PPE PROBLEM SET Thermodynamics 2

1. At 180c the entropy of a substance is 5.2 KJ/K, the quality of the substance is:
KJ
At 180° c : Ssat=6.5857 Sact< Ssat : wet¿ get x :S act=sf + xsfg5.2=2.1396+ x ( 4.4461 )
kg−k
x=0.688333¿ 68.833 %
2. At 10m3 vessel initially contains 5m3 of saturated water vapor at 1000kPa
Vv=5 m3 VL=5 m 3 Vv=mv Vg vL=mL vF 5=mv ( 1.694 )
5=mL(0.001043)mv=2.95159 kg mL=4793.86385kg
mv 2.9515
mT =mV + mL¿ 2.95+ 4793.8mT =4796.8154 kg¿ get x : x= =
mT 4796.8
KJ
x=0.0006153236¿ get u :u=uf + xufg¿ 417.3+ ( 0.006153236 )( 2506 )u=418.842 ( 4796.81 kg )
kg
u=2009107.781 KJ ¿ 2 X 106 KJ

3. A vessel with a volume of 1 m3 contains liquid water and vapor in equilibrium at 600 kPa. The liquid water has a
mass of 1kg. Using steam tables, calculate the mass of water vapor at 600 kPa: vf= 0.001101 m3/kg, vg= 0.3157
m3/kg
vT =Vv+ vL¿ mV Vg+ mLVf ¿ mV ( .3157 )+ 1 ( 0.001101 )mV =3.1641 kg
4. A steam has a condition of 2 MPa and 250C undergoes a constant pressure process until its quality is 50%. What
is the heat rejected by steam?
KJ
at 2 Mpatsat =212.42° ctsat <t act : superheatedat table 3 p=2 Mpa , T =250 ℃ h 1=2902.5 for pt 2
kg
KJ
P=2 mPa hf =908.79
kg
KJ KJ
x=0.50 hfg=1890.7 h 2=hf + xhfg908.79+ ( 0.5 )( 1890.7 ) h 2=1854.14 for p=c
kg kg
Q=h2−h 1¿ 1854.14−2902.5¿−1048.36 KJ /kg
5. Steam with specific volume of 0.09596 m3/kg undergoes a constant pressure at 1.70 MPa until its specific
volume is 0.13796 m3/kg. What is the work done?
w= p ( v 2−v 1 ) ¿ 1700 ( 0.13796−0.0959 )w=71.502 KJ /kg
6. Steam with an enthalpy of 2843.5KJ/kg undergoes a constant pressure process at 0.90MPa until the enthalpy
becomes 2056.1 KJ/kg. What is the internal energy?
KJ KJ
at 0.90 Mpa hsat=2773.9 hsat <h act : superheatedat table 3 p=0.90 mPa , h=2843.3
kg kg
H U
2833.6 2626.3
2843.5 U1
2856.9 2644.2
KJ
for pt 2:hsat=2773.9 p=0.90 mPahsat >hact : weth=hf 2+ xhfg 22056.1=742.83+ x ( 2031.1 )
kg
KJ
x=0.64658u 2=uf 2+ xufg2¿ 741.83+ ( 0.6465 ) ( 1838.6 )u 2=1930.63321 ∆ u=u 2−u 1
kg
¿ 1930.6−2633.91∆ u=−703.2723 KJ /kg
7. One kg of steam at 260C and with enthalpy of 1861KJ/kg is confined a rigid container. Heat is applied until the
steam becomes saturated. Determine the heat added.

KJ KJ
at 260℃ h sat=2796.9 hsat >hact : wet hf =1134.37 , hfg=1662.50 , h=hf 1+ xhfg1
kg KG
m3
1861=1134.37 + x ( 1662.50 ) x=0.4370706 v 1=vf + xvfg¿ 0.0012755+0.437 ( 0.042 )¿ 0.0191667
kg
KJ
u 1=uf 1+ xufg11128.39+ ( 0,437 ) (1470.03 )u 1=1771.146137 for pt 2
kg
vg ug
0.019294 2551.8
0.0191667 U2
0.018975 2550.1
Q=u 2−u 1¿ 1 ( 2551.1219−1771.1461 )Q=779.9758 KJ
8. One kg of steam at 121C and 10% moisture undergoes a constant volume process until the pressure becomes
0.28MPa. Determine the final temperature in C.

