11.

Temperature distributions with more than one independent

variable

Derive the unsteady state heat conduction equation for three dimensional flow:

Solution: Consider the elemental length in x direction as  x. , elemental thickness in y

direction as  y and elemental thickness of the solid material in z direction as  z . The

elemental volume  x  y  z can be seen in the below figure.

Fig, 11.1 Unsteady-state conduction in three dimension

Heat can only pass through the faces of the element by conduction.

T
K  y. z
Rate of heat input through ABCD at position x = x
 T
K (T   x)  y. z
Rate of heat output through EFGH at position (x + dx) = x x
 T
K  x. z
Rate of heat input through ADHE at position y = y

 T
K (T   y )  x. z
Rate of heat output through BCGE at position (y + dy ) = y y

T
K  x. y
Rate of heat input through ABEF from position ‘z’ = z
 T
K (T   z )  x. y
Rate of heat output through ‘DCGF’ at position (z + dz) = z z

The rate of accumulation of heat with in the elemental volume  x  y  z =

T
cp  x. y. z
 t
Rate of heat input –rate of heat output = rate of heat accumulation.

T T
K  y  z K  x. z K T  x. y 
 x y - z

  T  T  T 
  K x (T  x  x)  y. z  K y (T  y  y )  x  z  K z (T  z  z )  x. y 
 =

T
 cp  x. y. z
t

Rearrange and divide the equation with  x y. z .

  2T  2T  2T  T
K 2  2  2    cp
  x y z  t

  2T  2 T  2T  T
 2  2  2 
α  x y z  t

K
 cp
Where α, thermal diffusivity = m2/s
This is the three dimensional unsteady state heat conduction equation.
Types of boundary conditions:

 In the study of partial differential equations, each boundary is defined by giving a

particular value to just one of the independent variables.
 The boundary conditions must specify the behavior of the dependent variable as a
function of all of the other independent variable.
 There are three types of boundary condition arising for which analytical solutions are
sometimes possible they are:
1. First type, function specified.
2. Second type, derivative specified and
3. Third type, mixed conditions.

 The more complicated Integra-differential type of boundary condition is also

derived, but problems in which they are involved are usually intractable by
analytical method.
 The discussion will be confined to heat transfer problems only.

1. First type, Function specified:

The values of the dependent variable are given at all points on a particular boundary
then the condition is said to be of the first type.
Consider the unsteady state Heat condition in one dimension equation.
 2T T
 
x 2 t where T  f  x, t 
The boundaries will be defined as either fixed values of x or fixed values of ‘t’.
Two boundary conditions of the first type for this problem are:
T  f  x
(i) at t = 0 , ---(1)
T  g  t
(ii) at x =0, ---(2)
Equation (1) gives temperature at all values of x for one value of ‘t’. Equation (2) gives the
behavior of the temperature at all times at one value of x.

2. Second type, Derivative specified:

The boundary will be defined by keeping one independent variable constant, but
instead of giving the direct behavior of the dependent variable, its derivatives is restricted by
a boundary condition of the second type.
This situation occurs with radiant heating or cooling of a surface, electric heating of a
surface, or thermally insulated surface.
 In these cases the heat flow rate in known but not the surface temperature.
 But the heat flow rate is related to the temperature gradient.
 This is the second type, boundary conditions
T
At x=0, if it is insulated, x =0.

3. Third type, mixed conditions:

In this type of boundary condition, the derivative of the dependent variable is related
to the boundary value of the dependent variable by a linear equation.

Ex: The surface rate of heat loss is government by a heat transfer coefficient.
 Fig. 11.2 Unsteady - state Boundary element

From Fig:11.2, If the surface ABCD at x=0 is cooling to surrounding at a temperature  T0 

through a gas film giving a resistance which can be expressed in terms of a heat transfer
coefficient (h), the boundary conditions can be stated as below,

h  T  T0 
Rate of heat removed from the surface per unit Area =
T
K
The rate of heat is conducted to the surface internally per unit are =- x
These two rates must be equal.
T
 h  T  T0    K
x ---(3)
Equation (3) in true for any surface which faces in the negative direction of the x-axis, but the
sign of the right hand side must be reversed if the surface focus is in the position direction.
 The sign must not be changed according to whether the surface is being heated or
cooled.

