Chapter 3

Heat generation
 Volumetric heat generation q̇
˙
𝑞
( )
𝑊
𝑚
3 ∗𝑉 (𝑚 ¿
3
) 𝑞 (𝑊 )

Plane wall

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒=¿
𝑇 h𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
a
re

q
A

Thickness
 Heat generation
W 
qW   q  3  *V (m3 )
m 

Solid cylinder
(Example: Wire, rod etc)

r
q V  Ac * L  ( .r 2 ) L

L
 Heat generation
W 
qW   q  3  *V (m3 )
m 
Hollow cylinder
(Example: Pipe, insulations etc)
ro

V  Vo  Vi
q
ri
V  ( .ro2 ) L  ( .ri 2 ) L

L
 Heat generation
W 
qW   q  3  *V (m3 )
m 
Solid sphere

q
r 4 3
V  r
3
 Heat generation
W 
qW   q  3  *V (m3 )
m 
Hollow
sphere

ro V  Vo  Vi
q
4 3 4 3
ri V  ro  ri
3 3
 Heat diffusion/conduction equation
Plane wall

HT in the HT in the HT in the Volumetric Accumulation

X-direction Y-direction Z-direction heat term
generation
(W/m3)
 Heat diffusion/conduction equation: Cylinder
qr (Most common)

qz

qϕ

HT in the HT in the HT in the Volumetric Accumulation

radial- ф-direction Z-direction heat term
direction generation
(W/m3)
 Heat diffusion/conduction equation: Sphere
qr

qϕ

qϴ

HT in the HT in the Volumetric

HT in the
radial- Ѳ -direction heat generation
ф -direction
direction (W/m3)

Accumulation
term
Temperature distribution T(x) for plane walls constant heat generation and
constant thermal conductivity.

1 dimensional HT Steady state

d  dT  d 2T q
k   q  0  
dx  dx  dx 2 k
Integrate w.r.t x
If k is constant
d  dT  dT q
k    q  0   x  C1
dx  dx  dx k
Divide k Integrate w.r.t x
q 2
k d  dT  q 0 T ( x)   x  C1 x  C2
   2k
k dx  dx  k k
Need 2 boundary conditions to get
C1 and C2.
 dT q q 2
  x  C1 T ( x)   x  C1 x  C2
dx k 2k
Note: Temperature changes non-
linearly with location “x”.
Heat transfer distribution q(x) for plane walls with heat generation

q  kA
dT   q x  Note: q changes linearly with
 kA  C1  location “x”.
dx  k 

Maximum temperature location for plane walls with heat generation

T
when x= xmax, dT/dx = 0 Tmax
dT q
  x  C1
dx k
q
0   xmax  C1 find xmax
k
q 2
x
Tmax   x max C1 xmax  C2 Find Tmax
2k
x=xmax
Temperature distribution T(r) for cylinders with constant heat generation and
constant conductivty

1 dimensional HT Steady state

1 d  dT  1 d  dT  q dT q C1
 kr   q  0 r   r
r dr  dr  r dr  dr  k dr 2k r
multiply r Integrate w.r.t r
If k is constant

1 d  dT  d  dT  q q 2
k r   q  0 r  r T (r )   r  C1 ln r  C2
r dr  dr  dr  dr  k 4k

Divide k Integrate w.r.t r Need 2 boundary conditions to get

C1 and C2.
k 1 d  dT  q 0  dT  q r 2
r   r   C1
k r dr  dr  k k  dr  k 2
Divide r
 dT q C1 q 2 T changes non linearly
 r T (r )   r  C1 ln r  C2
dr 2k r 4k with location (r)

