Assumption:

- The system is the gas in piston-cylinder assembly

- The system is closed
- No change in kinetic nor potential energy

Known:

U 2−U 1=15 kJ

Q31=10 kJ

Analysis:

(a) Work:

dW = p dV
For 1–2,

( 2 kPa+5 kPa ) ⋅ 4 m 3
W 12= =1 6 kJ
2
For 2–3
3
−( 3 kPa+1 kPa ) ⋅4 m
W 23= =−8 kJ
2
For 3–1, as it is an isochoric process, the work is zero.

W 31=0

(b) Heat transfer:

 1st law of thermodynamics

dE=dQ−dW
*no change in KE nor PE ,

dU =dQ −dW Δ U =Q−W Q= ΔU +W

For 1–2

Q 12=( U 2 −U 1 ) +W 12¿ 15 kJ + 16 kJ¿ 3 1 kJ

For 2–3

As it is a cycle, the change of energy should be zero

Δ E=0ΔU =0

Therefore,

Δ U =U 11=U 12 +U 23 +U 31=0U 23=−U 31−U 12

As 3–1 is isochoric,

U 31=Q31−W 31=10 kJ

Thus,

U 23 =−10 kJ −15 kJ =−25 kJ

Then,

Q23=U 23 +W 32¿−25 kJ −8 kJ ¿−33 kJ

(c) Thermal efficiency:

W cycle W 12+W 23 +W 31 16−8+ 0 8

η= = = = =19.51 %
Q¿ Q 12 +Q 31 31+ 10 41

Assumption:

Known:
 Ẇ cycle =0.434 kW

β=6.22Analysis:
Rate of removed energy:

Q¿ Q̇
β= = ¿ ⇒ Q̇ ¿=Ẇ cycle β=2.70 kW
W cycle Ẇ cycle

Ẇ cycle =Q̇ out −Q̇¿Q̇out =¿Q̇out =3.13 kW

Cost of operation:

C=Ẇ cycle c Δt ¿ 0.434 kW ⋅ $ 0.1 /kWh⋅ 24 h¿ $ 1.04

Assumption

- The dwelling is the hot reservoir, while the well water is the cold reservoir.
- No other energy transfer done on the cycle aside from heat and work from power input.

Known:

Ẇ cycle =5 hp

Q̇¿ =500 Btu /min

Analysis:

(a) Coefficient of performance of heat pump:

Qout W cycle +Q¿ Q Q̇ 500 Btu/ min 8.7921kW

γ= ¿ ¿ 1+ ¿ ¿ 1+ ¿ ¿ 1+ ¿ 1+ ¿ 3.358
W cycle W cycle W cycle Ẇ cycle 5 hp 3.7285 kW

(b) Cost:
C=c ⋅ Ẇ cycle ⋅ Δt ¿ $ 0.10/ kWh⋅3.7285 kW ⋅300 hour /month¿ $ 111.855/ month
Assumption:

- The mixture inside closed, rigid container is the system.

Known:
3
V =0.5 m
At p1=1 ¯
¿ , the container contains saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor with x=0.5 .

After heating, p2=1.5 ¯¿.

(a) Based on the table,

T 1=99.63 ° CT 2=111.4 °C
(b) Total mass:
The quality is defined as:
mg
x=
mf +m g
x 1=0.5
*derivation:

V V v m v m
V =V f +V g V = f + g v= f f + g g v=v f
m m m m m m(
m−mg
)
+ v g x v=v f −v f x +v g x

v=v f + x ( v g −v f )
For state 1,
 v1 =( 1.0432⋅ 10−3 ) +0.5 ( 1.694−1.0432⋅10−3 )=0. 8475 m3 / kg
Thus,
V1 0.5m3
m 1= = =0.5900 kg
v 1 0. 8475 m3 /kg
Then,
mg , 1=x 1 ⋅m1=0. 2950 kg
For state 2, we find the quality first, as v 2=v 1
0.8475−1.0528 ⋅10−3
v 2=v 10.8475=( 1.0528⋅ 10−3 ) + x 2 ( 1. 159−1.0528 ⋅ 10−3 )x 2= −3
1.159−1.0528 ⋅10
x 2=0.73

m g ,2
x 2= m =0.73 ⋅0.5900 kg=0.4313 kg
m2 g , 2
(c) Container holds only vapour → v=v g
3
v g ,3 =0.8475 m / kg

3 3
T 2=127.4 °C → v g , 2=0.7187 m / kgT 1=120.2° C → v g ,1=0.8857 m /kg
Linear interpolation:
v g−v g ,1 T −T 1 T 2−T 1
= T −T 1= ( v −v )
v g ,2−v g ,1 T 2−T 1 v g , 2−v g ,1 g g ,1
127.4 °C−120.2 ° C
T =120.2 °C+ 3 3
( 0.8475 m3 /kg−0.7187 m3 /kg )¿ 125.8 °
0.8857 m /kg−0.7187 m /kg