MODULE 4.1.

SAQs

1. An elevator is used to move 12 students of 60 kg each from the Ground Floor of the Roque Ruaño
Bldg. to the 3rd Floor 15 m above in 25 seconds.
a) What is the total Potential Energy involved?
Given: m = 60 kg × 12 = 720 kg g = 9.81 m/s2 h = 15 m
Required: EP
Equation: Ep = mgh
Solution: 9.81 m
EP = (720 kg) ( 2 ) (15 m)
s
kg m2
= 105948 2
s
1 kJ
= (105948 J ) ( )
1000 J
= 105.95 kJ
Answer: Ep = 105.95 kJ

b) What is the velocity associated?

Given: d = 15 m t = 25 s
Required: v
Equation: v = d
t
Solution: 15 m
𝑣=
25 s
m
= 0.6
s
Answer: v = 0.6 m/s

c) What is its total kinetic energy on the way to the 3 rd floor?

Given: m = 720 kg v = 0.6 m/s
Required: EK
Equation: EK = 1 mv2
2
Solution: 1 m 2
EK = (720 kg) (0.6 )
2 s
kg m2
= 129.6
s2
Answer: EK = 129.6 J

2. If 6 students stepped out on the 3rd Floor and the rest continue to the 5th Floor 10m higher in 17
seconds, what is the change in Potential Energy upon reaching the 5 th floor?
a) What is the new potential energy on the 5th floor?
Given: m = 60 kg × 6 = 360 kg g = 9.81 m/s2 h = 15 m + 10 m = 25 m
Required: EP
 Equation: Ep = mgh
Solution: 9.81 m
EP = (360 kg) ( 2 ) (25 m)
s
kg m2
= 88290 2
s
1 kJ
= (88290 J ) ( )
1000 J
= 88.29 kJ
Answer: Ep = 88.29 kJ

b) What is the new kinetic energy going to the 5 th floor?

Given: m = 360 kg 10 m
v=
17 s
Required: EK
Equation: EK = 1 mv2
2
Solution: 1 10 m 2
EK = (360 kg) ( )
2 17 s
kg m2
= 62.28
s2
Answer: EK = 62.28 J

3. A casserole containing 38.5 moles of water at 25°C must be boiled. How much heat is needed to boil
the water in kJ and kcal?
Given: 18 g Ti = 25°C
m = 38.5 mol × = 693 g
1 mol
C = 4.184 J/g-°C Tf = 100°C
P

Required: Q
Equation: 1
EK = mv2
2
Solution: J 1 kJ
Q = (693 g) (4.184 ) (100°C − 25°C) ( )
g°C 1000 J
= 217.46 kJ
1 kcal
Q = (217.46 kJ) ( )
4.184 kJ
= 51.97 kcal
Answer: Q = 217.46 kJ and 51.97 kcal

4. It is necessary to vaporize a 1.25-g ice at 0°C. The latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal/g. The latent
heat of vaporization of water is 540 cal/g and the specific heat for water is 1 cal/g-°C.
a) How much heat is necessary to liquefy the ice at 0°C?
Given: m = 1.25 g Lf = 80 cal/g
Required: Q
Equation: Q = +mL
 Solution: cal
Q = (1.25 g) (80 )
g
= 100 cal
Answer: Q = 100 cal

b) How much heat is necessary for the liquid ice to raise its temperature to boil?
Given: m = 1.25 g CP = 1 cal/g-°C ΔT = 100°C
Required: Q in Joules
Equation: Q = mCPΔT
Solution: cal 4.184 J
Q = (1.25 g) (1 ) (100°C) ( )
g°C 1 cal
= 523 J
Answer: Q = 523 J

c) How much heat is needed to vaporize the water at its boiling point?
Given: m = 1.25 g Lv = 540 cal/g
Required: Q
Equation: Q = +mL
Solution: cal
Q = (1.25 g) (540 )
g
= 675 cal
Answer: Q = 675 cal

d) What is the total heat involved?