m3
at 121 ℃ , x 1=90 % vf =0.0010612 vfg=0.8659 ,
kg
m3
v 1=vf + x vfg¿ 0.00106+0.9 ( 0.8659 ) v 1=v 2=0.7803712 for pt 2p 2=0.28 Mpa
kg
m3
Vsat< Vact :superheatedat tablw3 P 2=0.28 Mpa , v 2=0.7803
kg
v t
0.7683 200
0.7803712 T2
0.7855 210

through theinterpolationt 2=206.976 ℃

9. A tank contains 0.5 m3/kg of steam. Heat is transferred at constant volume until the pressure reaches 100 kPa.
Determine the final steam quality.
m3 m3
v 1=v 2=0.5 for pt 2p 2=0.10 mPa Vsat =1.694 Vsat> Vact :wet¿ find xv 2=vf 2+ x vfg2
kg kg
0.5+0.0010432+ x ( 1.694−0.00110432 ) x=29.4725 %
10. There are 2.27 kg/min of steam undergoing an isothermal process from 27.5 bar, 316C to 6.8bar. Determine the
change entropy, KJ/min.

for pt 1p=2.75 Mpa ,t=316 ℃tsat =229.11 ℃tsat <tact : superheatedat table 3

T S
310 6.6321
316 S1
320 6.6733
KJ
S 1=6.65862 for pt 2P=0.68 Mpa ,T =316 ℃TSAT =163.81℃tsat <tact : superheated
kg−K
 at table 3
T S
310 7.3481
316 S2
320 7.3836
kj
11. S 2=7.3694 −K
KG
KJ
∆ S=m ( s 2−s 1 )¿ 2.27 ( 7.3694−6.65862 )∆ s=1.61755
min−k
12. Steam at 200C and with entropy of 5.6105 KJ/kg-k expands isothermally to 0.515 MPa. For 5 kg mass, what is the
work done?
KJ KJ
for pt 1:T 1=200℃ ; s 1=5.6105 Ssat=6.4323 S sat > Sact :wet S 1=Sf 1+ x sfg 1
kg−K kg−K
5.6105=2.3309+ x 1 ( 4.1014 ) x 1=0.799629u 1=uf + x 1ugfg1¿ 850.65+0.7996 ( 1744.7 )
KJ
u 1=2245.7634 for pt 2p 2=0.515 Mpat 2=200 ℃tsat =152.97℃tsat <tact : superheatedat table 3
kg
p 2=0.515 Mpa , t 2=200℃
P U S
0.5 2642.9 7.6592
0.515 U2 S2
0.52 2642.1 7.0394

KJ (5 kg)
W =Q−∆U ¿ T ( S 2−S 1 )−( U 2−U 1 ) ¿ ( 200+271 ) ( 7.044−5.6105 )W =281.67445
kg
W =1408.37225 KJ

13. One kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 MPa and 374C to 93c. Find the quality.
FOR PT .1:P 1=2.1 Mpa , t 1=374 ℃tsat =214.90℃tsat <tact : superheatedat table 3:
p 1=2.1 Mpa , T 1=374 ℃
T S
370 7.0017
374 S1
380 7.036
KJ KJ KJ
through interpolation s 1=7.01542 for pt 2 s 1=s 2=7.01542 ssat=7.4409
kg−k kg−K kg−K
ssat> S act :wet s 2=sf 2+ x 2 sfg 27.01542=1.2271+ x ( 6.2138 ) x=0.93152666=93.15 %

14. Steam flows isentropically through a nozzle from 1500kPa, 288c to 960kPa. For 0.454 kg/s mass, determine the
change in volume.

for pt 1p 1=1.5 Mpa , T 1=288 ℃tsat =198.32℃tsat <t act : superheatedat t able 3 p=1 Mpa

T S V
280 6.8381 0.16271
288 S1 V1
 290 6.8785 0.16621
3
m s 1=s 2=6.87042 KJ
through interpolation :v 1=0.16551
kg kgK
KJ KJ
For pt 2 s 1=s 2=6.87042 , P 2=0.96 MPassat=6.6006 Ssat< Sact : superheated At table 3
kgK kgK
p=0.6 Mpa
S V
6.8589 0.2319
6.87042 V2
6.9030 0.2374

m3
∆ v=m ( v 2−v 1 )¿−.454 ( 0.233−0.16551 )∆ v=0.03074
s

15. Steam at 1.4 MPa and 270C flows steadily through a steam throttle valve that reduces its pressure by 50%. Find
the change entropy in KJ/kg.

