Basic Mechanical Engineering

Course Content
Unit I
1. Thermodynamics
2. I.C engines

UNIT II
1. Steam Generators
2. Steam & Gas Turbines
UNIT III
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

UNIT IV
Hydraulic Pumps and Turbines

UNIT V
1. Metal Casting
2. Welding
UNIT VI
1. Mechanical Working of Metals
2. Machine Tools
 Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science that deals with the
relationship of heat and mechanical energy and
conversion of one into the other.

Microscopic Analysis -> Statistical Thermodynamics

and kinetic theory of gases
Eg: study of atomic structure in nuclear physics
Macroscopic Analysis -> Engineering Thermodynamics
Eg: measurement of pressure, volume and
temperature.
 Thermodynamic system and control
volume
A system is a specifically identified fixed mass of
matter or a region in space separated from its
surroundings by a real or imaginary boundary,
upon which attention is concentrated in the
analysis of the problem.

a. Closed system
b. Open system
c. Isolated system
• An isolated system cannot exchange mass or
energy with its surroundings.
• A closed system can exchange energy, but not
mass, with its surroundings.
• The energy exchange may be mechanical
(associated with a volume change) or thermal
(associated with heat transfer through a diathermal
wall).

• An open system can exchange both mass and

energy with its surroundings.
Thermodynamic Properties, Processes
and Cycles
Property:
Characteristics by which its physical condition may be
described
A property is a quantifiable macroscopic characteristic
of a system.

Eg: mass, volume, density, pressure, temperature, height,

width

A thermodynamic state of a system is defined by the

values of all of the system thermodynamic properties.
 When the value of any one of a system’s
properties changes, the system undergoes a
change in state.

A process occurs whenever a system changes from

one state to another state.

A thermodynamic cycle consists of a sequence of

processes in which the working fluid returns to its
original thermodynamic state.
 Intensive Properties and Extensive
Properties
• Independent of the mass of the system
• Eg: pressure, temperature

• Related to mass
• Eg: volume, energy

• Extensive properties per unit mass are intensive

properties
• Eg: specific volume, Specific energy
 Homogenous and Heterogeneous
Systems
• A phase is a region of space (a thermodynamic
system), throughout which all physical properties
of a material are essentially uniform.
• Examples of physical properties include density,
index of refraction, magnetization and chemical
composition and physical structure.
• Three phases, viz solid, liquid and gas
• An system consisting of a single phase is called
homogenous system., while a system consisting
of more than one phase is known as a
heterogeneous system.
 Thermodynamic Equilibrium
• A system is said to exist in a state of thermodynamic
equilibrium when no change in any macroscopic
property is registered, if the system is isolated from the
surroundings.
• Thermodynamics studies mainly the properties of
physical systems that are found in equilibrium state.
• Conditions for thermodynamic equilibrium
1. Mechanical
2. Chemical
3. Thermal
Mechanical Equilibrium:
In the absence of any unbalanced force
within the system and also between the system
and the surroundings, the system is said to be in
the state of mechanical equilibrium.

Chemical Equilibrium:
No chemical reaction takes place in the
system and the chemical composition which is
same through the system and does not change
with time
Thermal Equilibrium:
the temperature of the system does not
change with time and has same value at all
points of the system.

Pure Substance:
A pure substance is defined as one that is
homogenous and invariable in chemical
composition through its mass.
 Quasi Static Process
• A quasistatic process is one that takes place so slowly that the
system may be considered as passing through a succession of
equilibrium states.
• A quasistatic process may be represented by a path (or line) on
the equation-of-state surface.
• If it is non-quasistatic, only the end-points can be shown.
• A reversible process is one the direction can be reversed by an
infinitessimal change of variable.
• A reversible process is a quasistatic process in which no
dissipative forces, such as friction, are present.
• A reversible change must be quasistatic, but a quasistatic
process need not be reversible; e.g. if there is hysteresis.
 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
• Thermodynamics distinguishes from other
sciences by temperature property.

“When a body A is in thermal equilibrium with

a body B, and also separately with body C, then
B and C will be in thermal equilibrium with
each other”

• Basis for temperature measurement.

 Heat & Work
• Energy interactions:
1. Work transfer
2. Heat transfer

• In thermodynamics, quantity of energy

transferred as work is a generalization of the
concept of mechanical work in mechanics.
• The work is said to be done by a force as, it
acts upon a body moving in the direction of
the force.

W = F.S

• Work is said to be done by a system if the sole

effect on things external to the system can be
reduced to the raising of a weight.
• When work is done by a system, it is taken to be
positive, and when work is done on the system, it
is taken to be negative.

• Heat is defined as the form of energy that is

transmitted across a boundary by virtue of a
temperature difference.