Given: 4.184 J Q2 = 523 J 4.184 J
Q1 = 100 cal × = 418.4 J Q3 = 675 cal × = 2824.2 J
1 cal 1 cal
Required: Qtotal
Equation: Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
Solution: 1 kJ
Q total = (418.4 J + 523 J + 2824.2 J) ( )
1000 J
= 3.77 kJ
Answer: Qtotal = 3.77 kJ

e) How much heat is necessary to reverse the process?

Given: Qtotal = 3.77 kJ
Required: -Q
Equation: Q = -Qtotal
Solution: Q = −3.77 kJ
Answer: Q = -3.77 kJ
Problem Exercises

1. A 30-gram sample of water at 280K is mixed with 50.0 g water at 330K. Calculate the final temperature
of the mixture, assuming no heat loss to the surroundings.
Given: m1 = 30 g T1 = 280K CP = 4.184 J/g-°C
m2 = 50.0 g T2 = 330K
Required: Tf
Equation: mCPΔT = -mCPΔT
Solution: J J
(30 g) (4.184 ) (Tf − 280K) = −(50.0 g) (4.184 ) (Tf − 330K)
g°C g°C
(30)(Tf ) + (30)(−280K) = (−50)(Tf ) + (−50)(−330K)
(30)(Tf ) − 8400K = (−50)(Tf ) + 16500K
(80)(Tf ) = 24900K
24900K
Tf =
80
Tf = 311.25K or 311.25°C
Answer: Tf = 311K or 311°C

2. A sample of nickel is heated to 99.8°C and placed in a coffee cup calorimeter containing 150.0 g of
water at 23.5°C. After the metal cools, the final temperature of water and metal mixture is 25.0°C. If
the specific heat capacity of nickel is 0.444 J/°C-g, what mass of nickel was originally heated? Assume
no heat loss to the surroundings.

Given: T(nickel) = 99.8°C Tf = 25.0°C CP (nickel) = 0.444 J/g-°C

T(water) = 23.5°C m(water) = 150.0 g CP (water) = 4.184 J/g-°C
Required: m(nickel)
Equation: −mCPΔT
q(nickel) = -q(water) → mCPΔT = -mCPΔT → m=
CP ΔT
Solution: J J
(m(nickel) ) (0.444 ) (25.0°C − 99.8°C) = −(150.0 g) (4.184 ) (25.0°C − 23.5°C)
g°C g°C
J
−(150.0 g)(4.184g°C)(1.5°C)
m(nickel) = J
(0.444g°C)(−74.8°C)

m(nickel) = 28.3 g
Answer: m(nickel) = 28.3 g

3. A 150-g sample of a metal at 75.0°C is added to 150.0 g water at 15.0°C. The temperature of water
rises to 18.3°C. Calculate the specific heat capacity of the metal, assuming all the heat lost by the
metal is gained by the water.
Given: m(metal) = 150 g T(metal) = 75.0°C CP (nickel) = 0.444 J/g-°C
m(water) = 150.0 g T (water) = 15.0°C CP (water) = 4.184 J/g-°C
Required: CP(metal)
Equation: q(metal) = -q(water) → mCPΔT = -mCPΔT → CP = −mCP ΔT
mΔT
Solution: J
(150 g)(CP(metal) )(18.3°C − 75.0°C) = −(150.0 g) (4.184 ) (18.3°C − 15.0°C)
g°C
 J
−(150.0 g)(4.184g°C)(3.3°C)
CP(metal) = (150 g)(−56.7°C)
J
CP(metal) = 0.244
g°C
Answer: CP(metal) = 0.244 J/g-°C

4. A 110-g sample of copper (s=0.20 J/g-°C) is heated to 82.4°C and then placed in a container of water
at 22.3°C. The final temperature of the water and copper is 24.9°C. What is the mass of the water in
the container, assuming that all the heat lost by the copper is gained by the water.
Given: T(copper) = 82.4°C m(copper) = 110 g CP (copper) = 0.20 J/g-°C
T(water) = 22.3°C Tf = 24.9°C CP (water) = 4.184 J/g-°C
Required: m(water)
Equation: q(copper) = -q(water) → mCPΔT = -mCPΔT → m(water) = mCP ΔT
−CP ΔT
Solution: J J
(110 g) (0.20 ) (24.9°C − 82.4°C) = −(m(water) ) (4.184 ) (24.9°C − 22.3°C)
g°C g°C
J
(110 g)(0.20 )(−57.5°C)
g°C
m(water) = J
−(4.184g°C)(2.6°C)

