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THERMAL ENGINEERING
2.0 Conduction
• Main Objective of
Conduction
Analysis
– To determine the
temperature
distribution in a
medium
2
Steady versus Transient Heat Transfer
3
2.1 Fourier’s Law of Heat
Conduction
[Derivation of General Conduction Differential Equations]
4
multidimensional heat transfer,
5
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
• Cartesian Coordinates:
dQ(z+dz)
Z dQx
dz
dQy dQ(y+dy)
Y
dx
X
dy 6
dQ(x+dx) dQz
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
• Differential volume:
dV dx dy dz
• Heat conduction rate in x-direction (into element):
dT dT
dQx k A k dy dz
dx dx
A
dz
dQx
dy
7
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
T
f ( x) d Q X k dy dz
x
h dx
d Q x 2
T
f ( x) k dy dz 2 8
x x
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
T 2T
d Q( x dx) k dy dz k dy dz dx 2
x x
d Qx d Q x
dx
x
• Therefore the net rate of flow in the x-direction is:
T T 2T
d Q x d Q x dx k dydz k dydz k dydzdx 2
x x x
2T
k dx dy dz 2
x
9
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
• Likewise:
2T
d Q y d Q y dy k dx dy dz 2
y
2
T
d Q z d Q z dz k dx dy dz 2
z
10
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
11
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
q dV q dx dy dz
rate of heat
generated
per volume
T T
C p dV C p dx dy dz
t density t
specific
heat rate of
temperature 12
change
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
13
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
T 2T 2T 2T
CP k 2 2 2 q
t x
y
z Rate of Heat
Rate of Heat Storage Generation
Net Rate of Heat int o element
• Set:
k Thermal diffusivity (i.e. the ratio of
~ heat conduction to heat storage)
CP
14
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
1 T 2T 2T 2T q
2 2 2
t x y z k
Rate of Heat Storage Rate of Heat
Net Rate of Heat int o element Generation
15
Heat Conduction Equation
(Rectangular Coordinates)
• Special cases:
1) Fourier Equation (no heat generation, q′ =0):
1 T 2T 2T 2T
2 2 2
t x y z
2) Poisson Equation (steady state, T/t =0):
2T 2T 2T q
2 2 2 0
x y z k
z z
T(r,Φ,)
r
x y x y
Φ
17
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
• Differential volume:
r·sin
q(r+dr) ·d Φ
d Q r
d Q ( r dr ) Q r dr r·d
r
2 T
kr d d sin
r
T 2 2
T
dr 2kr d d sin kr d d sin 2
r r
20
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
2 T 2 T
d Q r d Q ( r dr ) kr d d sin kr d d sin
r r
T 2 2
T
dr 2kr d d sin kr d d sin 2
r r
T 2 2
T
d Q r d Q ( r dr ) k d d dr sin 2r r 2
r r
21
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
q()
dr
T
d Q k dr r sin d
r d r·sin·dΦ
A
T
k dr sin d
22
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
q(+d)
dr
d Q r·sin·dΦ
d Q d d Q d
T T 2T
k dr sin d k dr d cos sin 2 d
23
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
T T
d Q d Q d k dr sin d k dr sin d
T 2T
k dr d cos sin d
2
T 2T
d Q d Q d k dr d d cos sin
2
24
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
q(Φ)
r·d
T
d Q k r d dr
r sin dr
k d dr T
sin
25
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
r· d
q(Φ+dФ)
d Q
d Q d d Q d dr
k d dr T k d dr d 2T
2
sin sin
26
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
k d dr T k d dr T
d Q dQ d
sin sin
k d dr d 2T
2
sin
k d dr d 2T
d Q d Q d 2
sin
27
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
T 2 T
C P dV C P r dr d d sin
t t
28
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
29
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
2 T
C P r dr d d sin
t
T 2 2
T
2r sin r sin 2
r r
2
T T 2
k dr d d cos sin 2
q r dr d d sin
2
1 T
sin 2
30
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
C P T
k t
1
2
2 T T cos 1 T 1 T 1 T q
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
r r r sin r r r sin k
k
• Recall: ~ thermal diffusivity
CP
31
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
• Now simplify:
1 T 2 T 2T cos 1 T 1 2T
2 2 2 2