Heat transfer distribution q(r) for cylinders with constant and constant k
dT
q (r )  kA
dr
 q C  q changes non linearly
q (r )  k (2rL)  r 1 with location (r)
 2k r 
Maximum temperature for cylinders with constant and constant k
dT q C1 T
 r
dr 2k r
when r=rmax, dT/dr = 0 Tmax
q C1
0   rmax  find rmax
2k rmax

q 2 r
Tmax   rmax  C1 ln rmax  C2
4k rmax
 Temperature distribution T(r) for spheres with constant heat generation and
constant conductivity
1D HT

1D HT Steady state
1 d  2 dT  d  2 dT  q 2 dT q C1
 kr   q  0 r  r  0  r 2
2
r dr  dr  dr  dr  k dr 3k r
If k is constant
d  2 dT  q 2 Integrate w.r.t r
1 d  2 dT  r  r
k r   q  0 dr  dr  k q 2 C1
2
r dr  dr  T (r )   r   C2
6k r
Divide k Integrate w.r.t r
Need 2 boundary conditions
1 d  2 dT  q
r   0  2 dT  q r 3 to get C1 and C2.
2
r dr  dr  k r   C1
 dr  k 3
Multiply r2 Divide r2
 dT q C1 q 2 C1 T changes non linearly
 r 2 T (r )   r   C2
dr 3k r 6k r with location (r)

Heat transfer distribution q(r) for spheres with constant and constant k
dT
q (r )  kA
dr
 q C  q changes non linearly
q (r )  k (4r 2 )  r  21 
 3k r  with location (r)

Maximum temperature for spheres with constant and constant k

T
dT q C
  r  21
dr 3k r Tmax
when r=rmax, dT/dr = 0

q C1
0   rmax  2
find rmax
3k rmax
r
q 2 C
Tmax   rmax  1  C2 find Tmax rmax
6k rmax
 T(0) T(r1) T(r2)

T(-L) T(0) T(+L)

r1

r2
X=-L X=0 X=+L
 Boundary conditions
1) Specified surface temperature
2) Specified convection
3) Specified heat flux
4) Maximum temperature
BC: Specific surface temperature (Ts given)
• If surface temperature is known
• We can use that as a boundary condition
TS1=100oC

TS2=30oC

TS1=100oC

TS2=30oC
x=0 x=L
T(0) T(L) r1 r2
T(r1) T(r2)

BC1: T(0)=TS1 BC1: T(r1)=TS1

BC2: T(L)=TS2 BC2: T(r2)=TS2

 Boundary conditions
1) Specified surface temperature
2) Specified convection
3) Specified heat flux
4) Maximum temperature
 BC: Specified convection (T∞ and h given)
• Specified convection means:
 (T∞) given
 (h) given

At x = L

Fluid 𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

T(L) (T∞), (h)
qcond qconv
−𝑘𝐴 ( @( 𝑥=𝐿)
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥)¿ h 𝐴 (𝑇 ( 𝐿) −𝑇 ∞ )

x=0 x=L
−𝑘 ( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
¿ h (𝑇 ( 𝐿 ) − 𝑇 ∞ )
@( 𝑥=𝐿)
 BC: Specified convection (T∞ and h given)
• Specified convection means:
 (T∞) given
 (h) given

At x = 0

Fluid 𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

(T∞) T(0) q
(h) qconv cond

−𝑘𝐴 ( @( 𝑥=0)
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
¿ h 𝐴 (𝑇 ∞ −𝑇 ( 0))

x=0 x=L
−𝑘 ( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
¿ h (𝑇 ∞ − 𝑇 (0))
@( 𝑥=0)
BC: Specified convection (T∞ and h given)
• Specified convection means:
 (T∞) given
 (h) given

At r = ro

𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

Fluid

qcond
T(ro)
qconv
(T∞)
(h)
−𝑘𝐴 ( )𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟
¿ h 𝐴 (𝑇 ( 𝑟 𝑜 ) − 𝑇 ∞ )
@(𝑟 =𝑟 ) 𝑜

−𝑘 ( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
¿ h (𝑇 ( 𝑟 𝑜 ) − 𝑇 ∞ )
@(𝑟 =𝑟 ) 𝑜
BC: Specified convection (T∞ and h given)
• Specified convection means:
 (T∞) given
 (h) given