FOR PT 1P=1.4 Mpa ,T =270℃tsat =195.07℃tsat <tact : superheatedat table 3 p=1.4 Mpa , t=270℃
KJ KJ KJ KJ
h 1=2973.3 =h 2s 1=6.8331 for pt 2h 2=2973.3 , P=0.7 Mpahsat=2763.5
kg k gK kg kg
hsat <hact : superheatedat table 3 p=0.7 Mpa

H S
2953.6 7.1053
2973.3 S2
2974.9 7.1455

KJ
through interpolation s 2=7.14248 ∆ s=s 2−s 1
kgK
KJ KJ
∆ s=0.30938 =0.31
kgK kgK
¿ 7.14248−6.8331
16. A steam calorimeter receives steam from a pipe at 0.01 MPa and 20SH. For a pipe steam pressure of 2MPa, what
is the quality of the steam?

for pt 2:P=0.1 Mpa , T =99.63+20=119.63 ℃at table 3: p=0.1 Mpa

T H
110 2696.5
119.63 H2
120 2716.6

KJ KJ
for pt .1 p=2 Mpa , h 1=2715.8563 hf =908.79 , hfg=1890.7 ; h 1=hf + hfg
kg kg
2715.8=908.79+ x 1 ( 1890.7 ) x 1=0.95576=95.576 %
17. An isobaric steam generating process starts with sataturated liquid at 20 psia, The change in entropy is equal to
the initial entropy. What is the change in enthalpy at 20 psia: hfg= 960.2Btu/lb, sf= 0.3359 Btu/lbR.
 Btu Btu
for pt 1p=20 psia s 1=sf =0.3359 For pt 2∆ s=0.3359 ¿ s 2−s 10.3359=s 2−0.3359
lb−R lb−R
Btu
s 2=0.0718 at 20 psiaSsat> Sact : wet s 2=sf 2+ x sfg20.0718=0.3359+ x ( 1.39606 )
lb−R
Btu
x=0.240605h 2+hf 2+ x hfg 2¿ 196.27+ ( 0.24 )( 960.2 )h 2=427.29959 h 1=hf @ 20 psia
lb
Btu Btu
h 1=196.27 ∆ h=h 2−h1¿ 427.29−196.27∆ h=231.02
lb lb

18. A cylinder piston arrangement contains saturated water vapor at 110C. The vapor is compressed in a reversible
adiabatic process until the pressure is 1.6 MPa. Dtermine the work done by the steam per kilogram of water.
(use steam table)
KJ KJ KJ
for pt 1:t=110℃ s 1=7.2387 =s 2u 1=2518.1 for pt 2 s 2=7.2387 p=1.6 mPa
kg−k kg kg
KJ
s sat=6.4218 Ssat< Sact : superheatedat table 3: p=1.6 mPa
kg−k
s u
7.2374 2950.1
7.2387 U2
7.3009 2983.8

KJ
Wn=u 1−u 2¿ 2518.1−2950.78 Wn=−432.6899
kg

19. A car with a frontal area = 2m2, travelling at 80kph in air at 20C is experiencing a drag force of Fd= -.225ApV2.
How much power in KW is needed in order to maintain its speed?
80000 2
2
Fd=0.225 AP v ¿ 0.225 2 1.2
( )( ) (
3600 )
80000 m
¿ 266.667 N (
3600 s )
¿ 592.92W ¿ 5.925 kW
20. A steam condenser in Rankine cycle has an inlet condition of 150kPa and 90% quality. If the mass of steam is
2kg/s, find the gallons per minute of cooling water in the condenser for 12C rise in temperature.

KJ
p 2= p 3=0.15mPa x 2=0.90h 2=hf + xhfg2¿ 467.11+ 0.9 ( 2226.5 )h 2=2470.96
kg
KJ
h 3=hf @ p 3=467.11 QR=m ( h 2−h 3 ) ¿ 2 ( 2470.96−467.11 )QR=4007.7 KWQR=mCP ∆ T
kg
60 s
4007.7=m ( 4.187 ) ( 12 ) M =79.7647
KG
S
V =79.764
min
( )
li 3.785 li
s gal
¿ 1264.4345 gpm
 21. A boiler feed pump operate at 40C suction. If pump efficiency is 85% and needs 20KW power of motor needed
to drive the pump, find the maximum pressure of the boiler could attain for a mass of 2kg/s.
m3
at T =40 ℃ P 3=7.384 kPa v 3=0.0010078 ℘=mV 3 ( P 4−P 3 )20 ( 0.85 )=2 ( 0.0010078−P 4 )
kg
P 4=8441.5971 kPa
22. A boiler feed is available at 5Mpa and 200C. The boiler has a steam generated at 10kg/s at 5MPa and 380C. Find
the developed boiler horsepower of turbine.