The only negative signs arise from the following two conditions:
(i) The heat condition equation contains a negative sign by definition.
 (ii) The outward normal from the surface may be in the negative coordinative
direction.
 Equation (3) contains both of these negative signs and is correct as written.

Initial value and Boundary value problems:

For ordinary differential equation the number of boundary conditions is equal to the
order of the differential equation.
But for partial differential equation no such rule has yet been discovered.
But the unsteady state heat conduction equation in one dimension flow is:
 2T T
 
x 2 t
Two boundary conditions are needed at fixed values of x and one at a fixed value of ‘t’.

The boundary conditions lead to an important classification of partial differential

equation as follows:

 When only one condition is needed in a particular variable it is specified at one fixed
value of that variable.
 When two are more conditions are needed,

(i) If conditions are established at both ends of a range of values of an independent

variable and the range is said to be “closed ‘ by conditions (closed boundary
conditions) at the beginning and at the end of the range.
(ii) If the behavior of the dependent variable is restricted at the beginning of a range
but no end is specified and the range is said to be “open” as that independent
variable is concerned.

 Boundary value or Jury Problem:

If the range is closed for every independent variable, the problem is called a
“boundary value” or “Jury” problem.

 Initial value problem:

 If the range of any independent variable is open, the problem is called an
“initial value” or “marching” problem.

Note:
1. Laplace transform can only be applied to initial value problems because the variable
removed by the transformation must have an open range.
2. the numerical methods are seen that the calculation techniques are quite different
depending on whether the problem is initial value or boundary value and that the
methods are not inter changeable.

Compounding two independent variables into one variable method:

The elimination of one variable by substitution results in the disappearance of a

second variable from the problem. The present method is to look for this possibility and
hence reduce a partial differential equation in two independent variables to an ordinary
differential equation.

Now consider the one dimensional heat conduction equation.

 2T T
 
x 2 t …(1)
T  f  x, t 
Where
Find the temperature profile for a semi infinite solid material
Solution:
 2T T
 
x 2 t where T = F(x,t) …(1)
Now assume that the solution of equation (1) can be written as:
 T  f  q
---(2)

Where, q  x.t , n- is any unknown constant and q is the new variable.

n

Now equation (2) is partially differentiate W.R.T. x

T T q
 .  T  f  q  
x q x

But q  x.t
n

q n
 t
x
T T q T
  .  tn
x q x q ---(3)
 2T   n  T   q n  T q
2
 t
    t
x 2 q   q   x q 2 x

q n
t
But x
 2T 2n  T
2
  t
x 2 q 2 ---(4)
Now partially differentiate the equation (2) WRT ‘t’
T T q T
 .  .nx.t n 1
t q t q
T dT
 .nx.t n1
t dq
q
q  x.t n  x 
But tn

T dT t n1
  .nq. n
t dq t ---(5)
From (1), (4) & (5)
d 2T q dT
 t 2n 2
 n n t n1 .
dq t dq

d 2T dT
 2
 nq t n 1 n  2 n .
dq dq

d 2T dT
 2  nq t 1 2 n .
dq dq ---(6)
 The above steps are valid for any constant value of n , and in particular it is true for
1 1
n 
2 (n can be eliminated by choosing the value as 2 ) ---(7)
Form (6) and (7)
d 2T 1 dT
 2
 q .
dq 2 dq ---(8)
d 2T 1 dT
 2  q .
dq 2 dq
After the Integration
dT q 2
 q 
 A. e 4  T  B erf  C
dq 2   ---(9)
Where A is an integral constant
1/2
But q  x.t  x.t
n

 x 
T  B erf  C
Or  2 t  ---(10)
Where B and C are arbitrary constants. These can be found by using the boundary
conditions.