At r = ro

𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

Fluid
(T∞)
(h) qqconv
conv
T(ri)
qcond
−𝑘𝐴 ( )𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟
¿ h 𝐴 (𝑇 ∞ −𝑇 ( 𝑟 𝑖 ))
@(𝑟 =𝑟 ) 𝑖

−𝑘 ( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
¿ h (𝑇 ∞ − 𝑇 ( 𝑟 𝑖 ) )
@(𝑟 =𝑟 ) 𝑖
 Boundary conditions
1) Specified surface temperature
2) Specified convection
3) Specified heat flux
4) Maximum temperature
BC: Specified flux (q’’ given)

when x=L
𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑞′ ′ ( 𝐴)
(Multiply “A” to make units consistent)
qcond q”=1W/m2

x=0 x=L
−𝑘𝐴 ( @( 𝑥=𝐿)
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 ) ¿𝑞′ ′ 𝐴
−𝑘 ( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 ) ¿𝑞′ ′
@( 𝑥=𝐿)
 BC: Specified flux (q’’ given)

when x=0
𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑞′ ′ ( 𝐴)
(Multiply “A” to make units consistent)
q”=1W/m2 qcond

x=0 x=L
−𝑘𝐴 ( @( 𝑥=0)
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 ) ¿𝑞′ ′ 𝐴
−𝑘 ( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 ) ¿𝑞′ ′
@( 𝑥=0)
 Boundary conditions
1) Specified surface temperature
2) Specified convection
3) Specified heat flux
4) Maximum temperature
 BC: Maximum temperature
Maximum temperature occurs in two cases
1) Insulated surface
2) Centre of a solid cylinder/sphere

Plane wall with

one surface insulated
Tmax when x=0 T=Tmax
(At maximum, derivatives are zero)
insulated

Tmin ( )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 ¿0
@(𝑥=0)
x=0 x=L
 BC: Maximum temperature
Maximum temperature occurs in two cases
1) Insulated surface
2) Centre of a solid cylinder/sphere

Plane wall with

one surface insulated
Tmax when x=L T=Tmax
(At maximum, derivatives are zero)
insulated

Tmin ( )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 ¿0
@(𝑥=𝐿)
x=0 x=L
BC: Maximum temperature
Maximum temperature occurs in two cases
1) Insulated surface
2) Centre of a solid cylinder/sphere

Hollow cylinder/sphere
(inner surface insulated)

when r=ri T=Tmax

ro (At maximum, derivatives are zero)

ri
( )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 ¿0
insulated @(𝑟=𝑟 𝑖 )
BC: Maximum temperature
Maximum temperature occurs in two cases
1) Insulated surface
2) Centre of a solid cylinder/sphere

Hollow cylinder/sphere
(outer surface insulated)

when r=ro T=Tmax

ro (At maximum, derivatives are zero)

ri
( )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 ¿0
@(𝑟 =𝑟 𝑂 )

insulated
BC: Maximum temperature
Maximum temperature occurs in two cases
1) Insulated surface
2) Centre of a solid cylinder/sphere

Centre of a
solid cylinder/sphere
when r=0 T=Tmax
(At maximum, derivatives are zero)

r=0 r=rS
( )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 ¿0
@(𝑟 =0)
A plane wall of thickness 0.1m and thermal conductivity 25 W/m.K having a uniform
volumetric heat generation of 0.3 MW/m3 is insulated on one side while the other side
is expose to a fluid at 92oC. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall
and the fluid is 500 W/m2.K.

a) Sketch the diagram and the temperature distribution.

Tmax
insulated

Tmin

x=0 x=L

Thickness=0.1m
b) Write the differential equation and the boundary conditions for the plane wall.

Assume one dimensional Assume

heat transfer steady state
b) Write the differential equation and the boundary conditions for the plane wall.