KJ
for pt .1p=5 Mpa ,T =200 ℃tsat =263.99℃ : subcooledat tab≤4 p=5 mpa , t=200℃ hf =853.99
kg
KJ
for pt .2 p=5 Mpa ,t=380 ℃: superheatedat table 3 p=5 mPa ,t=380 ℃ hs=3145.9
kg
ms ( hs−hf ) 10 ( 3600 ) ( 3145.9−853.9 )
DBH = ¿ DBH =2335.99 Hp=2336 Hp
35322 35322
23. A Rankine cycle has an output of 5000KW. The overall efficiency of 65% and factor of evaporation of 1.2. Find
the mass of steam evaporated.

ms ( hs−hf ) ( hs−hf ) KJ 5000

FOE= 1.2= ( hs−hf ) =2708.4 W ∈¿ ms ( hs−hf ) =ms ( 2708.4 )
2257 2257 kg 0.65
kg
ms=2.8401668 kg
3600 s ms=10,224.6
s[ hr ] hr

24. A Rankine cycle has a steam throttle condition of 4Mpa and 400C. The turbine exhaust is 1 atm, find the cycle
efficiency.
at 0.101325 Mpa :
KJ
S sat=7.355054 :wet S 2=sf 2+ x sfg26.679=1.3067075+ x ( 6.0483465 ) x 2=0.9031050883
kgK
KJ
h 2=hf 2+ x hfg 2¿ 418.9917+ 0.9031 ( 2257.046 )h 2=2457.3414427 for pt 3 p 3= p 2=0.101325 Mpa
kg
KJ
h 3=hf @ p 2=418.9917 for pt 4h 4=V 3 ( p 4− p 3 ) +h 3¿ 0.0010434915 ( 4000−101.325 )+ 418.9917
kg
KJ
h 4=423.0599342
kg

WT −℘ ( 3213.6−2457.34 )−( 423.05−418.99 )

e= ¿ x 100 e=26.955 %
QA (3213.6−423.05 )

25. A Rankine cycle has a turbine work of 600 KJ/kg and efficiency of 88%, pump work is 3KJ/kg and efficiency of
75%. If cycle efficiency is 26%, find the heat added to the cycle.

e=
Wnet [ 600 ( 0.88 ) ]− 3
( ]
0.75 QA=2015.3846 KJ /kg
QA 0.26=
QA
26. A Rankine cycle has an initial mass of liquid flowing at 15kg at 75C. If the final enthalpy is 1200KJ/kg, find the
change of enthalpy of the system.
KJ KJ KJ
for pt 1t=75 ℃ h 1=hf =313.93 for pt 2h 2=1200 ∆ h=( h 2−h1 ) ¿ ( 1200−313.93 )∆ h=886.07
kg kg kg
A turbine has an available enthalpy of 3300KJ/kg in a Rankine cycle. The pump work has also 25KJ/kg. For a flow
of 3kg/s, find the system output.

Wo=Wnet¿ 3 ( WT −℘ ) ¿ 3 ( 3300−25 )W 0=9825 KW

27. In a Rankine cycle, the system turbine inlet has a codition of 3126 KJ/kg enthalpy and entropy of 6.68KJ/kg-k.
The quality after expansion is 82% and the enthalpy of 2103 KJ/kg with hf=233KJ/kg. Find the efficiency of the
cycle.
28. The available enthalpy of steam and exit of boiler in a Rankine cycle is 2900 KJ/kg and enthalpy at the exit of
turbine is2870 KJ/kg. If mass of steam is 3.5 kg/s, find the heat loss between the boiler exit and turbine
entrance.
QL=m ( h2−h 1 )¿ 3.5 ( 2900−2870 )QL=105 KW
29. In a Rankine cycle steam enters the turbine at 3MPa and condenser of 60 kPa, what is the thermal efficiency of
the cycle? At 3MPa: hg= 2804.2 sg= 6.1869 At 60kPa: hf = 359.86