m(water) = 116.3 g
Answer: m(water) = 116.3 g

Illustrative Problems

1. A certain mass at rest has a potential energy of 49 kJ with respect to a reference plane. The mass is
raised to an elevation of 75m from the reference plane and the gravitational work required is 9.8 kJ.
Determine the (a) mass in kg (b) initial elevation of the mass.
a) mass in kg
Given: EP1 = 49 kJ g = 9.8 m/s2
EP2 = 49 kJ + 9.8 kJ = 58.8 kJ h2 = 75m
Required: m in kg
Equation: Ep = mgh2 → m = EP
gh
Solution: kg m2
58800
m= s2
m
(9.8 2 ) (75 m)
s
= 80 kg
Answer: m = 80 kg

b) initial elevation
Given: EP1 = 49 kJ/49000 J g = 9.8 m/s2 m = 80 kg
Required: m in kg
Equation: Ep = mgh1 → h1 = EP
mg
 Solution: kg m2
49000
h1 = s2
m
(80 kg) (9.8 2 )
s
= 62.5 m
Answer: h1 = 62.5m

2. An automobile having a mass of 1500 kg is travelling at 25 m/s. (a) What is the kinetic energy in kilo
joules? (b) How much work must be done to bring it to a stop?
a) What is the kinetic energy in kilojoules?
Given: m = 1500 kg v = 25 m/s
Required: EK in kJ
Equation: EK = 1 mv2
2
Solution: 1 m 2
EK = (1500 kg) (25 )
2 s
1 kJ
= (468750 J) ( )
1000 J
= 468.750 kJ
Answer: EK = 468.75 kJ

b) How much work must be done to bring it to a stop?

Given: EK = 468.75 kJ
Required: W
Equation: W = ΔEK
Solution: W = 468.750 kJ
Answer: W = 468.75 kJ

3. Determine the quantity of heat that must be added to raise the temperature of a cup of coffee, 250
mL, from 20.5oC to 95.6oC. Assume that the water and coffee have the same density and the same heat
capacity.
Given: mcoffee = 250 mL/250 g Ti = 20.5oC
CP = 4.184 J/g-°C Tf = 95.6oC
Required: Q
Equation: Q = mCPΔT & ΔT = Tf - Ti
Solution: J
Q = (250 g) (4.184 ) (95.6°C − 20.5°C)
g°C
= 78555 J
Answer: W = 78,555 J

4. How much heat must be absorbed to warm 25.0 g of liquid methanol (CP = 2.53 J/g-K) from 30oC to its
boiling point (64.6oC) and then to vaporize the methanol completely at its boiling point. L V, for
methanol = 2.00 x 103 J/g.
Given: mmethanol = 25.0 g Ti = 30oC LV (methanol) = 2.00 x 103 J/g
 CP (methanol) = 2.53 J/g-K Tf = 64.6oC ΔT = 34.6 oC
Required: total heat (Qtotal)
Equation: total heat = sensible heat + latent heat
total heat = mCPΔT + mL
Solution: J J
Q total = [(25.0 g) (2.53 ) (34.6°C)] + [(25.0 g) (2.00 × 103 )]
gK g
= 52188 J
Answer: W = 52,188 J

MODULE 4.1.2
Among Us SAQs

1. When gasoline burns in an automobile engine, the heat released (325 J) causes the products CO 2 and
H2O to expand, which pushes the pistons outward. Excess heat is removed by the car’s cooling system.
If the work associated with the expanding gases is equal to 451 J, how much is the change in internal
energy of the gases? How much is the change in internal energy of the piston?
Given: q = -325 J wsystem = -451 J
Required: ΔEgases and ΔEpiston
Equation: ΔE = q + w
Solution: ∆Egases = −325 J + (−451 J)
= −776 J
∆Episton = 325 J + 451 J
= 776 J
Answer: ΔEgases = -776 J
ΔEpiston = 776 J