t r r r sin r r
1 2 T 1 T
r sin
r 2 r r r 2 sin
1 T q
2
2 2 2
r sin k
32
Heat Conduction Equation
(Spherical Coordinates)
1 T
t
1 2 T 1 T 1 T q
2
2
r 2 sin 2 2 2
r r r r sin r sin k
33
Heat Conduction Equation
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
• Homework #2
– Derive the equations for cylindrical
coordinates
34
Heat Conduction Equation
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
1 T T 1 T 1 T T q
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
t r r r r z k
1 T
r
r r r
1 T 1 T 1 T T q 2 2
r 2 2 2
t r r r r z k
35
Boundary and Initial Conditions
36
Boundary and Initial Conditions
T(0,t) = Ts
T
Ts
x
T(x,t)
37
Boundary and Initial Conditions
T
T qs
k qs
x x 0 T(0,t)
x
qs
38
Boundary and Initial Conditions
T
T
0
x x 0 T(0,t)
x
T(x,t)
39
Boundary and Initial Conditions
T
T
k hT T 0, t
x x 0
x
q
T(x,t)
T∞, h 40
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Example 2.1)
T1
A, k with no energy
generation (q′=0) has the
following boundary
conditions:
X X= 0 ; T(0)= T1
X=0 X=L
• TDevelop X= L ; T(L)= T2
2 the expressions:
1) Temperature distribution T(x) within the slab.
41
2) Heat flow (Q), through the area (A) of the slab.
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Example 2.1)
T ( x) C1 x C2 X
T2X=0 X=L
x 0 T1 C2
x L T2 C1 L T1 T2 T1
T ( x) x T1
T2 T1 L
C1 42
L
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Example 2.1)
dT T2 T1 T2 T1
Q kA kA
dx L R
L
where : R
kA 43
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Analysis Procedure)
2T q
0 2 For: 0 X L
x k 45
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Analysis Procedure)
C1
T2 T1
q
L
L 2k 47
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Analysis Procedure)
48
1-D Steady State Conduction
(Analysis Procedure)
Q dT
q k
A dx
49
2.2 Thermal conductivity of
materials
50
Thermal conductivity
52
Thermal conductivity
• Thermal conductivity
is temperature
dependent
53
Thermal conductivity
54
2.3 One-dimensional,
steady state heat conduction
through single and composite walls
55
1-D Steady State Conduction
56
Thermal Resistance Method
57
Thermal Resistance Method
(Analysis Procedure)
T T T
Q kA kA
x L R
L
where : R
kA
• L – Thickness of the slab
• A – Area normal to the direction of heat flow
• K – Thermal conductivity coefficient
• ∆T – Temperature difference (gradient)
• R – Thermal resistance
58
Thermal Resistance Method
(Analysis Procedure)
Potential Difference (V )
Current ( I )
Re sis tan ce ( R)
59
Analogy to Electrical Current Flow
• Eq. 3-5 is analogous to the relation for electric current
flow I, expressed as V1 V2 (3-6)
I
Re
60
Thermal Resistance Method
(Analysis Procedure)
T
T1 1 k, A
dT
q(x) q(x)
2
T2
T2
X
dx
Q Q
T1 T2
L
R
kA
61
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.2)
T1
Q(x)
T2
B
A C
T3
T4
X
Q Q
T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4 62
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.2)
Q Q
T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4
Q k A A
T2 T1
k A
T3 T2
k A
T4 T3
B C
x A xB xC
x A xB xC
RA ; RB ; RC
kA A kB A kC A
63
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.2)
Q Q
T1 RA T2 RB T3 RC T4
Q
T1 T4
x A xB xC
k A A k B A kC A
T1 T2 T1 T2 1 1
Q Q1 Q2 T1 T2
R1 R2 R1 R2
1
Rtotal (3-29)
1 1 1 RR
Rtotal = 1 2 (3-31)
Rtotal R1 R2 R1 R2
65
Combined Series-Parallel Arrangement
The total rate of heat transfer through
the composite system
T1 T
Q (3-32)
Rtotal
where
R1 R2
Rtotal R12 R3 Rconv R3 Rconv (3-33)
R1 R2
L1 L2 L3 1
R1 ; R2 ; R3 ; Rconv (3-34)
k1 A1 k2 A2 k3 A3 hA3 66
Thermal Resistance Concept- Conduction
Resistance
• Equation 3–3 for heat conduction through a
plane wall can be rearranged as
T1 T2
Qcond , wall (W) (3-4)
Rwall
• Where Rwall is the conduction resistance
expressed as
L
Rwall ( C/W) (3-5)
kA
67
Thermal Resistance Concept- Convection
Resistance
• Thermal resistance can also be applied to convection
processes.