Tmax

qcond qconv

insulated
T(L)

x=0 x=L

when x=0 T=Tmax At x = L 𝑞 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 =𝑞𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣

( @( 𝑥=𝐿)
)
(At maximum, derivatives are zero) 𝑑𝑇
−𝑘𝐴 ¿ h 𝐴 (𝑇 ( 𝐿) −𝑇 ∞ )
𝑑𝑥
BC1: ( )
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
@(𝑥=0)
¿0
−𝑘
BC2:
( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
¿ h (𝑇 ( 𝐿 ) − 𝑇 ∞ )
@( 𝑥=𝐿)
c) Derive the temperature distribution T(x).

Integrate both sides w.r.t x

when x=0 dT/dx = 0

Integrate both side w.r.t x
Put in eq(2)
𝑑𝑇 𝑞
˙
=− 𝑥 +𝐶 1
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑞
˙
0=− ( 0)+𝐶 1
𝑘

𝐶 1= 0
 −𝑘
BC2:
( 𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥 )
¿ h (𝑇 ( 𝐿 ) − 𝑇 ∞ )
@( 𝑥=𝐿)

( 𝑞
˙
−𝑘− 𝑘 ( 𝐿)+𝐶¿1 h
− )( 2 𝑘
𝑞˙ 2
𝐿 +𝐶 1 𝐿+𝐶 2 −𝑇 ∞ )
−𝑘 ( − +0 ) =h ( − 𝐿 +(0) 𝐿+ 𝐶 − 𝑇 )
𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝑞˙ 2
2 ∞
𝑘 2𝑘

−𝑘 ( − ) ( 𝐿 +𝐶 − 𝑇 )
𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝑞
˙ 2
=h − 2 ∞
𝑘 2𝑘
Divide h
𝑞
˙ 𝐿 𝑞˙ 2
=− 𝐿 +𝐶 2 − 𝑇 ∞
h 2𝑘
𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝑞˙
𝐶2 = + 𝐿2 +𝑇 ∞
h 2𝑘
 Temperature distribution:
𝑞˙ 2
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 +𝐶 𝑥+𝐶 2 1
2𝑘
Substitute C1 and C2
𝑞˙ 2 𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝑞˙ 2
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥+ + 𝐿 +𝑇 ∞ …𝑒𝑞(4)
2𝑘 h 2𝑘
d) Determine the maximum temperature.

𝑞
˙ 2 𝑞
˙ 𝐿 𝑞˙ 2
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 + + 𝐿 +𝑇 ∞
2𝑘 h 2𝑘
𝑞˙ 2 𝑞˙ 𝐿 𝑞˙ 2
( )
𝑇 0 =− (0) + + 𝐿 +𝑇∞
2𝑘 h 2𝑘
𝑇 ( 0 )=212 ° 𝐶¿ 𝑇 𝑚𝑎𝑥
e) Determine T(L).
𝑞
˙ 2 𝑞
˙ 𝐿 𝑞
˙
𝑇 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑥 + + 𝐿2 +𝑇 ∞
2𝑘 h 2𝑘
𝑞
˙ 𝑞
˙ 𝐿 𝑞 ˙
𝑇 ( 𝐿 )=− 𝐿2 + + 𝐿2 +𝑇 ∞
2𝑘 h 2𝑘
+𝑞 ˙ 𝐿
𝑇 ( 𝐿 )= +𝑇 ∞
h
6
+ 0 .3 ∗ 10 ( 0 . 1 )
𝑇 ( 𝐿 )= +92¿ 152 ° 𝐶
500
h) Derive the heat transfer distribution q(x) and heat flux distribution q’’(x).
𝑑𝑇 𝑞˙
=− 𝑥+𝐶 1 …𝑒𝑞(2)
𝑑𝑥 𝑘
𝑞 ( 𝑥 )=− 𝑘𝐴
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
𝑞
˙
( 𝑞
˙
¿ − 𝑘𝐴 − 𝑥+ 𝐶¿1− 𝑘𝐴 − 𝑥¿
𝑘 𝑘 ) ( ) 𝑞˙ 𝐴𝑥
𝑞 ( 𝑥) 𝑞˙ 𝐴𝑥
𝑞 ′ ′ ( 𝑥 )=
𝐴
¿
𝐴
¿𝑞
˙ 𝑥
i) Determine q’’(0) and q’’(L).