2. Under normal atmospheric pressure, nitrogen boils (and condenses) at - 196oC. When 7.7 g of nitrogen
gas at -196oC was put into a dewar flask initially at -260oC, their temperatures reach -210oC. If the
specific heat capacity and heat of vaporization of nitrogen are 1.04 J/g oC and 200 J/g, respectively,
determine the heat capacity of the dewar flask.
Given: Ti (nitrogen) = -196oC m(nitrogen) = 7.7 g CP (nitrogen) = 1.04 J/g-oC
Ti (flask) = -260oC Tf (nitrogen) = Tf (flask) = -210oC LV (nitrogen) = 200 J/g
Required: Cflask
Equation: mC ΔT
q(nitrogen) = -q(flask) → mCPΔT = -CΔT → C = P
−ΔT
Solution: J
(7.7 g) (1.04 ) [−210°C − (−196°C)]
g°C
𝐶=
−[−210°C − (−260°C)]
J
= 2.24
°C
Answer: Cflask = 2.24 J/ oC
3. What would be the equilibrium temperature if you drop 5.0 g of brass (C p = 0.38 J/g-oC, initially at
68oC) and 3.5 g of aluminum (Cp = 0.9 J/g-oC, initially at 83oC) into 105 g of water (Cp = 4.184 J/g-oC,
initially at 23oC)?
Given: m(brass) = 5.0 g Ti (brass) = 68oC CP (brass) = 0.38 J/g-oC
m(aluminum) = 3.5 g Ti (aluminum) = 83oC CP (aluminum) = 0.9 J/g-oC
m(water) = 105 g Ti (water) = 23oC CP (water) = 4.184 J/g-oC
Required: equilibrium temperature
Equation: q(nitrogen) = -q(flask)
q = CΔT
ΔT = Tf - Ti
(massbrass )(∆Tbrass )(Cpbrass ) + (massaluminum)(∆Taluminum )( Cpaluminum ) = (masswater )(∆Twater )(Cpwater )
Solution: J J
(5.0 g)(68 – x) ( 0.38 ) + (3.5 g)(83 – x) (0.9 )
g°C g°C
J
= (105 g)(x – 23) ( 4.184 )
g°C
J J J
(1.9 ) (68 – x) + (3.15 ) = (439.32 ) (x – 23)
°C °C °C
129.2 – 1.9x + 261.45 – 3.15x = 439.32x – 10104.36
10,495.01 = 444.37x
x = 23.617°C ≅ 23.62°C
Answer: equilibrium temperature ≅ 23.62 oC

4. After the sinking of RMS Titanic, US operated the International Ice patrol with the purpose of
monitoring the presence and movements of icebergs in the Atlantic and Arctic oceans. Once, they
observed a unique tabular iceberg in a form of a rectangle (250 km x 50 km x 300 m). How many years
would it take to melt the iceberg solely by heat from the sun if the ice absorbs a mean of 98 J/m 2-s,
12.5 hours per day? Note: the exposed area for heating is 250 km x 50 km and the density is 920
kg/m3.
Given: volumeiceberg = (250 km)(50km)(300 m)
density = 920 kg/m3
areaexposed = (250 km)(50 km)
J
heatsolar = 98 2 ; 12.5 hours per day
m s
Lf = 334 J/g
Required: t = years it would take for the iceberg to melt
Equation: mass = (volume)(density)
Q = mL
Q
t=
(heatsolar)(absorbing t in secs)(areaexposed )
Solution: 1000 m 1000 m
Volumeiceberg = (250 km × ) (50 km × ) (300 m)
1 km 1 km
= 3.75 × 1012 m3
kg
Massiceberg = (3.75 × 1012 m3 ) (920 3 )
m
= (3.45 × 1015 kg)
= 3.45 × 1018 g
 1000 m 1000 m
Areaexposed = (250 km × )(50 km × )
1 km 1 km
= 1.25 × 1010 m2
J
Q = (3.45 × 1018 g) (334 )
g
21
= 1.15 × 10 J

