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MCG5131

CH 1 - Basic Relations and Equations of Heat Conduction

OBJECTIVES:
1. Fourier Rate Equation
2. Heat Conduction Equation: General Derivation - Integral, Differential forms, Special
cases
3. Initial and Boundary Conditions
4. Conduction in Cartesian, Polar, and Spherical coordinates
5. Coordinate-specific derivation using differential control approach
6. Thermal Resistances
7. Concept of Upper and Lower resistance bounds

Temperature Field

Heat
Flux

solid
isotherms
T1

T2

T3

T1 > T2 > T3

1) Continuous and single-valued everywhere

2) Heat transferred from the hotter to the colder parts of the solid.
3) Temperature field is scalar

T = T ( x, y , z , t )

Cartesian

T = T ( u1, u2 , u3 , t ), T = T ( r , t )

General

Fourier Rate Equation , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Fourier

q = k grad T = k T
W
m 2

W
mK

K
m

(1.1)

Cartesian ( x, y , z ) Cylindrical ( r, , z ) Spherical ( r, , )

T
T
T
qx = k
qr = k
qr = k
x
r
r
1 T
1 T
T
q y = k
q = k
q = k
r
r
y
1 T
T
T
qz = k
qz = k
q = k
z
z
r sin

qs = k

T
s

e.g. Spherical Coordinates:

q

r sin

ds = rd
r
y

r
ds = r sin d

q = qs = k

T
T
= k
s
r

q = qs = k

T
T
= k
r sin
s

dr

Heat Conduction Equation: - Integral and Differential Forms

Conduction equation is 1st Law of Thermodynamics with work term neglected.

q


n

solid

ds

n o u tw a rd n o rm a l to d s
s

surface

q

g o in g o u t
c o m in g i n

q n = qn = n orm al com ponen t of q




dS = nds







dQ = qnds = q nds = q dS

Apply the 1st Law neglecting work done on or by the solid as it contracts or
expands when cooled or heated.
Net Heat
Conduction

Rate
into

Volume

Net Heat
Generation

Rate within
Volume Due

to Sources

Rate of

Increase of
=
Internal
Energy

Integral Form of Conduction Equation

T

nds
+
PdV
=

c
dV
p
S

t
V
V

(1.2)

T

qdV
+
PdV
=

c
dV
p

t
V
V
V
Integral Form


T

q
P
c

dV = 0
p
v
t

(1.3)

Differential Form

T
q + P = c p
t
With

q = k grad T = k T
( k T ) + P = c p

T
t

(1.4)

Special Cases for k = constant

P 1 T
=
k t
k
where
, m 2 / s , thermal diffusivity
cp

2T +

1) No heat source P = 0 ; but transient

2T =

1 T
t

0
t

Diffusion Eqn

=0
2) With sources P > 0 ; and steady-state
t
P
2T =
Poisson's Eqn
k
3)

=0
No heat source P = 0 ; and steady-state
t

2T = 0

Laplace's Eqn

Boundary Surfaces
Closed System

Bounded
region
2T =

1 T
t

Tf
Q

Open System
Half-space (unbounded)
region)

2T = 0
Circular
Source

Boundary at infinity

Initial and Boundary conditions

Initial Condition
1 T
t
T = f ( x, y , z ) at t = 0
2T =

Boundary Conditions
i)
B.C. of First kind (DIRICHLET)

T = f ( Rb , t )

2T =

1 T
t
V

Temperature on the boundary is known for all time.

T = T ( Rb , t ) or T = T ( Rb ) or T = Tb = constant
if Tb = 0, then Homogeneous B.C. of first kind.
Often set up the problem to work with temperature excess
T Tref (or T Tb ) to convert to homogeneous B.C.

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ii)

B.C. of Second kind (NEUMANN)

2T =

T
n = g ( Rb , t )

or

T
q = k
= g ( Rb , t )
n

1 T
t

n

Temperature gradient normal to the boundary is known for all time.