˙ 𝑥
𝑞 ′ ′ ( 𝑥)=𝑞 ˙ 𝑥
𝑞 ′ ′ ( 𝑥)=𝑞
𝑞 ′ ′ ( 0)=𝑞˙ (0) 𝑞 ′ ′ (𝐿)=𝑞˙ (𝐿)
𝑊
𝑞 ′ ′ ( 0)=0 ′′
𝑞 ( 𝐿 ) =3 ∗10
4
2
𝑚
 r2
rod
T∞=27oC
q̇
r1 h=25W/m2.K

sleeve

T1 T2
r1 = 200/2 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
kr = 0.5 W/m.K
q T1 T2 T∞
q̇ = 24000 W/m3
r2 = 400/2 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
Rs Rconv
ks = 4 W/m.K
ln(r2 / r1 ) 1
q  q V  q (r12 L) 2k s L h(2r2 L)

T 1  T T1  T
q (r12 L)  q (r12 )  T1  71.8o C
ln( r2 / r1 ) 1 ln( r2 / r1 ) 1
 
2k s L h(2r2 L) 2k s h(2r2 )
 r2
rod
T∞=27oC
q̇
r1 h=25W/m2.K

sleeve

For rod: T1=71.8oC

Boundary conditions

1D HT Steady dT
r0 0
1 d  dT  state dr r 0
 kr   q  0
r dr  dr 
k d  dT 
r   q r  r1 T (r1 )  T1
r dr  dr 

d  dT  q
r  r
dr  dr  k
 T (r1 )  T1
d  dT  q
r  r
dr  dr  k
q 2
Integrate  r1  (0) ln r1  C2  T1
4k
 dT  q 2
r    r  C1 q 2
 dr  2k  r1  C2  T1
Divide r 4k
dT q C q 2
 r 1 eq(1) C2  T1  r1
dr 2k r 4k
Integrate
q eq(2) Put C1 and C2 in eq(2)
T (r )   r 2  C1 ln r  C2
4k
q 2 q 2
T (r )   r  T1  r1
dT 4k 4k
0
dr r 0 Note: Use k value of rod
q C
(0)   (0)  1
2k ( 0)
C1  0
 r2
rod
T∞=27oC
q̇
r1 h=25W/m2.K

sleeve

T1=71.8oC
r1 = 200/2 = 100 mm = 0.1 m
kr = 0.5 W/m.K
q̇ = 24000 W/m3
r2 = 400/2 = 200 mm = 0.2 m
ks = 4 W/m.K
q q 2
T (r )   r 2  T1  r1
4k 4k

q q 2 q 2
T ( 0)   (0) 2  T1  r1  T1  r1  191.8o C
4k 4k 4k
 4 Ts,i Ts,o T∞
q  q *V  q * ri3 q
3
Rs Rconv
Ts ,i  T
q Ts ,i  129.2o C 1 / ri  1 / ro 1
1 / ri  1 / ro 1 
 4k  2  4k s h(4ro2 )
 s h ( 4ro )

