih #he
Solo
the green spectrum, te peak o eion occus in
region. at 5DO n Esimate the upotue
Sun. (Given weins
displacent corstant 91 xLomk
Arm T= 9.847 x I0

5794 K

Assume Sun to be
Using Stefan's poyectlly black body at tenp 5800k.
law, calculate the
eerg4 radiated by sun
Also find the rate at which
the solas eneng4
reacki ng
Grlven, Rsun TKo' m
top o the carths
atnosphere.
 Psun z (o T).A

= 5.67xi6x (5800)(4x3.14 xå9 x10)

26
=3.95 XI0 JS
2 26
uTtdse :3.95X (0 Ts

Per m’ 3.95 xIo 1390 Wm

ym1-5xi¡)
Ternperature o Sn :
1390
6olar constaMt

Psun trR)
S rR)oT

T= S
Vy
 Black Body racliaton :
Planek theory of
or

Plancks Quantum hypothesis

Plauck's Radiaton Law a

-da
In 901, Max Plauek deived empirical förmula L
explain the expsinnentals obsenved distibution o 2
enesgy in B.B Spebum.
He made a revouutionay hypothesis knon as
quatum theory of heat radiotion.
No- e allued
Planck's quoutM postuuates : Ís eql to
A B.B rodiation channben is JAled with hamnic
os ull ators or
ators of moleula dinsiona.
hese osillators ae knon Planck's osilators dr = a
which Can
vÜbrote with a
possTblL freguenues.
The osclators connot (UTT
enengy. but enesqy is cortinwosly radiot or absorb
enitted or bsorbed în the
form et packeta of quanta. called photons. Cach
photons have engy. E=h) where h- Plancks
corutat - 6-6 X 4 J

Since E.M wav

No. o allowed esci modes of frequenies
B.B
in the ax urta
cavity
No. of modes
Imagine
mawy E.M waves
ubical B.B cavtty having
Ondy those waye Can
exist inside th cavity whose nod al points a
fall on th walls
f the Caví ty
n2)
1 My I,2,3.4,
 Aveaet enehay antk oscitttos
nz= 1,2,3,

From the law e cosin , we have

Cosa +cos B+ cos- 1
Qa)
y : 2a

2av)
modes of frequen cies betwen and Vd
" No. e allewed
is equal to 1Volwme of shell)

dr aa d

transferr ttansvese wave, totel no. of modes

Since E. M waves arE
ax yrta v'dý 8rad÷
between and +d) pn wnit voue Ca) is
NO. of nodey
8rrv .d