3.4.1. Transient Heat flow in a semi –infinite solid:

A semi –infinite slab solid material is maintained at an initial temperature T1.
The surface temperature at x=0 is suddenly lowered and maintained at a temp. T 0. Derive the
expression for the temperature distribution in the solid as a function of time and distance.
OR
A solid body occupying the space from x = 0 to x = α is initially at a temperature T1. At tome
t=0 the surface at x = 0 is suddenly cooled to temperature T 0 and maintained at that
temperature for t ˃ 0. Find the time – dependent temperature profile T (x,t).
Solution:
For constant properties, the differential equation for the temperature distribution in x-
direction with time ‘t’
 T0

Fig: Transient Heat flow in a semi –infinite solid

 2T T
 
x 2 t ---(1)
The boundary condition are
T  T1 At t  0, x  0
T  T0 At x  0, t  0

T  T1  1 T
  
Take non-dimensional term , T0  T1 x T0  T1 x

 2T 1  2 1 T 
 2  and 
x T0  T1 x 2 T0  T1 t t ---
(2)
 from (1) and (2)

 2 
 
x 2 t ---(3)
With the boundary conditions
T1  T1
T  T1     0, At t  0, x  0
For T0  T1 ---(4a)
T0  T1
T  T0     1, At x  0, t  0
T0  T1 ---(4b)
The equation is
 2  1
    f  q  where q  x.t n and n  
x 2 t , 2
  x 
  B er f   c
 2 t  ---(5)
T  T1  x 
  f  B er f  c
T0  T1  2 t  ---(6)

From the boundary conditions:

T  T1
  1
At x  0, t  0 , T  T0 T0  T1  T  T1 
 0 
 B er f   c
  1  2 t  , since erf (0) =0
1 0 C  C 1 ---(7)
By using the other boundary condition:
At t  0, x  0 , T  T1

T  T1 T1  T1
   0
T0  T1 T0  T1

 x 
 B er f   c
  0  2  .0   B  C  0 , since erf (∞) =1
 B  C  B  1 ---(8)
T  T1  x 
    1 er f   1
T0  T1  2  .t 
T  T1  x   x 
   1  er f    er fc  
T0  T1  2  .t   2  .t 
OR
T  T1  T0  T1  x 
   1 er f 
T0  T1  2  .t 
T  T0  x 
   1 er f 
T0  T1  2 t 
T  T0  x 
  er f 
T1  T0  2 t 

Where T1= The temperature of the slab at t  0, x  0

T0 = One side temperature of the slab at x  0, t  0

  = thermal diffusivity.
 At any time‘t’, at distance x, we can find the temperature of the slab.
--------

2. A solid body occupying the space from y = 0 to y = α is initially at a temperature T 0.

At time t = 0 the surface at x = 0 is suddenly raised to a temperature T 1 and
maintained at that temperature for t ˃ 0. Find the time – dependent temperature
profile. T (x,t).

Solution:
For constant properties, the differential equation for the temperature distribution in y-
direction with time ‘t’

T1

Fig: Transient Heat flow in a semi –infinite solid

One dimensional unsteady state heat conduction in y- direction
 2T T
 
y 2 t ---(1)
The boundary condition are
T  T0 At t  0, y  0
T  T1 At y  0, t  0 (2)
T  T0  1 T
  
Take non-dimensional term , T1  T0 x T1  T0 x

 2T 1  2 1 T 
  and 
x 2 T1  T0 x 2 T1  T0 t t (3)
 from (2) and (3)
  2 
 
x 2 t (4)
With the boundary conditions
T0  T0
T  T0     0, At t  0, y  0
For T1  T0 (5a)
T1  T0
T  T1     1, At y  0, t  0
T1  T0 (5b)

 2 
 
y 2 t where  = F(x,t) (6)
Now assume that the solution of equation (1) can be written as:
  f  q
(7)

Where, q  y.t , n- is any unknown constant and q is the new variable.