Special Case: q( Rb , t ) = 0 (insulated boundary)
iii)

T
=0
n

B.C. of Third kind (ROBIN)

fluid

h, T f

Fourier's
{Cooling Law}
{Rate
Eqn}

solid
2T =

T
k
= h (T T f )



n
 
Newton's

1 T
t

n

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iv)

Perfect Contact Condition

solid 2
solid 1

k1 , 1 , T1

k2 , 2 , T2
1 T2
2T2 =
2 t

n

1 T1
T1 =
1 t
2

Control volume

interface
Heat balance on control volume yields:
T1
T
k1 = 2 k2
n
n
T1 = T2

v)

At every point of the common interface

Mixed Boundary Condition

S1

T ( Rb , t ) = f1 ( Rb , t ) on S1
T ( Rb , t )
= f 2 ( Rb , t ) on S2
n

1 T
T=
t
2

S2

n
Example:

T
=0
n

2T =

1 T
t
R

T = T0

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Conduction in Cartesian

T1

2T = 0
Consider
T = T ( x )

d 2T
=0 ,
2
dx

T2

L
x

for

0 x L

x = 0 , T = T1
B.C. x = L , T = T < T

2
1

Solution:
T = C1 x + C2

x
(T1 T2 )
L

T = T1
Heat flow rate

Q [W ]

Q = qx A
dT
A
dx
(T T )
Q=k 1 2 A
L
= k

Thermal Resistance R [ C / W ]
Define R

(T1 T2 )

Q
Overall Temp. Drop
Flow Length

=
Total Heat flow Rate (Conductivity)(Flow Area)

R =

L L / A Geometric Parameter
=
=
kA
k
Conductivity
Q

T1

T2
R

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Non-Dimensionalize the Problem:

Need a characteristic dimension .
For the slab = L
Position:
x
, 0 1
L
d
d d 1 d
=
=
dx d dx L d

1 d
d2
d d
=
=
dx 2 dx dx L d

: xi

d 1 d 1 d
=

dx L d L d

Temperature:
T T2
=
, 1 0
T1 T2

1 d2
= L2 d 2

: psi

T = (T1 T2 ) + T2

Laplace Equation is then:

d 2
= 0, 0 1
d 2
= 0 , = 1
B.C. = 1 , = 0

Solution:

= A1 + A2
1 = A1 0 + A2

0 = A1 1 + 1

A2 = 1
A1 = 1

0
0

= 1

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Conduction in Cylindrical
k

a
T1

Q
b

2T = 0
Consider T = T ( r )

T2 < T1

Coordinate-specific derivation of 2T = 0 :
dr

Select Differential Control volume

dT
r
Qr = qr Ar = k
2 rL
dr
Qr
Qr + dr
dQ
C.V.
Qr +dr = Qr + r dr + Higher Order Terms
dr
dQ
Qr + r dr
dr

=0
No source
P = 0, Steady state
t
Heat Conduction Rate
Heat Conduction Rate

=0
into
C.V.
out
of
C.V.

dQ
dQ

Qr Qr + r dr = 0 r dr = 0
dr
dr

d
dT

k
2

rL
dr = 0
dr
dr

Divide by dV = 2 rLdr

1 d dT
kr
=0
r
dr
dr

* Note: (k T )

arb

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Now,
d dT
r
=0
dr dr
Integrate:
dT
dT C1
r
= C1
=
dr
dr
r
T = C1 ln r + C 2
Apply B.C.
T1 = C1 ln a + C 2
T2 = C1 ln b + C 2
T1 T2 = C1 ln ( b / a ) C1 =

( T1 T2 )
ln ( b / a )

C 2 = T1 C1 ln a = T1 + ( T1 T2 )

ln a
ln ( b / a )

T = C1 ln r + T1 C1 ln a = T1 + C1 ln ( r / a )
T = T1 ( T1 T2 )
Q r = q r Ar = k

dT
dr

ln ( r / a )
ln ( b / a )
2 rL = k
r=r

2 kL ( T1 T2 )
C1
2 r L =
ln ( b / a )
r

Resistance:
R=

C1 ln ( b / a ) ln ( b / a ) Geometric Parameter
T1 T2
=
=
=
Qr
C1 2 kL
2 kL
Conductivity

