Unit 2

Or
Re VL
Reynolda No Re 3L inemate viscat
choracteristcs th os 20m
9 consider tube uith
with dynamie viscosity o.00113 Pas
Containing water lauinar t o Re 2600
ot 298 k. Con_ider the
Ass we
calawate the blow velocit

O.00113

:V= ).3 X1 mls.

This srnall auot o7 velo uity, is not possisle Pra ctical,

Theretore, we deay with urbueut kow 4 not with the
Jowindr

Friction tactorS tor a tlow in a tubei

|26

Chear Strerse ’ F= TX 2TTRL

pressure dop across a tube can be epie

F TT (Po-P)R
 Page No.
Date

For laminay ttow he Process ook: qwte simpler bct tor

turbuleut klows Hhe uncertrinities involied such as vorte
irregular movement o streauulin es 4 rotationaliy maka
this pocess tedio us
’ kLawinar
Turhuleuct

TBL
Transitin

shear stresses or shear

The
anakysis
wall cu ring a turbulut
rces at the
os are based on empirica techniay
F= AEf.)
A" characteristics area' "E" charateristie K.E Per Va|
ta ctor.

Simensional Amaysis oB Friction ta ctor -

A metthod that estimates, logical grpings o$ the varig bles
involved in process called simensional Ahalysis,
- For uid too this technique is baed on 'similarit'
between The sy5tens that "geametrically similar'
are

too cirular conduit having dutieal

entitieS aud co mparable lugths
 |Oata

Li

Da L2

Soard # DenNation
not r k

ot 2=0,
LWAT PAyW

LWAZ
Pmomentum
1y+Ay
LWAe- LWAtyedy + Poay Wly-Pody Wly+Ay
divide
LWAy.
Po =D.
Dy l9+4y

3T Po -PL
dy L

T= Po- PL
Board
Erperimental Resuste tor tlcton toctor so
+for ci rcul ar Tube touD ;
D hrocteristic diam ter
L h qrateristie Leg
Pa-Pe Pressite drop
tiction toctor is
Re : VL
no,

+Laminar
Re

Turbulut stow

2 o.49 Re(-14) 2130< Re<b

Redative Roughnes D
- friction tactor aso depends Relti ve rouguMes.

mass ttow rate ot watey at 3oo k hr 180m

etemine the
la5mm wuder
os Horizontal pipe having.internal diauter.
Pressute dop o% 3.5 x1o The relative rouguness ot
Pipe is estimcted a 9.ool considerhe Reynoldi
no. i

to be gxIo4 viscosity 8.55 xio sPa.s

hisegjon
Given : L=120 m D= 125 x 10 Po-P = 3.5 Xto" NIm.
Re = 9xo5

Re VL V 9xHO2.55 KIo

V= .275 mo
 = AV
m AV velocity.

125X1o-3
4
X
x1ox4.2+5)
180

E/D= o.00l
f= 0.OO5.
brom the chart

125 X 3.5X |D

=125xio-2
V= ).66 mls,

rm: AV
= 1000 x 8.J4x (62-5) x -66 ng. vÛrtie
we neeo to Calcus
Vcorrerted

Re = VD = l000'XJ.56 x 126x L0-s

:56x lo4
2226AO 2.?ox 10*
<2.22 Xi0

2.
4V= fa Vcorrected::
Vcorected V,

=(o.005\"*56
V cotrected = 1.52 ms
 1.328
4
LWxgy 2 x GuLwv o.664
F=o.664,JRu
LWty
ttoo, Larminari For.
L 3v
fxLWx F=
ketor iction f’ KEE’ fAE F=
BodySubmeraed Payt Aow
(2+z)
f045 2Z,Z2 De= T
orTårbuleut
stou *
ri Re.
sloo. Laminar ’ tactor friction
Pu
A>|Rh= ADe =Rh 4
Radiy.
Rh-hydroulic DeV =Re
clso. as. written
Rh De Pus
Perimeter,Pw’oeted A4 De
equivalut by.
De replace
D now
gvDlu Re=
bes! Circular
Tu Non-
Board
ky's.
18.64
x(62.5)x
|.52.
X 3.l4 =1000X
oected AV rn
Date
No
Page
 vinematie iscaeity

Re

f= 1.328 ’ depend upon characteristic u

JRe
friction tactor is ku" o6 Payuplds No.

Aow Past a sphere

F=fAE A’ Projected Area
Fe,frRE

f= 24 dapeudy on charactens teiauetee.

Re

In order to
study the mining action in molten bth ok
auminium contained in induction turnate, lwe ea
steel tlag. The biag is held in a vertBial Posh, 4 placed in
the central part ot the, kunaçe shere he metl: tos
4pward. I6 provisions ave made'. he added
torce e xerted On the tlag due to Kuid moton, PTp
 Page No.
Date

a". Control chart that relate this

the veloty ot the
molten aduminium n the central portion the nae,
Assume that tur blent lou
encompa 55 ts the cond o% interest.
SAr= 2.5 xo kglnt.
ktag aimension = 0.3m x0.3m x5mm Cthick) 4 assume Re zl0.
Re = (0 f= 0.0045 Meaured toree
oo
’ trom the chart. con
coils
F= fAE o
o
oo
= 2 xfx LXWx ?N o

[orce acing
two sides ot urnace
Re = 9VL V= Rexu N=d,46 mls!