n

Now equation (7) is partially differentiate W.R.T. y

  q
 .    f  q  
y q y

But q  y.t
n

q
  tn
y
  q 
  .  tn
y q y q

 2   n     q n   q
2
  t     t
y 2 q   q   y q 2 y

q
 tn
But y
 2 2n  
2
  t
y 2 q 2 (8)
Now partially differentiate the equation (2) WRT ‘t’
  q 
 .  .nyt n1
t q t q
 d
 .ny.t n 1
t dq
 q
q  y.t n  y 
But tn

 d t n 1
  .nq. n
t dq t (9)
From (1), (8) & (9)
d 2 q d
 t 2n 2
 n n t n 1 .
dq t dq

d 2 d
 2
 nq t n1n2 n .
dq dq

d 2 d
 2
 nq t 12 n .
dq dq
The above steps are valid for any constant value of n , and in particular it is true for
1 1
n 
2 (n can be eliminated by choosing the value as 2 )

d 2 1 d
 2
 q .
dq 2 dq (10)
d 2 1 d
  q .
dq 2
2 dq
After the Integration
d q 2
 q 
 A. e 4    B erf  C
dq 2   (11)
Where A is an integral constant
1/2
But q  y.t  y.t
n

 y 
  B erf  C
Or  2 t  (12)
Where B and C are arbitrary constants. These can be found by using the following boundary
conditions.
T0  T0
T  T0     0, At t  0, y  0
For T1  T0 (5a)
T1  T0
T  T1     1, At y  0, t  0
T1  T0 (5b)
From equation (12) and (5a)
  y 
  0  B erf  C
 2  0 
 
0= B + C, B = - C (13)
From equation (12) and (5b)
 0 
  1  B erf  C
2 t 
  , erf (0) = 0
1=0+C
Therefore c = 1 and B = -C = -1, then the solution is

 y 
  1 erf   1
 2 t 
 y   y 
  1  erf    erfc  
 2 t   2 t 
----------------

Method of separation of variables:

Consider a slab of finite thick ness in x direction and extending indefinitely in the y and z
– directions.

Initially the slab is at uniform temperature. If raise the temperature on both sides of the slab,
then to solve the problem we can use separation of variables method.
T  F  x, t 
Let ---(1)
Where T is a dependent variable
x & t are the independent variables.

The Heat conduction equation is:

 2T T
 
x 2 t ---(2)
Assuming that the solution can be expressed by:
T  f  x ,  .g  t 
---(3)
The function dependence x is separated from the dependence upon ‘t’
 T
 f 1  x,  . g  t 
Then x

 2T
  f 11  x,  .g  t 
x 2 ---(4)
T
  f  x ,  .g 1  t 
And x ---(5)
f  x
is a function of ‘x’ only, the differential can be performed with respect to x.
Now substitute equation (4) and (5) in equation (2)
 f 11  x,  .g  t   f  x  .g 1  t 
Then ---(6)
 f  x  .g  t  , thus
The variable dependence can be separated by dividing by
 f 11  x,  f  x  .g 1  t 
 
 f  x  g (t )  f  x  .g  t 

f 11  x  g1  t 
 
f  x g  t
x ---(7)
f 11  x 
f  x
Here the left hand side of equation (7) is independent of ‘t’ and the ratio of must
there fore be constant for all time ‘t’
g1  t 
 g  t
is independent of x and the ratio must be constant for all ‘x’.

Hence both are equated to the constant denoted by

   .
2

f 11  x  g1  t 
    2
f  x  g  t

d2 f 2 dt
 f 11
 x   f  x  0
2
. or dx 2   dx  0
---(8)
dg
g 1  t    2 g  t   0 . or   2 g  0
And dt ---(9)

Where,  is the separation constant.

2

Equations (8) & (9) are both linear ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients.

Then Case (i) for   0

2

The solution is:

f  c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x ---(10)
2
 t
And g  c3e ---(11)

Where, c1 , c2 and c3 are the constants.

 The solution of equation (2) is:

T  f  x  .g  t    c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x  c3e    t .

2

 T   A cos  x  B sin  x  e    t
2

---(15)

Where A  c1.c3 , B  c2 .c3

Subscript  denote that the arbitrary constants will depend upon the choice of  .

Case (ii): if   0
2

f 11  x 
 0
f  x  f 11  x   0  f 1  cons tan t 
c4
 f  c4 x  c5 ---(16)
g1  t 
0 1
 g  t g  t   0  g  c6
And ---(17)
 The solution of equation (2) is
T   c4 x  c5  c6

=
A0 x  B0 

Where A0  c6 c4 , B0  c5c6

Where the subscript ‘0’ shows for   0 .

2

The A , B and  must be chosen to satisfy the Boundary conditions.