KJ KJ
h 1=2804.2 s 1=6.1869
kg kg−k
S 2=sf 2+ xsfg26.1869=1.1457+ x 2 ( 6.3687 ) x 2=0.791558h 2=hf 2+ xhfg 2¿ 359.86+0.791 ( 2293.6 )
KJ KJ
h 2=2175.379073 h 3=hf @ 60 kPa=359.86 h 4=V 3 ( P 4−P 3 ) +h 3
kg kg
KJ ( h 1−h 2 )− ( h 4−h 3 )
¿ 0.0010331 ( 3000−60 ) +359.86 h 4=362.8973 e=
kg ( h 1−h 4 )
¿ ( 2804.2−2175.4 )−362.9−359.9¿ ¿
( 2804.2−362.9 ) e=0.25633=25.63 %
30. Steam leaves an industrial boiler at 827.4 kPa and 171.6C. A portion of a steam is passed through a throttling
calorimeter and is exhausted to the atmosphere when the calorimeter pressure is 101.4 kPa. How much
moisture does the steam leaving the boiler contain if the temperature of the steam at the calorimeter is 115.6C?
At 827.4 kPa & 171.6C: hf=727.25 KJ/kg hfg=2043.2 KJ/kg
From table 3: At 101.4 kPa and 115.6C h2= 2707.6KJ/kg

h 2=hf 2+ xhfg 22707.6=727.25+ x ( 2043.2 ) x=0.96923 y=1−x¿ 0.03076 y=3.08 %

31. Steam at the rate of 610 kg/hr is produced by a steady flow system boiler from feedwater entering at 5Mpa and
220C. Find the heat added in KW if steam is converted to 5MPa and 393C.
KJ
for pt 1P=Mpa ,T =220 ℃tsat =263.99℃ : subcooledat table 4 p=5 Mpa ,t=220 ℃ hf =944.5
kg
for pt 2 p=5 Mpa ,t=39.3 ℃tsat =263.99℃ : superheatedat table 3 p=5 Mpa
32. In an ideal rankine cycle, the steam throttle condition is 4.10 Mpa and 440C. If the turbine exhaust is 0.110 Mpa,
determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

for pt .1 p=4.1 mPa , t=440 ℃tsat =251.87 ℃ : superheatedat table 3 p=4.1 mPa , t=440 ℃
KJ kJ KJ KJ
h 1=33057 s 1=s 2=6.8911 for pt 2 s 2=6.8911 , P=0.11 mPaSsat=7.3273 :wet
kg kg−k kg−k kg−k
 s 2=sf 2+ x 2 sfg 26.8911=1.3329+ x ( 5.9944 ) x 2=0.927215h 2=hf 2+ xhfg 2¿ 428.79+ 0.927 ( 2250.9 )

h 2=2515.859146
KJ KJ m3
for pt 3h 3=hf @ 0.11mPah 3=428.79 V 3=0.0010453 for pt 4
kg kg kg
KJ ( h 1−h 2 )− ( h 4−h 3 )
h 4=v 3 ( P 4−P 3 ) +h 3¿ 0.0010453 ( 4100−110 ) + 428.79h 4=432.960747 e=
kg ( h 1−h 4 )
¿ 3305.7−2515.8¿−(432.96−428.79) ¿
( 3305.7−432.96 )
¿ 0.273492=27.35

33. A 500 liter tank contains a saturated of steam and water at 330C. Determine the mass of vapor if their volumes
are equal.
500
Vv= at 330 ℃ Vv=mV Vg vg=0.012996 m3 /kg 0.25=mv ( 0.012996 )
2
mv=19.23668 kg
34. A 1.3 Mpa, mixture of steam and water has an entropy of 4.50 KJ/kg-K. Find the enthalpy of the mixture.

KJ KJ
at 1.3 mPa Ssat=6.4953 Ssat=6.4953 Ssat> Sact : wet s=sf + x sfg4.5=2.2515+ x ( 4.2438 )
kg−k kg−k
KJ
x=0.52983175h=hf + x hfg¿ 814.93+ ( 0.5298 ) ( 1972.7 )h=1860.1291
kg

35. Find the temperature, specific volume, internal energy, enthalpy and entropy of saturated water at 306 psia.