• Newton’s law of cooling for convection heat transfer
rate (Q conv hAs Ts T)can be rearranged as
Ts T
Qconv (W)
Rconv
• Rconv is the convection resistance
1
Rconv (C/W)
hAs
68
Thermal Resistance Concept- Radiation
Resistance
• The rate of radiation heat transfer between a surface
and the surrounding
Ts Tsurr
4
4
Qrad As Ts Tsurr hrad As (Ts Tsurr )
Rrad
(W)
1
Rrad (K/W)
hrad As
Q rad
hrad
As (Ts Tsurr )
Ts2 Tsurr
2
s surr
T T (W/m 2
K)
69
Thermal Resistance Concept- Radiation
and Convection Resistance
• A surface exposed to the surrounding might
involves convection and radiation simultaneously.
• The convection and radiation resistances are parallel
to each other.
• When Tsurr≈T∞, the radiation
effect can properly be
accounted for by replacing h
in the convection resistance
relation by
hcombined = hconv+hrad (W/m2K)
70
Thermal Resistance Network
or
heat convection = heat conduction = heat convection
into the wall through the wall from the wall
Q h1 A T ,1 T1
T1 T2
kA h2 A T2 T ,2
L
71
Thermal Contact Resistance
72
Multilayer Plane Walls
• In practice we often encounter plane walls that
consist of several layers of different materials.
• The rate of steady heat transfer through this two-layer
composite wall can be expressed through where the
total thermal resistance is
Tf 1 Tf 4 Tf 1 Tf 4
Qx
1 L1 L2 L3 1 R
h1 A k1 A k 2 A k3 A h4 A
75
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.3)
1 1
U
R A 1 L1 L2 L3 1
h1 k1 k 2 k 3 h4 76
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.4)
T3
T4
Gas Film L Water Film
X
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3, conv T4 78
R1,rad
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
Q T1 T2 T2 T3 T3 T4
q
A R1 R2 R3
79
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
1
R3
h4 A
82
Thermal Resistance Method
(Example 2.4)
R1,conv
T1 T2 R2 T3 R3 T4
R1,rad
• The total resistance is:
R R R 1 2 R3
1
1 1
R2 R3
R1,rad R1,conv
F1 2 T T h A
4 4 1
L 1
1 2
1
T1 T2 kA h4 A 83
2.4 One-dimensional,
steady state heat conduction
in cylinders and spheres
84
Radial Systems
r
85
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
1 T 1 T 1 T T q 2 2
r 2 2 2
t r r r r z k
86
Ø Ø Ø
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
1 T q
r 0
r r r k
d dT q
r r
dr dr k
87
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
q g 0
• Solve for T(r), by integrating twice.