Heat conduction in a slab

3.5.1 A slab (extending indefinitely in the y and z - directions) at an initial temperature T 1
has its two faces suddenly cooled to T0. What is the relation between temperature, time after
quenching (cooling) and position within the slab? The thickness of the slab is 2R in the x –
direction.

Solution:
Here heat is lost at the two faces and since the solid extends indefinite in the y and z –
direction. It is apparent that the heat flows only in the x –direction.

Fig: Heat conduction in a slab

 the heat conduction equation :

 2T T
 
x 2 t ---(1)
The boundary conduction are:

BC-1:
T  T0 at x  0, t  0 .........(2 A)
T  T0 at x  2 R, t  0 ......(2 B )
T  T1 at t  0, x  0 .........(2C )

T  T0 at t  , x  0 ........(2 D)
And
T  T0

Let take , T1  T0
  T 1
  .
x x T1  T0

 2  2T 1
  2.
x 2
x T1  T0 ---(3)
 1 T

And t T1  T0 t ---(4)
 from equation (1), (3) & (4)

1  2 
 . 
T1  T0 x 2 t ---(5)
Then the B.C can be redefined as:

For T  T0    0 at x  0, t  0 ---(6A)
T  T0    0 at x  2 R, t  0
---(6B)
T  T1    1 at t  0, x  0 ---(6C)

And T  T0    0 at t  , x  0 ---(6D)
Now the equation is:
 2 
. 
x 2 t ---(6)
  F  x, t 
Where .
Then the solution by the method of separation of variable can be expressed as:
  f  x  .g  t 
---(7)

 f 1  x  .g  t 
Then x
 2
 f 11  x  .g  t 
x 2
---(8)

 f  x  .g 1
And t ---(9)
From equation (6), (8) & (9).
 . f   x  g  t   f  x  .g   t 
---(10)

 . f  x  .g  t 
The variable dependence can be separated by dividing by a , thus
 . f 11  x  g  t  . f  x  .g 1  t 

 . f  x  .g  t   . f  x  .g  t 

f 11  x  g  t  . f  x  .g 1  t 

f  x g  t   . f  x  .g  t 
=
f 11  x  g1  t 

f  x g  t
(11)
f 11  x 
f  x
Here the left hand side of equation (11) in independent of ‘t’ and must therefore be
constant for all time ‘t’.
g1  t  g1  t 
g  t  g  t
- is independent of ‘x’ and the ratio of must therefore be constant for all ‘x’.

Take both are equated to the some constant denoted by

   2

f 11  x  g1  t 
    2
f  x g  t

 f 11  x    2 f  x   0
---(12)
g 1  t    2 g  t   0
And ---(13)
Then the solutions are:

If   0 :
2

f  c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x ---(14)

2
g  c3 .e   at ---(15)
 for   0
2

   c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x  c3e    t .

2

  A cos  x  B sin  x  e    t
2

---(16)
 If   0
2

f 11  x 
  0  f 11  x   0  f 1  cons tan t
f  x

 f  c4 x  c5 ---(17)
g1  x 
0
 g  x  g 1  x   0  g  c6
---(18)
 the solution of the equation (5) is
   c4 x  c5  c6

    A0 x  B0 
---(19)

For to satisfy the Boundary conditions,   0

2

   A cos  x  B sin  x  e    t
2

But the BC- I is:

For   0 at x=0, t  0

 0   A .0  B .0  e    t
2

2
 A .e    t  0  A  0
2
 e  t  0

BC-II:
  0, at x  2 R, t  0

 0   0  B sin .2 R  e    t
2

2
 B e    t .sin .2 R  0  sin .2 R  0
 .2R  n
n
 
2R ---(20)
Where n- is a non zero integer.
 The solution of equation (5) is
n 2 2
 n   . 4 R 2 t
  Bn  sin .x  .e
 2R  ---(21)
Where n- is an integer and subscript has been attended for connivance
 The general solution of this type can be written as:
n 2 2

n  . 4 R 2 t
   Bn  sin .x  .e
n 1  2R  ---(22)
Bn can be determined by using the initial boundary conditions.
   1, at t  0, x  0 (BC-III) ---(23)
 By using the B.C .III

 n x 
   Bn  sin .  .1
   1= n 1  2R 

n x
  Bn sin
n 1 2R ---(24)
m x
sin
Now equation (24) is multiplied both sides by 2 R and integrate the result from 0 to 2R

m x n x m x
2R  2R

 sin
2R
.dx B n sin
2R
.Bn sin
2R
.dx
0 = n 1 0 ---(25)