Ts ,i  Ts ,o
q Ts ,o  36.6o C
1 / ri  1 / ro 
 4k 
 s 
For RW: 1D HT

Boundary conditions

dT
r0 0
dr r 0
1D HT Steady state
k d  2 dT 
2 r   q  0 r  ri T (ri )  Ts ,i
r dr  dr 

d  2 dT  q 2
r  r
dr  dr  k
d  2 dT  q 2 T (ri )  Ts ,i
r  r
dr  dr  k
Integrate q 2 (0)
 ri   C2  Ts ,i
6k ri
 2 dT  q 3
r    r  C1
 dr  3k
q 2
Divide r 2
 ri  C2  Ts ,i
6k
dT q C
  r  21 eq(1)
dr 3k r
q 2
Integrate C2  Ts ,i  ri
6k
q C
T (r )   r 2  1  C2 eq(2) Put C1 and C2 in eq(2)
6k r
dT q 2 q 2
0 T (r )   r  Ts ,i  ri
dr r 0 6k 6k
q C1 Note: Use k value of RW (radioactive wastes)
( 0 )   ( 0)  2
3k ( 0)

C1  0
 q 2 q 2
T (r )   r  Ts ,i  ri
6k 6k

q q 2
T ( 0)   (0) 2  Ts ,i  ri
6k 6k

q 2
T (0)  Ts ,i  ri  337.53o C
6k
 r2

r1

pipe ( q , k )
L = 12m r1 = 0.15m r2 = 0.2 m k = 20W/m.oC
T1 = 60oC T2 = 80oC q = 25kW = 25000W T1 T2

T?
1 d  dT  Assume steady state and 1
 kr   q  0
r dr  dr  dimensional HT

k d  dT 
r   q  0
r dr  dr 

d  dT  q Boundary conditions:
r  r
dr  dr  k T (r1 )  T1 T (r2 )  T2
 d  dT  q eq(4)  eq(5)
r  r
dr  dr  k
q 2 q 2
int ergrate  r1  C1 ln r1  C2  r2  C1 ln r2  C2  T1  T2
4k 4k
 dT  q r 2
r   C1 eq(1)
 dr  k 2 q 2 q 2
 r1  r2  C1 ln r1  C1 ln r2  T1  T2
dT q C 4k 4k
 r 1 eq(2)
dr 2k r q 2 q 2
int ergrate  C1 (ln r1  ln r2 )  T1  T2  r1  r2
4k 4k
q
T (r )   r 2  C1 ln r  C2 eq(3) q 2 q 2
4k T1  T2  r1  r2
C1  4k 4k
T (r1 )  T1 ln r1  ln r2

q 2
 r1  C1 ln r1  C2  T1 eq(4) from _ eq(4)
4k q 2
 C2  T1  r1  C1 ln r1 put _ in _ eq(3)
T (r2 )  T2 4k

q 2 q 2 q 2
 r2  C1 ln r2  C2  T2 eq(5) T (r )   r  C1 ln r  T1  r1  C1 ln r1
4k 4k 4k
q 2 q 2
T (r )   r  r1  C1 (ln r  ln r1 )  T1
4k 4k
 q 2 q 2
T1  T2  r1  r2
C1  4k 4k
ln r1  ln r2
q 2 q 2
T (r )   r  r1  C1 (ln r  ln r1 )  T1 substitute _ C1
4k 4k

 q 2 q 2 
 T  T  r1  r2 
q 2 q 2 1 2
4 k 4 k
T (r )   r  r1   (ln r  ln r1 )  T1
4k 4k  ln r1  ln r2 
 
 
 q 2 q 2 
  r 
q 2 q 2  1 2 4k 1 4k 2 
T T r
T (r )   r  r1   (ln r  ln r1 )  T1 eq(6)
4k 4k  ln r1  ln r2 
 
 
L = 12m r1 = 0.15m r2 = 0.2 m k = 20W/m.oC
T1 = 60oC T2 = 80oC q = 25000W
r r q W
r  1 2  0.175m V  r2 L  r1 L  0.66m
2 2 3 q   37894 3
2 V m

from _ eq(6) T (r )  71.31o C

Heat is generated in a plane wall (thickness, l ) at a rate of . One side of the wall
(at x=0) is perfectly insulated, while the other side (at x=l ) temperature is kept
constant at 40oC. The necessary parameters are as follows:
l = 5cm k = 40 W/m.oC =
A = 10m2 Cp = 4000 J/kg.oC =1600kg/m3
Considering steady state one dimensional heat transfer, do the following:
a) Draw and label a schematic of this problem statement.
b) The maximum temperature can be found at which position? Explain.

