ME 315

Heat Transfer
Chapter 2
D R . O BA IDA LLAH M U N TES H A RI
O BA IDALLA H @K FU PM .EDU.SA
M E D E PT., K F UPM

Incropera F. P., DeWitt D. P., Bergman T. L., Lavine A. S. Principles of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th Ed., Wiley, 2013
Chapter 1
Chapter Map
2.1 The Conduction Heat Rate
2.2 The Thermal Properties of Matter
◦ 2.2.1 Thermal Conductivity
◦ 2.2.2 Other Relevant Properties
2.3 The Heat Diffusion Equation
2.4 Boundary and Initial Conditions
2.5 Summary (Reading)
Thermal Conductivity
k is the thermal conductivity of the material undergoing conduction, which
is a tensor quantity in the most general case:

k  k ( x, y , z , t , T )
most materials are homogeneous, isotropic, and their structure is
time-independent; hence:

k  k (T )
which is a scalar and usually assumed to be a constant if evaluated at
the average temperature of the material
 Properties (Micro- and Nanoscale Effects)

Micro- and Nanoscale Effect

• Conduction may be viewed as a consequence of energy carrier (electron or phonon) motion.
• For the solid state (Kinetic Theory):
1
k  C c mfp (2.7)
3

energy carrier mean free path → average distance

specific heat per traveled by an energy carrier before
unit volume. a collision.
average energy carrier velocity, c < .

• Energy carriers also collide with physical boundaries, affecting their

propagation.

External boundaries of a film of material,

thick film (left) and thin film (right).
 Properties (Micro- and Nanoscale Effects)

Micro- and Nanoscale Effect

• Why do metals conduct heat so well?
• The electrons in metal are delocalised electrons and are free moving electrons so when they
gain energy (heat) they vibrate more quickly and can move around, this means that they can
pass on the energy more quickly
 Properties

Thermophysical Properties

- Thermal Conductivity: A measure of a material’s ability to transfer

thermal energy by conduction.

- Thermal Diffusivity: A measure of a material’s ability to respond to changes

in its thermal environment.
- Property Tables:
Solids: Tables A.1 – A.3
Gases: Table A.4
Liquids: Tables A.5 – A.7
 Heat Equation

The Heat Equation

• A differential equation whose solution provides the temperature distribution in a stationary medium.
• Based on applying conservation of energy to a differential control volume through which energy transfer
is exclusively by conduction.
• Cartesian Coordinates:

  T    T    T  T
k   k   k   q  c p
(2.19)
x  x  y  y  z  z  t
The derivation of the heat equation:
Net transfer of thermal energy into the Change in thermal https://youtu.be/w8wU1FwzirI
Thermal energy
control volume (inflow-outflow) energy storage
generation
 Heat Equation (Radial Systems)

The Heat Equation

• Cylindrical Coordinates: 1   T  1   T    T  T
 kr       
r r  r  r 2     z
k k q c p (2.26)
 z  t

• Spherical Coordinates:

1   2 T  1   T  1   T  T
2 r 
kr    k    k sin    q  c (2.29)
r  r sin      r sin    
p
r  2 2 2
 t
Heat Equation (Special Case)

The Heat Diffusion Equation (Special Case)

  T    T    T  T
  k  k   q  c p
(2.19)
k 
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

• One-Dimensional Conduction in a Planar Medium with Constant Properties

and No Generation
  T  T
k   c p
x  x  t

 2T 1 T 2 boundary conditions
becomes 
x 2  t 1 initial condition

k
  thermal diffusivity of the medium  m 2 /s 
c p  
 Boundary Conditions

Boundary and Initial Conditions

• For transient conduction, heat equation is first order in time, requiring specification of an initial temperature
distribution: T  x,t t = 0 = T  x, 0  time

• Since heat equation is second order in space, two boundary conditions must be specified. Some common cases:

1- Constant Surface Temperature: (Dirichlet condition) 2- Constant Heat Flux: (Neumann condition)
Applied Flux

When the surface T

T  0 ,t  = T s is in contact with a -k | x = 0 = q s
melting solid or x
boiling liquid space

3- Specified convection (h, T given), e.g., Insulated Surface

T T
-k | x = 0 = h T  - T  0 ,t   |x = 0= 0
x x
 Conduction Analysis

Typical Methodology to Solve Heat Diffusion Equation

 Choose a coordinate system that best fits the problem geometry.