dT g0 C1
r
dr 2k r
g0 2
T r C1 ln r C2
4k
88
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
T (r ) T2 at r r2
dT (0)
0 at r 0
dr 89
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Cylindrical Coordinates)
T (0) T0 at r 0
90
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.5)
T1 q 0
r2
dT
Qcond kA
dr
r2
Qcond
T2
r A dr T k dT
1 1
2 rL
Q cond 2 1
r T1
2 L r1 r
dr k dT
T2
Qcond 2 L k
T1 T2
r
ln 2 93
r1
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.5)
T1 T2
Qcond
RA
Thermal
r Resistance
ln 2
r1
RA
2 L k1
94
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.6)
• Composite layers
C
B
A
rA
rB TA
TB
rC TC
TD
96
rD
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.6)
Tf 1 Tf 2
Q r
r rC rD
ln B
ln ln
1 rA rB rC 1
97
2 rA Lh1 2 k A L 2 k B L 2 kC L 2 rD Lh2
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.6)
Tf 1 Tf 2
Qr U1 AA T f 1 T f 2 U 4 AD (T f 1 T f 2 )
Rtot
A 1 A 2 k B L 2 kC L 2 rD Lh1
98
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.6)
U1 AA U 2 AB U 3 AC U 4 AD R
tot
1
Q r U1 AA T f 1 T f 2
Q r U 4 AD T f 1 T f 2
100
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.6)
• Check
2 r1 L
U1 A1
rA 1
1 rA
ln
h1 k A
rB
rA
rA
ln
kB
rc
rB
rA
ln
kC
rD
rC
rD h2
1
1 1 rA rA 1
ln
2 rA L h1 k A
rB
rA
r
A ln
kB
rc
rB
r
A ln
kC
rD
rC
rD h2
101
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.6)
1
U1 AA
1 ln
rB
rA
ln rrBc
ln
rD
rC 1
2 rA L h1 2 Lk A 2 Lk B 2 Lk C 2 rD Lh2
1
Rtot Correct !
102
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.7)
r2 103
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.7)
dT
at r 0; 0
dr r2
at r r2 ; T T2
1 T 1 T 1 2T 2T q
r 2 2 2
t r r r r z k
Ø, steady state Ø, 1-D Ø, 1-D 104
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.7)
1 T q
r 0
r r r k
• Integrating twice:
T q
r r dr
r k
T q r C1
r 2k r
q r 2
T (r ) C1 ln(r ) C2
4k 105
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.7)
dT
at r 0, 0
dr 0
dT q C1
r 0
dr 2k r
C1 0
• Applying boundary conditions at r= r2 gives:
0
q 2
at r r2 ; T T2 r2 C1 ln(r ) C2
4k
q 2
C2 T2 r2 106
4k
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.7)
q 2
T r C1 ln r C2
4k
q 2 q r22
r T2
4k 4k
2
r
2
q r2
1 T2
4k r2
107
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.7)
dT q r q r
q k k
dr 2k 2
• The temperature T(0) at r= 0 is:
q r
2 r
2
T 0 2
1 T2
4k r2
8 W
2 10 m3 0.01 m
100
C 350
C
4 20 mC
W
108
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.7)
q (r2 )
q r2
8 W
2 10 0.01 m
m3
10 6 W
m2
2 2
109
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.8)
r1 =3 cm
k= 15 W/(m·ºC)
110
r2 =5 cm
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.8)
Tf2= 100 ºC
• Since there is no heat h= 400 W/(m2·ºC)
generated in the r1 =3 cm
cylinder, it is more Q conv k= 15 W/(m·ºC)
convenient to Q csolve
on d
the r2 =5 cm
problem using the
thermal resistance
method.