The left surface of the wall (at x=0) will have

Ts = 40oC
insulated
the maximum temperature because it is
insulated.

x=0 x=l
Heat is generated in a plane wall (thickness, l ) at a rate of . One side of the wall
(at x=0) is perfectly insulated, while the other side (at x=l ) temperature is kept
constant at 40oC. The necessary parameters are as follows:
l = 5cm k = 40 W/m.oC =
A = 10m2 Cp = 4000 J/kg.oC =1600kg/m3
Considering steady state one dimensional heat transfer, do the following:
c) Determine the value of the maximum temperature.

Integrate both sides w.r.t x

1D heat transfer Steady state

Integrate both sides w.r.t x
 Ts = 40oC
insulated
x=0 x=l

𝑩𝑪 𝟏:
𝒅𝑻
𝒅𝒙 |
𝒙=𝟎
=𝟎
 Ts = 40oC
insulated
x=0 x=l

𝑩𝑪 𝟐:𝑻 ( 𝒍 ) =𝑻 𝒔
when Tmax = T(0)

Ts = 40oC
insulated
x=0 x=l

d) Determine the heat transfer rate leaving the wall.

e) Find the time rate of temperature change at x=0.
At steady state, the accumulation term is zero

Ts = 40oC
insulated
x=0 x=l
An electric wire (D = 0.4 cm, k = 15 W/m.K) generates heat at a rate of 50 W/cm 3.
An insulation (thickness = 0.5 cm, k = 1.2 W/m.K) is used on the surface of the
wire. The insulation outer surface temperature is 45oC. Assuming steady state
condition, do the following:
a) Draw schematic diagram r2,Ts2
b) Draw the thermal circuit
c) Find the center temperature of the wire
r1,Ts1
r1 = D/2 tins
r1 = 0.4cm/2 = 0.2 cm = 0.002 m wire,
kwire = 15 W/m.K
Insulation

tins = 0.5 cm = 0.005 m Ts1 Ts2

r2 = r1 + tins
𝑞=𝑞
˙ 𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
r2 = 0.002m + 0.005 m = 0.007 m Rcond,ins

kins = 1.2 W/m.K

Ts2 = 45oC
 r2,Ts2
Assume L = 1 m

r1,Ts1
tins

wire,

Insulation

Ts1 Ts2

𝑞=𝑞
˙ 𝑉 𝑤𝑖𝑟𝑒
Rcond,ins
 r2,Ts2
For wire:

r1,Ts1
tins

1 dimensional steady wire,

heat transfer state
Insulation

Integrate both sides w.r.t r

Integrate both sides w.r.t r

Divide r
Put C1 and C2 in equation 2

Use the k value of wire

 r2,Ts2

Finding center temperature of wire (r = 0)

r1,Ts1
tins

wire,

Insulation
Consider a large plane wall of thickness L and constant thermal conductivity k.
The left side of the wall (x = 0) is maintained at a constant temperature T m while
the right surface at x = L is insulated. Heat is generated in the wall at the rate of
Assuming steady, one dimensional heat transfer, do the following:
a) Draw a schematic of this problem statement
b) Express the differential equation and boundary condition

k
1D heat transfer Steady state

Insulated
Tm

x=0 x=L
c) Obtain a relation for temperature distribution in the wall in terms of x, L, k, a
and Tm.

