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CHAPTER THREE
Section 3.6
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3.6 Extended Surfaces (Introduction)
(1) Fins are extended surfaces that are attached to the main surface in (2) a strut that connects two walls at different
order to increase the heat transfer by increasing the surface area. temperatures and across which there is fluid flow.
(also know as a combined conduction-convection system or a fin).
2
3
3.6 Extended Surfaces (Introduction)
• In extended surface, the direction of heat transfer from the boundaries is perpendicular to T(x, y)
This is a 2D situation.
the principal direction of heat transfer in the solid.
y
• This is in contrast to what we have considered in previous sections where heat transfer 2t
from the boundaries of a solid are in the same direction as heat transfer by conduction in
the solid.
x
T(x)
This is a 1D assumption
y
2t
In practice, the fin is thin, and temperature changes in the transverse direction within the fin
are small compared with the temperature difference between the fin and the environment.
Hence, we may assume that the temperature is uniform across the fin thickness, that is, it is
only a function of x. x
4
3.6.1 Fin configurations
• They are particularly beneficial when h is small, as for a gas and natural convection.
5
3.6.1 The Fin Equation
• Apply conservation of energy to the differential element:
d 2T 1 dAc dT hP
2
(T T ) 0 3.66
dx Ac dx dx kAc
• This result provides a general form of the energy equation for an
extended surface. Its solution for appropriate boundary conditions
provides the temperature distribution.
Perimeter
m2
m and as follows:
0 T b T b
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Hyperbolic Functions
8
Solution for the four cases
2nd B.C. At x = L,
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Example
An Aluminum pot is used to boil water as shown below. The handle of the pot is 20-cm long, 3-cm wide, and
0.5-cm thick. The pot is exposed to room air at 25C, and the convection coefficient is 5 W/m2 C. Assume that
there is no heat transfer at the free end of the handle.
Question: can you touch the handle when the water is boiling? (k for aluminum is 237 W/m C)
T = 25 C
h = 5 W/ m2 C
100
T (x) T cosh m ( L x ) 95
x Tb T b cosh mL T( x )
90
100 C T (x ) 25 62.32 cosh[3.138(0.2 x )]
85
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
x
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How if a Stainless Steel handle is used instead
For a stainless steel, the thermal conductivity k = 15 W/m°C.
Use the same parameter as before: 100
1/2
hP
m 12.47, 75
C
kA
T( x) 50
T (x ) T cosh m (L x )
0
T b T cosh mL 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
x
T (x ) 25 12.3cosh[12.47(L x )]
Temperature at the handle (x=0.2 m) is only 37.3 °C, could be touched .
This example illustrates the important role played by the thermal conductivity of the material in terms of conductive heat transfer.
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Fin Performance Parameters
• Fin effectiveness εf : the ratio of the fin heat transfer rate to the heat transfer • e.g. Case D
rate that would exist without the fin.
f
qf qf M
It is better to use fins at least if f 2
hAc ,bb 12
kP
f
• qf is obtained from Table 3.4 for uniform cross-sectional area. c
hA
• Fin resistance Rt,f : very important when you represent the finned surface by
thermal circuit.
b
R t ,f
qf R t ,b After substituting Rt,b in
f
1 R t ,f effectiveness equation
• Convection thermal resistance of the base (no fin)is R t ,b
hAc ,b
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Fin Performance Parameters
• Fin efficiency 𝜂: Table 3.5 show efficiency for common geometries.
• e.g. For straight fin, uniform area and adiabatic tip, Case B
q f M tanh mL
M tanh mL tanh mL
f
hPLb mL
13
Recall
and dividing by m 0 C 1e mL C 2e mL
T (x) T cosh m ( L x )
Tb T b cosh mL
The fin heat transfer rate is
𝑑𝜃
𝑞𝑓 = −𝑘𝐴𝐶 𝑥=0 = ℎ𝑃𝑘𝐴𝐶 θ𝑏 tanh 𝑚𝐿 = 𝑀 tanh(𝑚𝐿)
𝑑𝑥
14
Fin Performance Parameters
• WHAT if straight fin with uniform area has a convection H.T. condition (active tip), Case A
approximate Adiabatic equation with
q f M tanh mLc
corrected fin length Lc
Ac
Lc L
tanh mLc P
f w
t
mLc
assume, w t
P 2w
t
Lc L
2
Note that these figures and tables are prepared under the assumption of
insulated tip boundary condition. Thus if you have convective BC then use Lc
15
q f f q f , max
Figs 3.19 & 3.20 Table 3.5
hAf T b T
12
h
Lc 3 2
kA p
16
Example
A pin fin of uniform cross-sectional area is fabricated of an aluminum alloy (k = 150 W/m.K). The fin diameter is D = 3 mm,
and the fin is exposed to convective conditions characterized by h = 220 W/m2.K.
It is reported that the fin efficiency is 0.65. Determine the fin length L and the fin effectiveness εf. Account for tip convection.
qf
f m 44.2m 1
hAc ,bb
Lc 0.0303m
L 0.0296m
26.3
f
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Fin Arrays
- Total heat rate from the fins and the prime (non-finned) surface : b
Number of fins
b
qt hAbb N f hAf b o hAt b
Rt ,o • Representative arrays of (a) rectangular and (b) annular fins.
18
Two ways for solving fin arrays problem
b b
qtot
Rb Rf
Ab At NA f
19
𝑊
𝑘 = 186
𝑚𝐾
20
2
𝐴𝑓 = 2𝜋(𝑟2𝑐 − 𝑟12 )
21
Prob. 3.144
Tc = 85oC
22
Tc = 85oC
6 2
Rt,c Rt,c / W 2 10 m K/W / 0.02m 0.005 K/W At = 6.96 10-3 m2
2 2
Rt,b Lb / k W 2 With mLf = (2h/kt)1/2 Lf = (200 W/m2K/180 W/mK 0.182 10-3m)1/2 (0.015m) =
1.17, tanh mLf = 0.824 and Eq. (3.94) yields
23