T1 T2 Tf2
ln r2
r1 1
2 k L 2 r2 Lh 111
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.8)
T1 T2 Tf2
r
ln 2
r1 1
2 k L 2 r2 Lh
T1 T f 2
Q 0 q 0 A q 0 2 r1 L 1
2kL ln
r2
r1
1
2r2 Lh2
• Also:
T1 T2 T2 T f 2
q 0 2 r1 L 1
A 2 k L ln r2
r1 1
2 r2 L h2
112
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Example 2.8)
T1 q 0 ln T
r1
k
r2
r1 2
• Solving:
r1
T2 q 0 T f 2
r2 h2
10 5 W
m2
0.03 m
0.05 m 400 m 2 C
W
100
C 250
C
r1
T1 q0 k ln T
r2
r1 2
0.03 m 0.05 m
10 5 W
m2
ln
250
C 352. 2
C
15 mC 0.03 m
W
114
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
dT 2 dT
Qr kA r
k 4
dr A dr
x y 115
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
• Separating variables:
Q r
r2 T2
dr
4 r r 2 T k(T ) dT
1 1 function of T
f (T )
• Assuming constant k and integrating
Qr 1 r2
r 1
r k T2 T1
4
116
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
4 k T2 T1 r1 r2
Qr 4 k T T
1
r1 1
r2 r2 r1
1 2
T2 T1 where: 1 1 1
Qr R
R 4 k r1 r2
117
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
• The equation for the rate of heat transfer can also be done by
simplifying the heat equation for spherical coordinates, which is
recalling:
1 T 1 2 T 1 T 1 T q 2
2 r 2 2 sin 2 2 2
t r r r r sin r sin k
0, steady 0, 1D 0, 1D
state
0, no heat
generation
2 T
r 0
r r
118
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
• Integrate twice:
2 T
r r r 0
T
2
r 0 dr C1
r
C1
dT r 2 dr
C1
T C2 119
r
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
at r r2 :
C1
T2 C2
T1 C2 r1 C2 r2
r2 r2
r2T2 r1T1 r1 r2
C2 ; C1 T2 T1
r2 r1 r2 r1 120
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
C1
T C2
r
r2 r1 r2T2 r1T1
T1 T2
r r2 r1 r2 r1
T1r2 r T2 r2 r r2T2 r1T1
r r2 r1 r r2 r1 r2 r1
T1 r1 r2 r r1 T2 r r2 r1 r2
r r2 r1 r r2 r1
r1 r2 r r2 r r1
T1 T2
r r2 r1 r r2 r1 121
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
2 dT
Qr Aq r 4 r k
dr
2 C1
4 r k 2
r
k r2 r1
4 r 2
2
T2 T1
r r2 r1
r2 r1
4 k T2 T1
r2 r1 122
1-D, SS Heat Conduction
(Spherical Coordinates)
x y 123
Critical Thickness of Insulation
124
Critical Thickness of Insulation
insulation
insulation ri
ri
Ti ro Ti
ro
125
(a) Rod or Wire (b) Pipe
Critical Thickness of Insulation
Ti To Ti T
Qr
Ri Ro 1
2 kL ln
ro
ri 1
2 ro Lho
T T
Qr 1 i o
2 kL
ln ro
ri
1
2 ro Lho
Ri Ro
R Rtot
Rcond
(Rises with thickness)
Rconv
(Sinks with thickness)
ro,crit r 128
Critical Thickness of Insulation
k Critical radius
ro ,crit
ho of insulation
131
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
m – x increment
n – y increment Node
x
y
b
y
x
132
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
133
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• In the finite difference method the derivatives are replaced by
differences.
df x f x x f x
lim
dx x 0
x
L
x Tm+1
M
Tm
in the x direction Tm-1
m-1 m m+1
m-½ m+½
135
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
m-1/2
dT Tm Tm 1
dx m
1 x Tm-1 Tm
2
m+1/2
dT Tm 1 Tm
dx m
1 x Tm Tm+1
2
136
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• The 2nd derivative is simply:
d T2 dT
dx m 1 dT
dx m 12
2
2
dx x
Tm1 Tm Tm Tm1
x
x
x
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1
2
x 137
Finite Differences
(Numerical Methods)
• Likewise:
d 2T Tn 1 2Tn Tn 1
2
2
dy y
138
Finite Differences
• Finite Differences of Plane Wall: The 1-D heat transfer
through a plane wall is given by the following
equation. Find the finite difference expression for:
d 2T q
2
0
dx k
• This can be expressed in differential form as:
Tm 1 2Tm Tm 1 q m
2
0 for m 1, 2, 3
x k
Where qm is the rate of heat generation per unit volume at node m.