 Identify the independent variables (x,y,z,t), e,g?

• Is it a S-S problem?

• Is conduction 1-D, 2-D, or 3-D?

• Justify assumptions.

 Write the general heat conduction equation using the chosen coordinates.

 Determine if k can be treated as constant and if q  0.

 Reduce equation to simplest form based upon assumptions.

 Write boundary conditions and initial condition (if applicable).

 Obtain a general solution for T(x,y,z,t) by some method; if impossible, or GO to numerical methods.
Example 2.4

  T    T    T  T
k   k   k   q  c p
x  x  y  y  z  z  t

 2T q 1 T
constant k:  
x 2 k  t
Problem 2.24
FIND: Appropriate forms of heat equation, initial condition, and boundary conditions
 Problem: Thermal Response of Plane Wall

Problem 2.44 Thermal response of a plane wall to convection heat transfer.

KNOWN: Plane wall, initially at a uniform temperature, is suddenly

exposed to convective heating.

FIND:
(a) Differential equation and initial and boundary conditions which may be used
to find the temperature distribution, T(x,t);
(b) Sketch T(x,t) for the following conditions: initial (t  0), steady-state (t  ),
and two intermediate times;
(c) Sketch heat fluxes as a function of time at the two surfaces;
(d) Expression for total energy transferred to wall per unit volume (J/m3).
 Problem: Thermal Response (cont).

Problem 2.44 Thermal response of a plane wall to convection heat transfer.

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) One-dimensional conduction, (2) Constant properties, (3) No internal heat generation.

(a) For one-dimensional conduction with constant properties, the heat equation has the form,  2T 1 T
=
x 2 a t

Initial: t  0 T  x, 0  = T i uniform temperature


Boundaries: x = 0 T / x 0 = 0 adiabatic surface

 x = L - k T /  x L = h T  L,t  - T   surface convection

(b) The temperature distributions are shown on the sketch.

Note that the gradient at x = 0 is always zero, since this boundary is adiabatic. Note also that the gradient at x = L decreases with time.
 Problem: Thermal Response (Cont).

Problem 2.44 Thermal response of a plane wall to convection heat transfer.

c) The heat flux, as a function of time, is shown on the sketch for the surfaces x = 0 and x = L.

d) The total energy transferred to the wall may be expressed as


E in = 0 q conv
 As dt

E in = hAs  T  - T  L,t  dt
0

Dividing both sides by AsL, the energy transferred per unit volume is
E in h 
V
=
L 0 T  - T  L,t dt  J/m3 
 
 Problem: Non-uniform Generation due to Radiation Absorption

Problem 2.29

.
 Problem: Non-uniform Generation due to Radiation Absorption

Problem 2.29

KNOWN: Temperature distribution in a semi-transparent medium subjected to radiative flux.

FIND: (a) Expressions for the heat flux at the front and rear surfaces, (b) The heat generation rate
q  x  , and (c) Expression for absorbed radiation per unit surface area.

SCHEMATIC:

ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) One-dimensional conduction in medium, (3)

Constant properties, (4) All laser irradiation is absorbed and can be characterized by an internal
volumetric heat generation term q  x  .
 Problem : Non-uniform Generation (cont.)

ANALYSIS: (a) Knowing the temperature distribution, the surface heat fluxes are found using Fourier’s law,

A  A 
Front Surface, x=0: q x 0  = k  (1) + B  =   + kB  <
 dT   A 
q x = -k   = k    -a  e -ax
+ B 
 ka
A


a
A


 dx  ka 2  Rear Surface, x=L: q x  L  = k  e aL + B  =   e aL + kB  <
 ka  a 

(b) (b) The heat diffusion equation for the medium is

d  dT  q d  dT  d  A -ax 
 + = 0 or q = k   q  x  = -k  e + B  = Ae -ax
.
dx  dx  k dx  dx  dx  ka 

( c ) Performing an energy balance on the medium,

E in  E out + E g = 0 On a unit area basis  = -q x  0  + q x  L  =

E g = E in + E out
A
a
 
1  e aL .

Alternatively, evaluate E g by integration over the volume of the medium,

E g = 0
L
q  x dx =
L
0 Ae -ax dx = -
A  -ax  L A
a
e
0
=
a

1 - e -aL . 