Integrate both side w.r.t x

Integrate both side w.r.t x

Put C1 and C2 in eq(2)
d) Prove that the maximum temperature is
k

Insulated
The maximum temperature occurs at the insulation Tm
when x = L
Thus Tmax = T(L)

x=0 x=L
A plane wall shown above has one section (B) with thermal conductivity 25 W/m.K
and the other part (A) with thermal conductivity 5 W/m.K with a thermal contact
resistance (Rc = 0.01 m2 K/W) between them.

y-direction
A=1m 2 RC’’=0.01m2K/W
25mm 25mm

q”=1000 W/m2 B A T∞=20oC

h = 20 W/m2.K
T3 T2 T1 Ts

k1=25W/m.K k2=5W/m.K
x-direction
a) Calculate the surface temperature (Ts) using energy balance over a control
volume of your own choosing. Indicate the control volume on the figure
b) Draw the thermal circuit.
c) Find the temperatures T1, T2 and T3.
d) Sketch the temperature profile in the plane wall. Where is the maximum
temperature?
e) Find the temperature distribution equation in section A only. Is it linear or
non linear?
a) Calculate the surface temperature (Ts) using energy balance over a control
volume of your own choosing. Indicate the control volume on the figure

A=1m2 RC’’=0.01m2K/W
25mm 25mm

q”=1000 W/m2 B A T∞=20oC

h = 20 W/m2.K
T3 T2 T1 Ts

k1=25W/m.K k2=5W/m.K

Assume steady state and no heat generated

Control
volume
b) Draw the thermal circuit.

A=1m2 RC’’=0.01m2K/W
25mm 25mm

q”=1000 W/m2 B A T∞=20oC

h = 20 W/m2.K
T3 T2 T1 Ts

k1=25W/m.K k2=5W/m.K

𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇𝑆 𝑇∞
𝑞=𝑞′ ′ ( 𝐴)
c) Find the temperatures T1, T2 and T3.
𝑇3 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑇𝑆 𝑇∞
𝑞=𝑞′ ′ ( 𝐴)
 d) Sketch the temperature profile in the plane wall. Where is the maximum
temperature?

A=1m2 RC’’=0.01m2K/W
T3 25mm 25mm

q”=1000 W/m 2 B T2 A T∞=20oC

h = 20 W/m2.K
T1
k1=25W/m.K k2=5W/m.K TS
x=0 x=L x=2L

The maximum temperature is T3 which occurs at x = 0.

e) Find the temperature distribution equation in section A only. Is it linear or
non linear?

A=1m2 RC’’=0.01m2K/W
25mm 25mm

q”=1000 W/m 2 B A T∞=20oC

h = 20 W/m2.K
T3 T2 T1 Ts

k1=25W/m.K k2=5W/m.K
x=0 x=L x=2L

1D heat transfer Steady state

𝐵𝐶1:𝑇 ( 𝐿 )=𝑇 1 𝐵𝐶2:𝑇 ( 2 𝐿 )=𝑇 𝑠

Integrate both sides w.r.t x

Integrate both sides w.r.t x

Put eq(5) in eq(3)

Put C1 and C2 in eq(2)

The between T and x is linear.

A long homogeneous resistance wire of radius r0 = 0.25 in and thermal
conductivity of k = 8.6 BTU/(h.ft.oF) is being used to boil water. Heat is generated
in the wire uniformly at a rate of 1800 BTU/(h.in3). The heat generated is
transferred of the water at T∞ = 212oF with an average convection heat transfer
coefficient of h = 820 BTU/(h.ft2.oF).
a) Express the differential equation and the boundary condition for heat
conduction through the wire.
For wire: Water
wire (k, ) T ∞, h

r0
1 dimensional steady T(r0)
heat transfer state

𝐵𝐶 1 :
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑟 |𝑟= 0
=0
b) Obtain a relation for the variation of temperature in the wire by solving the
differential equation.

Differentiate both sides w.r.t r

Divide r

Differentiate both sides w.r.t r

Divide h
Substitute C1 and C2

c) Determine the center temperature of the wire.

k = 8.6 BTU/(h.ft. oF)

h = 820 BTU/(h.ft2.oF)

T∞ = 212 oF