As b / a ,

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Hollow Sphere
k

a
T1
T2 < T1

2T = 0
Consider
T = T ( r )

B.C.

r = a , T = T1

r = b , T = T2

Laplacian Operator for Spherical Coordinates:

1 T
1

T
2T = 2 r 2
+
sin

r r r r 2 sin

Taking only the r-term:

1 d dT
2T = 2 r 2
=0
r dr dr
or

+
2 2
r sin

d 2 dT
r
= 0 (Could derive this from first principle!)
dr dr
Integrate:
dT
dT C1
r2
= C1
=
dr
dr r 2
C
T = 1 + C2
r
C
T1 = 1 + C2
a
C
T2 = 1 + C2
b
T T
1 1
T1 T2 = C1 C1 = 1 2
1 1
a b

a b
C
C2 = T1 + 1
a
C
C
1 1
T = 1 + T1 + 1 = T1 + C1
r
a
a r

2T
2

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Finally:
T = T1

T1 T2 1 1

1 1 a r

a b

Qr = qr Ar = k

dT
dr

4 r 2
r =r

T T2 1
2
= k 1
4

r
(Compare with cyl. soln.!)

2
1
1

r
a b
4 k ( T1 T2 )
Qr =
1 1

a b
1 1

T1 T2 a b
1 a
R=
1
=
=
Qr
4 k
4 ka b
a
1
Note: As
0, R
4 ka
b
Also note: As a b
ba 1
Rab =

ab 4 k
t
1
=

, b= a+t
a ( a + t ) 4 k
t
=
t
4 a 2 (1 + )k
a
t
t
As
0 , Rab
a
4 a 2k

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Film Resistance
Solid

Fluid
h

Newtons Cooling Law

Ts T f
1
hA

Q = hA (Ts T f ) =

Tf

Ts T f
Rf

Rf =

1
hA

Compound Systems
Slab:
Tf 1
Ts1

Q=

Tf 1 Tf 2
Rt

Ti1

h1

Ti 2
k1

RT =

Ts 2

h2

k2

L1

RT = Total System Resistance

L2

1
L
L
1
+ 1 + Rc + 2 +
h1 A k1 A
k 2 A h2 A
Rc =

Tf 2

1
Contact Resistance
hc A

hc : Contact Conductance
Q
Tf 1

Ti1

Ts1

Rf 1 =

1
h1 A

Rs1 =

L1
k1 A

Rc =

1
hc A

Rs 2 =

Q
Tf 1

Tf 2

RT

Tf 2

Ts 2

Ti 2
L2
k2 A

Rf 2 =

1
h2 A

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Hollow Compound Cylinder

k2
hc

Q=

k1
a

c
hi , T f 1
ho , T f 2

Tf 1 Tf 2
Rt

RT =

ln ( b / a )
ln ( c / b )
1
1
+
+ Rc +
+
hi Ai
2 k1L
2 k2 L ho Ao
Ai = 2 aL
Ao = 2 cL
Rc =

1
1
=
hc A hc 2 bL

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Concept of Upper and Lower Resistance Bounds

Consider
k1 = 1 W / mK
A1 = 1 m

k3 = 0.5 W / mK

A3 = 2 m 2

Ta

Tb

k 2 = 2 W / mK
A2 = 1 m 2
L3 = 1 m

L1 = L2 = 2 m

Lower bound: Perfect spreading at 1/2 3 junction to allow an isotherm.

L1
= 2 C / W
k1 A1

L3
= 1 C / W
k3 A3

Ta

Tb

RLB =

1
+ 1 = 1.667
1/ 2 + 1/1

L2
= 1 C / W
k 2 A2

Upper bound: Heat spreading inhibited to force constant flux flow.

L1
= 2 C / W
k1 A1

L3
= 2 C / W
k3 A3 / 2

Ta

Tb

RUB =

1
= 1.714
1/(2 + 2) + 1/(1 + 2)

L2
L3
= 1 C / W
= 2 C / W
k 2 A2
k3 A3 / 2

Actual resistance is bound between these two limits.

1.667 < R < 1.714