139
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
(m, n+1)
• For 2-dimensions:
2T 2T q
2
2 0 (m-1, n) (m, n) (m+1, n)
x y k
Dy
Dx
• The finite difference
(m, n-1)
formulation is:
• If x = y then:
q m ,n x 2
Tm 1, n Tm 1,n Tm,n 1 Tm,n 1 4 Tm,n
k
• Or since we are considering that k= constant, the heat
flows may all be expressed in terms of temperature
differentials and this same equation can be derived.
dT
Qx kAx where Ax y 1
dx
dT
Qy kAy where Ay x 1
dy 141
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
Q cond ,up Q m , n 1 k x
Tm,n1 Tm,n
y
Q cond ,down Q m ,n 1 k x
Tm,n1 Tm,n
y 142
Finite Differences
(Example 2.12)
• Therefore if x = y:
• Then:
qm ,n x 2
Tm 1,n Tm 1,n Tm ,n 1 Tm,n 1 4 Tm,n
k
144
Finite Differences
• To use this numerical method, these equations must be written
for each node within the material and the resultant system of
equations solved for the temperature at the various nodes.
145
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
Compute: k 500C
(i) Temperature at various nodes.
(ii) Heat flow at the boundaries.
100C 1 m 100C
1m
146
100C
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
Four x 1 m
3
node T=500C
problem
y 1 m
3 1 2
T=100C T=100C
3 4
147
T=100C
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
Tm 1,n Tm 1.n Tm ,n 1 Tm ,n 1 4 Tm ,n 0 3 4
Node 1 : T2 100 C 500 C T3 4T1 0
Node 2 : 100 C T1 500 C T4 4T2 0
Node 3 : T4 100 C T1 100 C 4T3 0
Node 4 : 100 C T3 T2 100 C 4T4 0
148
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
• Rearranging equations:
600 4T1 T2 T3 0
600 T1 4T2 T4 0
200 T1 4T3 T4 0
200 T2 T3 4T4 0
149
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
-4 1 1 0 T1 -600
1 -4 0 1 T2 -600
· =
1 0 -4 1 T3 -200
0 1 1 -4 T4 -200
150
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
1 -4 0 1 -600
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
151
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
152
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4+(4)=0
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -16 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
153
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(-16)=-15
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 0 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
154
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
1+(0)=1
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
155
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
0+(4)=4
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -2,400
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
156
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
-600+(-2400)=-3000
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
1 0 -4 1 -200
0 1 1 -4 -200
157
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
X4 0 1 -15 4 -1,400
0 1 1 -4 -200
158
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
-15+(1x15)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 1 1 -4 -200
159
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
-224+(14x16)=0
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
224
X
16
=14 0 0 0 -720 -108,000
161
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
T1 T2 T3 T4 C
-4 1 1 0 -600
0 -15 1 4 -3,000
0 0 -224 64 -24,000
0 0 0 -720 -108,000
162
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
4 T1 T2 T3 600
15 T2 T3 4 T4 3,000
224 T3 64 T4 24,000
720 T4 108,000
108,000
T4 150 C
720
163
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
24,000 150 64
T3 150 C
224
T
Qx k y 1 2
x
-Qx=0
T
Q y k x 3 4
y
y 1 1
Qx 0 k T 100 T 100 500 100 100 100
x
1 3
2 2
1
10 250 100 150 100 500 100
2
4,000 Wm 165
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
1 2
-Qx=1
3 4
y 1 1
Qx 1 k T 100 T 100 500 100 100 100
x
2 4
2 2
1
10 250 100 150 100 500 100
2
4,000 Wm 166
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
1 2
3 4
-Qy=0
x 1 1
Q y 0 k T 100 T 100 100 100 100 100
y
3 4
2 2
10 150 100 150 100
1,000 Wm 167
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
1 2
3 4
x 1 1
Q y 1 k T1 500 T2 500 100 500 100 500
y 2 2
10 250 500 250 500 200 200
9,000 Wm 168
Finite Differences
(Example 2.13)
• Therefore: +9,000 W/m
1 2
-4,000 W/m -4,000 W/m
3 4
-1,000 W/m
1 2
Given:
k= constant
3 4
b= thickness
insulation
x= y
Steady state
5 6
170
Finite Differences
(Example 2.14)
y
y 3 4
2
5 171
Finite Differences
(Example 2.14)
0 k y b
T4 T3 x b T1 T3
k
x b T5 T3
k
Ay
x 2 y 2 y
1A 1A
Q m1,n 2 x 2 x
Q m ,n1 Q m ,n1
172
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
173
T= 90 ºC
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• Assumptions:
– Heat transfer is steady and 2-D
– Thermal conductivity (k) is constant
– Heat generation q′ is constant
– Radiation heat transfer is neglible
• Form the volume elements by partitioning the region
between nodes. Node 5 is the only completely
interior node. Consider the volume element
represented by Node 5 to be full size (e.g. x=y=1).
