1D STEADY STATE HEAT

CONDUCTION (1)

Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
p

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Convection Boundary Condition

Heat conduction Heat convection

at the surface in a = at the surface in
selected direction the same direction

In writing the equations for convection

boundary conditions, we have selected
the direction of heat transfer to be the
positive x-direction at both surfaces. But
those expressions are equally applicable
when
h h heatt ttransfer
f isi iin th
the opposite
it
direction
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 Radiative Boundary Condition

Heat conduction Radiation exchange

at the surface in a = at the surface in the
selected direction same direction

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Interface Boundary Conditions

The boundary conditions at an interface are

based on the requirements that
(1) two bodies in contact must have the
same temperature at the
h area off contact
and
(2) an interface (which is a surface) cannot
store anyy energy,
gy, and thus
the heat flux on the two sides of an
interface must be the same

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 Generalized Boundary
Conditions
Heattransfer Heattransfer
=
tothesurface fromthesurface
in all modes
inallmodes in all modes
inallmodes

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 Solution of steady heat
1D Cartesian
conduction equation
Differential Equation: Boundary Condition:

d 2
T T (0 ) = T 1
= 0
2
dx
Integrate: Applying the boundary condition to the general solution:

dT T(x ) = C1x + C 2
= C1
dx
0 0
Integrate again:

T (x ) = C 1 x + C 2
T1
Substituting:
G
General
lSSolution
l ti A bit
Arbitrary C
Constants
t t
T1 = C1.0 + C 2 C 2 = T1

It cannot involve x or T(x) after the

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boundary condition is applied.
 Cylindrical - Spherical
Differential Equation:
Differential Equation:
d dT
(r ) = 0 d dT
dr dr (r 2 ) = 0
dr dr

Integrate: Integrate:

dT dT
r = C1 r2 = C1
dr dr

Divide by r (r 0) : Divide by r2 (r 0) :
dT C
= 1 dT C
dr r = 1
dr r2
Integrate again:
Integrate again:
T (r ) = C 1 ln r + C 2 C1
T (r ) = + C2
r
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD which is the general solution.
During steady one-dimensional
heat conduction in a spherical (or
cylindrical) container, the total rate
of heat transfer remains constant,
but the heat flux decreases with
i
increasing
i radius.
di

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PTalukdar/Mech-IITD
 Heat Generation

Under steady conditions, the energy

balance for this solid can be expressed as

Rateofheat Rateofenergy
=
transfer generationwithin
fromsolid thesolid
hAs((TsT) g& V

Vg
Ts = T +
hA s
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A large plane wall of thickness 2L (As = 2Awall and V = 2LAwall),
)
A long solid cylinder of radius ro (As = 2ro L and V= r2o L),
A solid sphere of radius r0 (As = 4r2o L and V= 4/3r3o )

Vg
Ts = T +
hA s

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 Under steadyy conditions,, the
entire heat generated within the
medium is conducted through
the outer surface of the cylinder.
cylinder

The heat g
generated within this inner cylinder
y must
be equal to the heat conducted through the outer
surface of this inner cylinder

Integrating from r = 0 where T(0) = T0 to r = ro where T(ro) = Ts yields

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 The maximum temperature
in a symmetrical solid with
uniform heat generation
occurs at its center

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 1-D
1 D plane wall

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 Energy balance
Rate of heat Rate of heat Rate of change of
transfer into the - transfer out of the = energy
gy of the wall
wall wall
dE wall
Q in Q out =
dt

dEwall
=0 for steady operation
dt
Therefore, the rate of heat transfer into the wall must be equal to the rate
of heat transfer out of it. In other words, the rate of heat transfer through
the wall must be constant, Qcond, wall constant.
dT
Fouriers law of heat conduction for the wall Q cond, wall = kA
dx
L T2
Qcond,wall dx
d = kAdT constant
t t
x=0 T=T1
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 Temp profile
T1 T2
Q cond , wall = kA (W)
L

The rate of heat conduction through a

plane wall is proportional to the
average thermal conductivity,
conductivity the
wall area, and the temperature
difference, but is inversely
proportional
i l to the
h wallll thickness
hi k

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 Temp profile

1 D steady state heat conduction equation d dT

(k )=0
dx dx
Integrate the above equation twice T (x ) = C 1 x + C 2
Boundary conditions T(0) = Ts,1 and T ( L) = Ts, 2
Apply the condition at x = 0 and L
Ts,1 = C2
Ts,2 = C1L + C2 = C1L + Ts,1
Ts,2 Ts,1
= C1
L
Ts,2 Ts,1
T(x) = x + Ts,1
L
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 Thermal Resistance Concept

Analogy between thermal and

electrical resistance concepts

& T1 T2
Q cond, wall = (W)
R wall
L
R wall = (oC/W)
PTalukdar/Mech-IITD kA
 Convection Resistance

Q convection = hA s ( T s T )

Ts T
Q convection
i = (W)
R convection

1
R convection = (oC/W)
hA s

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 Radiation Resistance
T s T surr
Q rad = A s ( T s4 T surr
4
) = h rad A s ( T s T surr ) = (W)
R rad
1
R rad = (K/W)
h rad A s

Combined convection and radiation

Q rad
h rad = = ( T s2 + T surr
2
)( T s + T surr ) (W/m2K)
A s ( T s T surr )

h combined = h conv + h rad (W/m2K) Possible when T = Tsurr

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The thermal resistance network for heat transfer through a plane wall subjected
to convection on both sides, and the electrical analogy

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 Network subjected to convection on both sides
Rate of heat Rate of heat Rate of heat
convection into = conduction = convection from the
the wall through the wall wall
T1 T2
Q = h1 A(T1 T1 ) = kA = h2 A(T2 T 2 )
L
T 1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T 2
Q= = =
1 h1 A L kA 1 h2 A
T 1 T1 T1 T2 T2 T 2
= = =
R conv ,1 R wall R conv , 2
Adding
g the numerators and denominators yields
y
T 1 T 2
Q= (W)
R total
1 L 1
R total = R conv ,1 + R wall + R conv , 2 = + +
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h1 A kA h2 A
 T1 T 2
Q= (W)
Rtotal

The ratio of the temperature drop to the

thermal resistance across any layer is
constant, and thus the temperature drop
across any layer
l iis proportional
ti l tto th
the
thermal resistance of the layer. The larger
the resistance, the larger the temperature
drop.
p

T = Q R (oC)

This indicates that the temperature drop across

any layer is equal to the rate of heat transfer
times the thermal resistance across that layer

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 It is sometimes convenient
to express heat transfer
through a medium in an
analogous manner to
Newtons law of cooling as

Q = UAT (W)

& = T
Q
R total

1
UA =
R total
The surface temperature of the wall can be
determined using the thermal resistance T1 T1 T1 T1
Q= =
concept, but by taking the surface at which the Rconv,1 1
temperature is to be determined as one of the h1 A
terminal surfaces.
Known

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