2 2

F=Zx fxLKWx'x.8 x Re x :
2

O.0045 x o.3x|oxI.Xo-3 xIXX

2.15 N

2 oith:.ether metalic or,ceramie powders Particle sizes

Lo to 250 m Apply Principle a7 ar elutrì ation (Aur Geotian).

ee erted by the air stream is euough
to Suspend
fotce
Particle ilismaller diau
etes partide . cariied lpward 4
colleetor Lange partdle.sall
ba ck. solid uo00

for aY at kglms.
smallest Particle size to be
Asswue the
to be 200M
Karget particle size
 Paga Nr
Oata

Eliti
V 2 (Spericle - ftuid) g

fa"/Pep.
tricton tactor r sphere s-

Air

surcei
Fo Bouguoy sor
Fo-Prag turcei, stokes rce.

Fo

Fe+ Fp= Fw.

gu,

Viscou tprce dominates inertial sorce.

stike's aus applicable cshen Re cee0.0bl,
Rayuolda applicqble only tor Smal pauticles,
Fe+ Fo =.Fw.
F=fAE
3
2id

3
i isorce Viscos
3000 f= .
gur! Ye7ereuce.
is
a00t Re
eser ibelou
i
much ts Resll
o-00 0080 o. =Re 0.0080
0.84x
(o
-4
Sxlo 1·o
X2xSxIo12.34x0-3, H266.*9 =Re
ms. xo
12.342
12342.03
Io* x
3398.82 oxl0 X X25 X 2
9x120x|o-5
2x6x\o)*%
I18)* (4000
- 10 =VT
xIo-5 1.80
V2R Re
VD =Re
ormula. this ye
cau cwe the applica
ble ’fel244 Re
24 f
lis
aw stokes ’1t
3
Rgid) Gsalid- Rg 3
|Data
(Page
No
 Dato

For bigger partide,

Re 3 VD

= 4000 x 2.34N

VT R
l x |80 xIo-5 = 12 x-80x Lo-S
14:56 xIo%1o!
,118 x 12-34X I
12 x1.8oxto-5xo
 (Page No.
Date

cond^ golid to Solid

Flo Cunvetin s0id lqia
through for ous media :
Darcy's. Law:
The Yete st tlouo is proportisnal t.the press 4re drP Per
wwit eugth. othe porous medium.
- The tou showdoccur under low press uTe gradieut.
it shold be slooleugth
Q AAPEp

Eb -’ Permeability permeabili ty cpebsiqieng (rn/N.s)

cdepends Kuid , its teup.4 packing characte ris tis)
It is more Common to -se teimi#specitic
pe tmeability
P= EpXU.

sp. pearmibiliby (P)

Sareg
- 1% the slos is unitorn, 1D.hen
Can be written as
Caster"simplisying the equn), =Ax Vx.

AVx = AAP*E Vne = A P p SP pegmi abiity

Vx= P (AP+ 894)

Pressuie qocitut
-ve , , neaata

P=Po
 Date|

characteristic o%e undry molaing snd

A Bmpor tant Pemeaton gases. heending
allosance tor the
motoling sands is YoLctinely
is
purpoßes. calcutcte thermeute
the Permeabilit o~
tor Process quabty Control:

permeability
30 mm
st saaple
60 mm
moleling
ngth thr which
sand
daueter
ok 60D Pa.
Bos. in. 15s uder a pressure i dop
8= 1.223- kg lm
Given :
lo-3 m3, 4p 600 Pa.s,

Ap* = AP+' B9L

600 + 9.8 x).223x 60 x1O7:.
= 600. H9

A AP* Ep

-3

i.60xLo,
6o x1o°
3.4X 225

x1.g0xo-5

t
 Page No.

Date

6
I0594.5 xl0
O.0943 mls.

P= uL
AP

F 0.0943 x .90 X\o-5 x60 x(o

600

ouw is pward
i dsais ngatve.

PePL.
Po-PL 600
-60xto3

AP" l0 Pa Im.

0.0g43

|D+-223 X9-8
Eb = 9,4|xIO m"/Ns

q= AAP*Ep ED = Vol xL
Ax4p*
Iox.60 xib-3
16X 314 xÓ5 KLo)x 6o0- (.223X9.9% 60 KIOSJ
9,44X
 gte

Meight / Elevation of tuid toLo Potentia Snegy.

A,
Z2

Surtace 1Datum

velouty oc Suid blow ’ Kinetie energy.

Total. work dorne Kuidi sow Presue.
change ht ’ PE
dhanga
ehauge in veloty
Total enerqy ot the systen remains qonserved lconstaut.

+ Bernoulli's Principle
The total mechani cal enery ot the
moving Klid comprising
ot aravitotional Potential, Ener4- o, elevation , the
enegy
associated witthe the tuid PleSSuIe 4the E o5 the ku
in rnotion remauns Constaut,
- Relates the pressure , speed 4 hei glut ot 3euic go o
Lncrease in ud speed / veloGty OceUsS with a Simultanaos
docrease in static pressure.

ASsumpions i
The cwid Kou5 Jn corn pressible . in
(chauye
o of P: const
The en ergy. o b the Kuuid is Con serVed (VisCoy tore =0).
+ 83Z2.
Summotion o5 PE , KE ¢ Pressu ve is always Censtaut.
 (Page No
Date

Equ" a continu ty conser yatior ok mass.

Navier- Stukes equn ConsesV atio o ot rnornentws
eonsevCtior
BevnoulU's Principle eneg4
App|^ :
conduits
Cal cl ting Pressure loss due to tiction losses in a
because oc sudden con trction 4 enlareuet.
2 oD measureueuts through ladles.
network, ( pu mps, valves nozzles.)