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Chapter 5
Transient Conduction
Transient Conduction
• A heat transfer process for which the temperature varies with time, as well
as location within a solid.
• Solution Techniques
The Lumped Capacitance Method
Exact Solutions
The Finite-Difference Method
Bodies with Negligible Internal
Temperature Gradients
Bodies in Which Internal Temperature
Gradients cannot be Neglected
Biot Number
The Biot Number and Validity of
The Lumped Capacitance Method
• The Biot Number: The first of many dimensionless parameters to be
considered.
Definition:
hL
Bi c
k
h convection or radiation coefficient
k thermal conductivity of the solid
Lc characteristic length of the solid ( / As or coordinate
associated with maximum spatial temperature difference)
Physical Interpretation:
Chapter 5
Sections 5.1 - 5.3
Lumped Capacitance Method
First Law:
dEst dT
c Ein Eout Eg
dt dt
dT
q"s As ,h E g (q"conv q"rad ) As ( c ,r ) Vc (5.14)
dt
dT
q"s As ,h E g [h(T T ) (T 4 Ts ) As ( c ,r ) Vc
4
(5.15)
dt
• Special Cases
Radiation Only
dT
(T 4 Ts ) As ,r Vc
4
dt
Vc 1 1
t 3 3
3As ,r T Ti
Special Case (Negligible Radiation)
To what does the foregoing equation reduce as steady state is approached as t approaches ∞?
Special Case (Convection)
h C (T T ) n
1 / n
nCAs ,c i
n
t 1
i Vc
(5.28)
T T hA t
exp s ,c t exp (5.6)
i Ti T c t
Chapter 5
Sections 5.4 - 5.8
Plane Wall
Solution to the Heat Equation for a Plane Wall with
Symmetrical Convection Conditions
• If the lumped capacitance approximation cannot be made (large Biot number for
example), consideration must be given to spatial, as well as temporal, variations in
temperature during the transient process.
T x,0 T i (5.30)
T
0 (5.31)
x x 0
T
k h T L, t T (5.32)
x xL
1. Exact Solution:
C n exp n2 Fo cos n x *
* (5.42a)
n 1
4sin n
Cn n tan n Bi
2 n sin 2 n
(5.42b,c)
See Appendix B.3 for first four roots (eigenvalues 1 ,..., 4 ) of Eq. (5.42c).
Plane Wall (cont.)
sin 1 *
Q Q o 1 o (5.49)
1
Q o cV T i T (5.47)
Example 5.5
page 305
Radial Systems
Radial Systems
• Long Rods or Spheres Heated or Cooled by Convection.
Bi hr o / k
Fo t / r o2
• One-Term Approximations:
Long Rod: Eqs. (5.52) and (5.54)
Sphere: Eqs. (5.53) and (5.55)
C 1 , 1 Table 5.1
Objects with Constant Ts or qs
qs L c
q*
k T s T i (5.67)
Constant Ts Constant qs
Problem: Thermal Energy Storage
FIND: Time required for sphere to acquire 90% of maximum possible thermal
energy and the corresponding center and surface temperatures.
SCHEMATIC:
With Bi hro/k = 2.01, 1 2.03 and C1 1.48 from Table 5.1. Hence,
0.1 2.03
3
0.837
o 0.155
3 0.896 2.03 0.443 5.386
Problem: Thermal Energy Storage (cont.)
k / c 1.4 W/m K / 2225kg/m3 835J/kg K 7.54 107 m 2 /s,
t
0.0375m ln 0.155 / 1.48
2
1,020 s
7 2
<
7.54 10 m /s 2.03
2
To Tg ,i 0.155 Ti Tg ,i 300°C 42.7°C 257.3°C <
The surface temperature at the time of interest may be obtained from Eq. (5.53b)
with r 1,
o sin 1 0.155 0.896
Ts Tg ,i Ti Tg ,i 300°C 275°C 280.9°C <
1 2.03
Problem: 5.93: Use of radiation heat transfer from high intensity lamps
qs 10 4 W/m 2 for a prescribed duration (t=30 min) to assess
ability of firewall to meet safety standards corresponding to
maximum allowable temperatures at the heated (front) and
unheated (back) surfaces.
SCHEMATIC:
x L = 0.25 m
Concrete, Ti = 25oC
qs = 104 W/m2 = 2300 kg/m3
c = 880 J/kg-K
k = 1.4 W/m-K
s = 1.0
Tmax = 325oC Tmax = 25oC
Problem: Thermal Response of Firewall (cont.)
2 qo t / x 2 qo x
1/2
x
T x, t Ti exp erfc
k 4 t k
2 t
7
where, k / c p 6.92 10 m /s and for
2
Hence, T 0.25 m, 30 min 25C 284.5°C 3.58 106 1786°C ~ 0 25°C
Problem: Thermal Response of Firewall (cont.)
SCHEMATIC:
Beef, 1kg
Ti = -20°C
Packaging material, q
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Beef has properties of ice, (2) Radiation and convection
to environment are neglected, (3) Constant properties, (4) Packaging material
has negligible heat capacity.
Problem: Microwave Heating (cont.)
PROPERTIES: Table A.3, Ice (≈ 273 K): ρ = 920 kg/m3, c = 2040 J/kg∙K, k = 1.88 W/m∙K.
ANALYSIS: Neglecting radiation and convection losses, all the power absorbed in the
packaging material conducts into the beef. The surface heat flux is
q 0.5P
qs = =
As 4πR 2
The radius of the sphere can be found from knowledge of the mass and density:
4
m = rV = π ro3
3
1/3 1/3
3 m 3 1 kg
ro = = = 0.0638 m
4π 4π 920 kg/m3
Thus
0.5(1000W)
qs 9780 W/m2
4 0.0638 m
2
The beef can be seen as the interior of a sphere with a constant heat flux at its surface, thus
the relationship in Table 5.2b, Interior Cases, sphere, can be used. We begin by calculating q* for Ts=0°C.
qsro 9780 W/m2 0.0638 m
q* 16.6
k Ts Ti 1.88 W/m K 0 C - -20 C
Problem: Microwave Heating (cont.)
1 π π
q* -
2 Fo 4
-2
π
Fo = π 2(q* + ) = 0.0026
4
Since this is less than 0.2, our assumption was correct. Finally we can solve
for the time:
t = Fo ro2 / = Fo ro2 c / k
= (0.0026 × (0.0638 m)2× 920 kg/m3× 2040 J/kg K)/(1.88 W/m K)
= 10.6 s <
COMMENTS: At the minimum surface temperature of -20°C, with T∞ = 30°C and h = 15 W/m2∙K
from Problem 5.33, the convection heat flux is 750 W/m2, which is less than 8% of the microwave
heat flux. The radiation heat flux would likely be less, depending on the temperature of the oven walls.