174
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
1 2 3 h, T= 25ºC
y x
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
175
T= 90 ºC
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
h, T= 25ºC x= y= L
1 2 3
insulation
x y
4 5 6 7 8 9
qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
• Since the bottom surface is at a constant
temperature of 90 ºC, then:
T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 90 C
176
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
• Node 1 (Energy balance): h, T= 25ºC
– Insulated on the left
insulation
1 2 Dy
– Convection on top ______
2
– Conduction on right and bottom
4 5
x y L
Dx/2
x y T2 T1 x T4 T1 x y
0 h T T1 k k g 1
2 2 x 2 y 2 2
2
80 mW2 C 0.012 m
T1 T2 T4
80 mW2 C 25 C 2 106 0.012 m 2
15 W
m C
15 W
m C
2 15 W
m C
2.064 T1 T2 T4 11 .2 177
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
• Node 2 (Energy balance): h, T= 25ºC
– Convection on top
– Conduction right, left, bottom 1 2 3
Dy
y T3 T2
0 h x T T2 k 4 5 6
2 x
k x
T5 T2 y T1 T2
k g 2 x
y Dx
y 2 x 2
2hL 2hL g 2 2
T1 4 T2 T3 2T5 T L
k k k
insulation
and can be treated as an interior node Dy
by replacing the insulation with a
mirror. This puts a reflected image of 10 11
node 5 to the left of node 4. g 4 L2
T5 T1 T5 T10 4 T4 0
k T= 90 ºC
Interior
T10
g 4 L2
T1 4T4 2T5 90 109.2 180
k
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
insulation
Can use the equation for an
interior node
4 5 6
10 11 12
g 5 L2
T4 T2 T6 T11 4 T5 0
k T= 90 ºC
T11 g 5 L2
T4 T2 T6 4 T5 90 109.2
k 181
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
x y y T7 T6 T12 T6
h T T6 k k x
2 2 2 x y
k y x T3 T6 3
T5 T6 k g 6 x y 0
x 2 y 4
¾ of the internal
energy generation, 2 3 Convection
h, T= 25ºC
since only ¾ the
volume
5 6 7
Dy
11 12 13
T3 2 T5 6.128 T6 T7 212.0
Dx183
T= 90 ºC
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
• Node 7 (Energy balance): h, T= 25ºC
– Convection on top x
– Conduction right, left, and bottom
6 7 8
y T8 T7 y
h x T T7 k 12 13 14
2 x
k x
T13 T7
k y
T6 T7
g 7 x
y
0
y x 2 T= 90 ºC
2hL 2hL g 7 L2
T6 4 T7 T8 180 T
k k k
T6 4.128 T7 T8 202.4 184
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Convection
• Node 8 (Energy balance): h, T= 25ºC
– Identical to Node 7 Dx
7 8 9
Dy
13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
2
2 hL 2 hL g L
T7 4 T8 T9 180 T 8
k k k
hL q R hL g 9 L2
T8 2 T9 90 L T
k k k 2k
T8 2.064 T9 105.2 186
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
• We now have 9 equations and 9 unknowns, so we can solve:
• Solving:
T1= 112.1 ºC
T2= 110.8 ºC
T3= 106.6 ºC
T4= 109.4 ºC
T5= 108.1 ºC
T6= 103.2 ºC
T7= 97.3 ºC
T8= 96.3 ºC
T9= 97.6 ºC 188
Finite Differences
(Example 2.15)
Temperature
(ºC)
Hi Convection
h, T= 25ºC
1 2 3
insulation
4 5 6 7 8 9
Low qr= 5000 W/m2
10 11 12 13 14 15
T= 90 ºC
189
C
END OF C ONDUCTION S C
ECTION
190