Absorbing t in seconds:
60 mins 60 secs secs
12.5 hrs × × = 45,000
1 hr 1 min day
1.15 × 1021 J
t=
J s
(98 2 ) (45000 ) (1.25 × 1010 m2 )
m s days
1 year
= 20861.68 days ×
365 days
≅ 57.16 years
Answer: t ≅ 57.16 years to melt the iceberg

MODULE 4.1.3
SAQs
1. Sodium chloride, the table salt (NaCl) is added in cooking to enhance the flavor of the food. When
10.0 g of NaCl are added in 200.0 mL of water at 25.0OC in a coffee-cup calorimeter, 669 J of heat are
absorbed. (Assume that there is no change in volume, d=1.00 g/mL, specific heat=4.18 J/g. OC)
a) Is the solution process exothermic?
The addition of 10.0 g of NaCl in 200.0 mL of water at 25.0OC in a coffee-cup calorimeter
resulted to absorption of 669 J of heat. Thus, the reaction is endothermic not exothermic because
heat is absorbed. An exothermic reaction releases energy.

b) What is qH2O?
Given: qabsorbed = 669 J
Required: qH2O
Equation: -qreleased (H2O) = qabsorbed (NaCl)
Solution:
−q H2O = 669 J
q H2O = −669 J
Answer: qH2O = -669 J

c) What is the final temperature of the solution?

Given: 1.00 g qH2O = -669 J Ti = 25.0OC
mH2O = 200.0 mL × = 200.0 g
mL
Required: Tf
q
Equation: q = mCP(Tf - Ti) → Tf = + Ti
mCP
Solution: −669 J
Tf = + 25O C
J
(200.0 g) (4.18 )
gOC
 = 24.2O C
Answer: Tf = 24.2OC

2. Acetylene, C2H2, is used in welding torches. It releases a lot of energy when burned in oxygen. The
combustion of one gram of acetylene releases 48.2 kJ. A 0.750-gram sample of acetylene is burned in
a bomb calorimeter (heat capacity = 1.117kJ/OC) that contains 800.0 g of water. The final temperature
of the bomb and water after combustion is 35.2OC. What is the initial temperature of the bomb and
water?
Given: mH2O = 800.0 g qreaction = 0.750 g ×
48.2 kJ
= 36.15 kJ Tf = 35.2OC
O 1g
CP = 1.117kJ/ C
Required: Ti
q
Equation: qreaction = -qcalorimeter → q = -mCP(Tf - Ti) → Tf = − + Ti
mCP
Solution: −36.15 J
Tf = + 35.2O C
J
(800.0 g) (1.117 )
°C
= 35.16O C
Answer: Ti = 35.16OC

3. Given the following thermochemical equations,

4B (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2B2O3 (s) ∆HO = -2543.8 kJ
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (g) ∆HO = -241.8 kJ
B2H6 (s) + 3O2 (g) → B2O3 (s) + 3H2O (g) ∆HO = -2032.9 kJ
Calculate the ∆HO for the decomposition of B2H6 into its elements.
Given: 4B (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2B2O3 (s) ∆HO = -2543.8 kJ
H2 (g) + ½ O2 (g) → H2O (g) ∆HO = -241.8 kJ
B2H6 (s) + 3O2 (g) → B2O3 (s) + 3H2O (g) ∆HO = -2032.9 kJ
Required: ∆HO
Solution:
Step 1:
3 ∆HO = +1271.9 kJ
B2O3 (s) → 2B (s) + O2 (g)
2
3 ∆HO = +725.4 kJ
3H2O (g) → 3H2 (g) + O2 (g)
2
B2H6 (s) + 3O2 (g) → B2O3 (s) + 3H2O (g) ∆HO = -2032.9 kJ

Step 2:
3 ∆HO = +1271.9 kJ
B2O3 (s) → 2B (s) + O2 (g)
2
3 ∆HO = +725.4 kJ
3H2O (g) → 3H2 (g) + O2 (g)
2
B2H6 (s) + 3O2 (g) → B2O3 (s) + 3H2O (g) ∆HO = -2032.9 kJ

Step 3:
B2H6 (s) → 2B (s) + 3H2 (g) ∆HO = -35.6 kJ

Answer: ∆HO = -35.6 kJ