Based on an experimental study, honey behaves as a pseudoplastic fluid with a flow behavior index

of 0.945 and a consistency coefficient of 6.32 N×sn/m2. It is transported in a pipe with a cross-
sectional area of 15 cm2 at a rate of 50 kg/min. If the density of the fluid is 1600 kg/m3, is the flow
laminar or turbulent? Show your calculations.

r = 1600 kg/m3
A = 15 cm2 = 1.5 x 10-3 m2
n = 0.945
K = 6.32 N×sn/m2
ṁ = 50 kg/min

Using the GRe equation:

ρdn 〈v〉2-n
GRe=
3n+1 n
K8n-1 # 4n $

Calculating d:

&1.5 ×10-3 m2 '×4

d= % =0.0437 m
π

Calculating <v>:

kg 1 min
ṁ )50 min* # 60 s $ m
〈v〉= = = 0.3472
ρA kg s
)1600 3 * &1.5 ×10-3 m2 '
m

Solving for GRe:

(1600)(0.0437)0.945 (0.3472)2-0.945
GRe= 0.945
= 4.7611
3(0.945)+1
(6.32)(8)0.945-1 ) *
4(0.945)

The flow is laminar.

It is desired to concentrate cranberry juice through a membrane filtration process. Prior to
concentration, the juice is pumped at a rate of 1 m3/min from a large storage tank to a feed tank
and it passes through a heat exchanger to bring the temperature from 4°C to 25°C. The discharge
point in the feed tank is 0.6 meters above the height of the liquid in the storage tank. The pipe used
in transporting the juice has a diameter of 0.03 meters. The heat needed to raise the temperature is
250 kW and the work done by the pump is 10 kW. The density of the cranberry juice is 1069 kg/m3
and its viscosity is 5 cP. Calculate:
a. The velocity at the discharge point (in m/s)
b. The mass rate of the juice (in kg/s)
c. The Reynold’s number assuming that the juice behaves as a Newtonian fluid
d. The enthalpy change in the whole process (in kJ/kg)
3
m m 3
V̇ = 1 min = 0.0167 s
h1 = 0 m (reference point of height)
h2 = 0.6 m
D = 0.03 m
qT = 250 kW
Ws = 10 kW
r = 1060 kg/m3
h = 5 cP

Working equation:

1 1
)H2 + 〈v2 〉2 +gh2 * - )H1 + 〈v1 〉2 +gh1 * = qT − Ws
2a 2a

Since the cranberry juice is stored in a large tank, it is assumed that v1 = 0, thus, solving for
v2:

m3
̇V 0.0167 s
〈v2 〉 = = = 23.6257 m⁄s
A π(0.03)2 m2
4

Calculating the mass rate:

m π(0.03)2 2 kg kg
m ̇= 〈v〉Aρ = #23.6257 $0 m 1 )1069 3 * = 17.8523 2s
s 4 m

Checking Re for the kinetic energy velocity correction factor, assuming that cranberry juice
is a Newtonian fluid:

d〈v〉r (0.03)(23.6257)(1069)
Re = = = 151,535.24
h 5×10-3
Flow is turbulent, thus, take 1.0 as value for a.

Re-arranging the working equation to determine the enthalpy change:

1
H2 - H1 = qT - Ws - 〈v 〉2 - gh2
2 2

Solving for H2 - H1:

J s
qT = )250×103 * ) * =14,122.698 J2kg
s 17.7020 kg

J s
Ws = )10×103 * ) * = 564.9079 J2kg
s 17.7020 kg

m2
1 (23.6257)2
〈v 〉2 = s2 =279.0869 J
2kg
2 2 2 )1
kg∙m
*
N∙s2
m
#9.8 2 $ (0.6 m)
gh2 = s = 58.8 J2kg
kg∙m
1
N∙s2

H2 - H1 = 14,122.698 - 564.9079 - 279.0869 - 58.8

H2 - H1 = 13,219.9032 J2kg = 13.2199 kJ2kg

In an experiment to measure the thermal conductivity of meat, beef was formed into a square
section block 5 cm × 5 cm and 1 cm thick. The edges of the block were insulated (assume zero
heat loss) and heat was supplied continuously to one face (5 cm x 5 cm) of the block at a rate of
0.80 W. The temperatures of both the 5 cm x 5 cm faces were measured with thermocouples and
found to be 28.5 ℃ and 23.3 ℃, respectively. What is the thermal conductivity of the beef?
Assume steady state.

Given: Required:
Δx = 1 cm = 0.01 m kbeef = ?
𝑞̇ = 0.80 W
T1 = 28.5 °C
T2 = 23.3 °C
faces = 5 cm x 5 cm

Solution:

Working equation:

∆𝑇
𝑞̇ = −𝑘 𝐴
∆𝑥

Solving for kbeef:

𝑞̇ ∆𝑥 (0.8)(0.01)
𝑘 = = − = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟓 𝑾2𝒎 ∙ 𝑲
𝐴 ∆𝑇 (0.05)" (23.3 − 28.5)
Milk (Cp = 3.85 kJ/kg-K) is cooled using a plate heat exchanger (PHE) in a countercurrent set-up
from 78°C to 20°C. Water is used as a cooling medium which enters the PHE at 15°C and leaves
at 67°C, flowing at a rate of 5190 kg/h. Assuming a steady-state condition and if the inside area is
4.58 m2:
a. Draw the temperature profile.
b. Calculate the flowrate of the milk.
c. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient, Ui.

Given:
Cp, milk = 3.85 kJ/kg-K
Ti, milk = 78 °C
Tf, milk = 20 °C
Ti, water = 15 °C
Tf, water = 67 °C
𝑚̇#$%&' = 5190 kg/h
Ai = 4.58 m2

Required:
a. Temperature profile
b. 𝑚̇()*+
c. Ui

Solution:

Solving for 𝑚̇()*+ :

𝑞̇ #$%&' = 𝑞̇ ()*+

𝑚̇#$%&' 𝐶,,#$%&' ∆𝑇 = 𝑚̇()*+ 𝐶,,()*+ ∆𝑇

(5190)(4.18)(67 − 15) = 𝑚̇()*+ (3.85)(78 − 20)

𝒌𝒈
𝑚̇()*+ = 𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟏. 𝟗𝟒𝟎𝟗
𝒉

Solving for Ui:

𝑞 = 𝑈) 𝐴) ∆𝑇./
 5190
𝑞=) * (4.18 × 100 )(67 − 15) = 313,360.6667 𝑊
3600

(78 − 67) − (20 − 15)

∆𝑇./ = = 7.6098 ℃ 𝑜𝑟 𝐾
78 − 67
𝑙𝑛 20 − 15

313,360.6667 𝑾
𝑈) = = 𝟖, 𝟗𝟗𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟓𝟕 𝟐
(4.58)(7.6098) 𝒎 ∙𝑲