CBE 3521 L-4.

Conduction with OBJECTIVES

Thermal Energy Generation • Identify how heat generation changes
simplification of the heat equation
• Solve the heat equation for problems in which
– Derivation and terms in heat diffusion equation internal heat generation is present by applying the
– Boundary conditions for heat diffusion equation appropriate boundary conditions
– Resistance concept for conduction, convection, and
radiation
– Thermal circuit concept
– Composite resistance

CARTESIAN SYSTEMS COMPOSITE SYSTEMS

• In heat transfer in composite
 2T  2T  2T q 1 T systems, the temperature drop
   
x 2 y 2 z 2 k  t across a given material is directly
related to key hx properties
– Conduction = k
For 1-D, SS conduction in – Convection = h
x-direction with no – Radiation = 
generation, heat equation
simplifies to:
d 2T
0
dx 2

Yang 1
CBE 3521 L-4.2

INTERNAL GENERATION INTERNAL GENERATION

• For 1-D, steady state heat
conduction in a rectilinear  2T  2T  2T q 1 T
system with constant k and no    
x 2 y 2 z 2 k  t
generation, the internal
temperature distribution is
linear  2T q
 0
–Both the heat rate and heat flux x 2 k
are constant throughout the • Obtain heat flux and heat rate
material (not fxn of position)
 q 2 from temperature distribution by
• Internal heat generation T  x  C1 x  C2 applying Fourier’s Law
2k
modifies the internal • x2 term in problem with internal
temperature distribution generation means heat flux and
heat rate are no longer
–Variations in heat rate and heat
independent of x
flux through material (both fxn of
position)

INTERNAL GENERATION
INTERNAL GENERATION • Usually, Ts not known
• Need to relate Ts to T∞ and other variables
 q 2
T x  C1 x  C2
2k  2T q
  0 where q  constant
Constant surface temp BC x 2 k
qL2  x 2  Ts , 2  Ts ,1 x Ts ,1  Ts , 2 B.C. (balance conduction and convection at surface)
T ( x)  1    
2k  L2  2 L 2 dT
k  hTs  T 
dx x L

If both surfaces maintained at same temp qL2  x 2 

T ( x)  1    Ts
Ts ,1  Ts , 2  Ts 2k  L2 
qL2  x 2  dT  qL
T ( x)  1    Ts 
2k  L2  dx x  L k
qL
Ts  T 
qL2 h
Tmax  T 0    Ts
2k

Yang 2
CBE 3521 L-4.2

SOLUTIONS WITH GENERATION

GENERATION IN RADIAL SYSTEMS
1   T  1  2T  2T q 1 T
r    
r r  r  r 2  2 z 2 k  t
Simplifies to
1 d  dT   q
r 
r dr  dr  k


T r   Ts 
4k

q 2
ro  r 2

Max T at center (r  0)
q 2
Tmax  T 0  Ts  ro
4k

RESISTANCE CONCEPT GENERATION EXAMPLE

• A plane wall of thermal conductivity k = 5W/(m*K) experiences uniform
volumetric heat generation at steady state.
• WARNING • Heat transfer coefficient is different on left and right side of wall.
–When generation is present,  2T q
  0 where q  constant
conduction resistance concept cannot x 2 k
dT dT
be used k  hl Ts  T  k  hr Ts  T 
dx x   L dx x  L

–Heat transfer rate is not a constant Solution has the form: T(x) = a + bx + cx2
–Heat transfer rate is dependent on spatial hl < hr
coordinate

Yang 3
CBE 3521 L-4.2

GENERATION EXAMPLE GENERATION EXAMPLE

• Sketch the temperature distribution and identify Sketch the temperature distribution and identify significant
physical features.
significant physical features.
• What is the volumetric rate of heat generation
in the wall?
• Determine the surface heat fluxes at each wall.
How are these fluxes related to the heat hl < hr
generation rate?
• What are the convection coefficients for the
surfaces x=L and x=-L?
• Obtain an expression for the heat flux
distribution. Is it zero at any location?

GENERATION EXAMPLE
GENERATION EXAMPLE What are the heat fluxes at x=L and x=-L?
What is the volumetric rate of heat generation in the wall?

Yang 4
CBE 3521 L-4.2

GENERATION EXAMPLE GENERATION EXAMPLE

Obtain an expression for the heat flux distribution.
What are the convection coefficients at x=L and x=-L?
Is it zero at any location?

WHAT YOU NEED TO BE ABLE TO DO

• Simplify the heat equation when internal heat
generation is present
• Apply the appropriate boundary conditions to
solve for the internal temperature distribution
when heat generation is present

Yang 5