Heat Transfer and Fluid

Flow Over a Flat Plate

MANE 4020
Fall 2005
 Fluid Problem: Friction and
Boundary layer

U0
U

(x) U(y)

xo
Shear stress
U(x,0)=0 u
s  
y
y 0
Boundary layer thickness: yU(y)/ U =0.99
Measurement of the Velocity Profile

1
ptotal  p static   U2
2

U
 Skin Friction Coefficient
s
Cf  1
2  U
2

Skin Friction Correlations

C f 0.332
 Laminar flow
2 Re x 1/ 2

C f 0.0296
Re x  U  x 
 Turbulent flow
2 Re x1/ 5

Skin Friction Measurement

u
From: s  
y y 0 (difficult to get u near to wall)
 Boundary layer models
1/7th Power Law 1
u  y 7
 
U  
More exact expression
 
u y y+  5

1 
u  ln y  B y+  30

s
y  yu   ; u  u u 
  u 

Boundary layer models
 Convection Heat Transfer
 It quantifies the energy transfer between a
fluid at one temperature flowing over a
solid object at a different temperature.
q q
h 
T AT
- q” is the heat flux (J/s m2 = W/m2)
T is the difference between fluid temperature (in the
freestream) and the solid wall temperature
-A is the surface area of the solid.
-q is the total heat transfer from a surface (Watts).
 Two common questions of any
convective heat transfer problem
 Given the distribution of surface temperature as a function
of position along a surface, what is the distribution of
local heat flux?
 Given the distribution of local surface heat flux as a
function of position along a surface, what is the
distribution of surface temperature?
Tfluid

Tsolid
Fluid flow and heat transfer over
flat plate - A complex problem

U0 , T0 T (x)
U (x)
T(x,y)
(x) U(x,y) Tw (x)
(x)
xo qw qw qw qw

U(x,0)=0 Tw>Tinf

Rex= U *x/is the criterion for the Turbulent/Laminar

Rex>105 for the flat plate flow
Red >2300, for the pipe flow
 Dimensionless heat transfer
coefficient (Stanton #)
h U  x  
Stx   func  , 
c p U     

0.5 2/ 3
St x  0.453Re x Pr Laminar flow – can be derived

0.2 0.4
St x  0.0307Re x Pr Turbulent flow - experimental

h is the property of flow

Pr is the property of fluid
St decreases with the increase of Re.
St increases when the flow becomes turbulent flow.
Measurement of heat transfer
coefficient (I)
Qconvection Qradiation
Q0

Qconduction

Qo  Qconvection  Qbackside  Qradiation

Measurement of heat transfer
coefficient (II)
T T
R d
con
v
R ra
Tplate

Rcond

Tblack
 The plate is constructed of four layers of materials:
• Four, 2 in. wide Ni-Chrome heating strips which are embedded in
fiberglass and epoxy resin;
• 3/8 in. balsa wood;
• 5/8 in. plywood;
• 1/8 in. plywood.
 Measurement of heat transfer
coefficient (III)
Qo  Qconvection  Qbackside  Qradiation

Qo = VI
Ts  T
Q convection 
R conv
 hA(Ts  T )
h
Ts  Tback
Qbackside  T T
Rplate R d
con
v
R ra


Q radiation  A TS4  Tsurr
4
 Tplate

Rcond

Tblack
 Structure of Wind Tunnel

Wind supply: Blower /Fan (quantity supply);

Settling chamber (quality supply)

Honeycomb, Mesh Screen To reduce turbulence