0 if m n

0 sin mx. sin nx.dx  

if mn
But = 2
---(26)
From (25) & (26)
m x 2R
 sin 2R
.dx
=
Bm .
2
 R. Bm

m x
2R
1
 Bm  .  sin .dx
R 0 2R
---(27)
The solution from (20) & (26)
n 2 2 2 R

1 n x  . 4 R2 t n x
   sin .e  sin dx.
n 1 R 2R 2R
0 …(27)

n x
2R

 sin dx. 1   1 n  2 R

=  n
2R
But 0

n 2 2

1 2R  n x  . 4 R 2 t
  1   1  .sin
n
.e
n 1 R n
  2R

2  1   1 
 n
 n 2 2
n x  . 4 R2 t
   .sin .e
 n 1 n 2R is the required solution.

3.5.2 A slab occupying the space between y=-b and y=+b is initially at temperature

T0. At time t=0 the surface at y  b are suddenly raised to T1 and maintained there. Find
T ( y, t ) .
Solution:
One dimensional unsteady state Heat conduction equation is:
T  2T
 2
t x ---(1)

Fig: Heat conduction in a slab

T  T1

Take T0  T1

  2
 2
t y ---(2)

The boundary Conditions are:

I .C : at t  0, T  T0 For any ' y ' 

BC.1: at y  0 T  T1 For t  0 
BC.2 : at y  2 B T  T1 For t  0. 
---(3)

The Boundary Conditions interest ‘  ’:

I .C : at t  0, T  T0    1 For any ' y ' ---(4A)
BC.1: at y  0 T  T1    0 For t  0 ---(4B)
BC.2 : at y  2 B T  T1    0 For t  0 ---(4C)
 The solution of the equation (2) is by “the method of separation of variable”.
 The solution of equation (2) is of the form:
  y , t   f  y  .g  t 
---(5)
f  y
Where - is a function of ‘y’ only and
g  t
- is a function of ‘t’ only.
Then

 f 1  y ,  .g  t 
y ---(6)
 2
  f 11  y,  .g  t 
y 2 ---(7)

  f  y ,  .g 1  t 
And y ---(8)
From equation (2), (7) & (8)
f  y  .g 1  t    f 11  y ,  .g  t 
---(9)
f 11  y  g1  t 
 
f  y  g  t
---(10)
f 11  y 
f  y
Here the left hand side of equation (10) is independent of ‘t’ and the ratio of must be
constant for all time.

g1  t 
 g  t
Lllly is independent of ‘y’ and the ratio must be constant for all ‘y’

Here both are equated to the same constant denoted by

  
2

f 11  x 
   2
f  x  f 11  y    2 f 1  y   0
---(11)
g1  t 
  1
g  t g  t    2 g  t   0
Similarly ---(12)
Where  is the separation constant. For satisfy the boundary condition,   0 equation
2 2

(11 and 12) are both linear ordinary differential equation with constant coefficient.

Then the solutions are:

(i) For   0
2

d2 f dt
2
 2 0
dx dx ---(13)
The above equation (13) solution is:
f  c1 cos  y  c2 sin  y ---(14)
Then the solution of equation (12)
dg
  2 g  0
dt
dg
   2  dt  log g   2t  log c3
dt
g 2 2
  e  t  g  c3e  t
c3 ---(15)
 If   0
2

The solution of equation (2) is

  f  y g  t

    c1 cos  y  c2 sin  y  c3e

2
 t
.
---(16)

   A cos  y  B sin  y  e    t
2

---(17)

Where A  c1.c3 , B  c2 .c3

Subscript  - denotes that the arbitrary constants will depend upon the choice of 
If  =0
 from equation (10)
 f 11  y   0  f 1  cons tan t  f  c4 y  c5

g1  t 
0
g  t  g  t   0  g  c6
1
And
  f .g   c4 y  c5  c6
  A0  B0 y ---(18)