• Heat flow in to a system is taken to be positive,

and heat flow out of a system is taken as
negative.
• A process in which no heat crosses the
boundary of the system is called an adiabatic
process.

• A wall which is impermeable to the flow of

heat is an adiabatic wall, where as a wall
which permits the flow of heat is a diathermic
wall.
pdV work or Displacement Work
 Various Quasi Static Process
1. Constant pressure process or Isobaric

2. Constant volume process or Isochoric

3. Constant temperature process or Isothermal

4. Polytropic process
 First law of Thermodynamics
• The first law of thermodynamics is the law of
conservation of energy.
“Energy can neither be
created nor destroyed, the
net work transfer in the
cycle must be equal to the
net heat transfer in the
various process of cycle”.
 Specific Heat
• Specific heat at constant volume Cv is defined as the
rate of change of specific internal energy with respect
to temperature when the volume is held constant.

• Enthalpy:
h = u + pv

• Specific heat at constant pressure Cp is defined as the

rate of change of enthalpy with respect to temperature
when the pressure is kept constant.
 Second Law of Thermodynamics
• Provides the criterion as to the probability of
various processes.
• Complete conversion of low grade energy into
high grade energy in a cycle is impossible

 Heat Engine:
Heat engine is defined as
a device that converts heat
energy into mechanical energy.
Efficiency (η)=net work / total heat input
• Energy Reservoirs:
A thermal energy reservoir (TER) is defined as a large
body of infinite heat capacity, which is capable of
absorbing or rejecting an unlimited quantity of heat
without suffering appreciable change in its
thermodynamic coordinates.

• Cyclic Heat Engine:

A heat engine cycle is a thermodynamic cycle in which
there is a net heat transfer to the system and a net
work transfer from the system.
• Kelvin Planck Statement:
It is impossible for any device that operates on a
cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir and
produce a net amount of work.

The Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law of

thermodynamics states that “no heat engine can
produce a net amount of work while exchanging
heat with a single reservoir only”.

In other words, the maximum possible efficiency is

less than 100
• Clausius statement:
Heat always flows from a body at a higher
temperature to a body at a lower temperature. The
reverse process never occurs spontaneously.

The Clausius statement of the second law states

that, “it is impossible to construct a device that
operates in a cycle and produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a lower-
temperature body to a higher-temperature body”.
 Refrigerator and Heat Pump
• A refrigerator is a device which, operating in a cycle,
maintains a body at a temperature lower than the
temperature of the surroundings.

• A Heat Pump is a device, operating in a cycle,

maintains a body , at a temperature higher that the
temperature of the surroundings.
 Carnot Cycle
• French military engineer Nicolas Sadi Carnot
• Concept of cyclic operation and devised a
reversible cycle
• A reversible cycle is an ideal hypothetical cycle in
which all the processes constituting the cycle are
reversible.
• Process 1-2:Reversible isothermal heat addition at high
temperature, TH> TC, to the working fluid in a piston-cylinder
device that does some boundary work.

• Process 2-3:Reversible adiabatic expansion during which the

system does work as the working fluid temperature decreases
from TH to TC.

• Process 3-4:The system is brought in contact with a heat

reservoir at TC< TH and a reversible isothermal heat exchange
takes place while work of compression is done on the system.

• Process 4-1:A reversible adiabatic compression process

increases the working fluid temperature from TC to TH
 Air Standard Cycles
• The power cycles can be classified into two
important fields.
• The first is the power generation which the
work done output of the system such as Heat
Engine.
• The second is the refrigeration and air
conditioning which the work done input to the
system such as Heat Pump.
 Air-standard assumptions
• The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a
closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas.

• All the processes that make up the cycle are internally

reversible.

• The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process

that restores the working fluid to its initial state.

• The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition

process from an external source.
Otto Cycle
• Process 1–2 is an isentropic compression of the air as the
piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center.
• Process 2–3 is a constant-volume heat transfer to the air from
an external source while the piston is at top dead center. This
process is intended to represent the ignition of the fuel–air
mixture and the subsequent rapid burning.
• Process 3–4 is an isentropic expansion (power stroke).
• Process 4–1 completes the cycle by a constant-volume
process in which heat is rejected from the air while the piston
is at bottom dead center.
Diesel Cycle
• Process 1–2 is an isentropic compression of the air as the
piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center.

• Process 2–3 is a constant-Pressure heat transfer to the air

from an external source while the piston is at top dead center.

• Process 3–4 is an isentropic expansion (power stroke).

• Process 4–1 completes the cycle by a constant-volume

process in which heat is rejected from the air while the piston
is at bottom dead center.