Where A0  c5 .c6 , B0  c4 .c6

For   0
2

   A cos  y  B sin  y  e    t
2

For to satisfy the Boundary conditions:

For   0
2

   A cos  y  B sin  y  e    t
2

The BC(I) is at y=0,   0 for any ' t '

 0   A cos 0  B sin 0  e    t
2

2
A e   t
=
2
 t
Here e 0

 A  0

The B.C (II) is: at y=2B ,   0 for any ' t '

 0   A cos  y  B sin  y  e    t
2

2
B sin  2 B.e   t  0  sin  2 B  0
  2B  n
n

2B
n
 
2B ---(19)
 The solution of equation (2) is
n2 2
n  . 2 t
  Bn sin . ye 4 B
2B
 The general solution of this type can be written as
n 2 2

n   . 4 B 2 t
   Bn  sin . y  .e
n 1  2B  ---(20)

Where n- is an integer and subscript has been attended for convenience.

The Bn can be determined by using the initial boundary condition.
   1, at t  0, y  0 ---(4A)
 The equation (20) becomes as:
n 2 2

 n y   . 4 B2 t
1   Bn  sin .  ..e .0
n 1  2B 

n y
1   Bn sin
 n 1 2B ---(21)
m y
sin
Now equation (21) is multiplied both sides by 2B
And integrate the result from 0 to 2B.
m y n y m y
2B  2B
  sin
2B
dy. B n sin
2B
. sin
2R
.dy
0 = n 1 0 ---(22)


0 if m n

0 sin mx. sin nx.dx  

=
if mn
But 2
---(23)

From equation (22) and (23)

m y
2B

 sin .dy B . 2 B
2R m
2
0 = (: m=n)
m y
2B
1
 Bm  .  sin .dy
B 0 2R
2B
1 m y  2B
 Bm    cos 
B 2 B  0 m

2 2
  cos n  cos 0    cos m  1
m n
2 2
  1  cos m   1   1 m   cos   1
m m
2 
1   1 
m
 Bm 
m   ---(24)
 The solution of the equation from (20) and (24).
2 2
n 
T  T1 
n  . t
     Bn sin
2
. y.e 4 B
T0  T1 = n 1 2B
 n 2 2

2 n  . t
  . 1   1  sin
n 2
. ye 4 B
n 1 n
  2B

T  T1 2  1   1 
 n
 n 2 2
n  . 2 t
    .sin . ye 4 B
T0  T1  n 1 n 2B

--------x------

11 F. A sold occupying the space from y = 0 to y = ∞ is initially at the temperature T 0. At

time t = 0 there is instituted a heat flux q0 through the surface at y = 0 and this flux is
maintained. Find the time dependent temperature profiles T(y,t).

Solution:
One dimensional unsteady state heat conduction in y- direction
 2T T
 
y 2 t (1)

q0

Differentiate the equation (1) with respect to y

 3T  T  2T
 3  
 y y t y t (2)
Multiply both sides by thermal conductivity, k
 3T  2T
k  k
y 3 y t
 T
But qy= -k y
2 q q 2q  q
   2 
 y 2
t ,  y t

But qy at y=0 = q0 = constant

 2 (q / q0 )  (q / q0 )
 
y 2 t

 2Q  Q q
 
 y 2
t where Q = q0 (3)
Equation (3) can be solved with the following initial and boundary conditions by using the
combining two independent variables in to one variable method.
Here Q = F(y,t)
At t = 0, q = 0  Q=0
T
At y = ∞ y =0  Q = 0

At y =0 q = q0  Q = 1 for any time ‘t’

Now take Q = f(η) where η = y tn
Then the equation three is solved by using combining two independent variables in to one
variable method.

q  y 
erfc  
Q= q0 =  2 t 

T  y 
erfc  
But q= -k y = q0  2 t 

T q erfc  y 
 
 - y = k  2 t 

Now integrate the above equation, within the limits of

At t = ∞, T = T0 and at t = t , T = T
Then the final solution is:

q0  y 
ierfc  
(T – T0) = k 4 t  4 t 

-----------x----------