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Finite-Difference Equations
and
Solutions
Chapter 4
Sections 4.4 and 4.5
Finite-Difference Method
• Procedure:
– Represent the physical system by a nodal network.
4
q(i ) ( m, n ) q x y 0
i 1
Is it possible for all heat flows to be into the m,n nodal region?
What feature of the analysis insures a correct form of the energy balance
equation despite the assumption of conditions that are not realizable?
Energy Balance Method (cont.)
Tm, n 1 Tm, n
q m, n 1 m, n
Rtot
y / 2 Rt, c y / 2
Rtot (4.50)
kA x x kB x
Solution Methods
Solutions Methods
• Matrix Inversion: Expression of system of N finite-difference equations for
N unknown nodal temperatures as:
AT C (4.52)
Solution T A1 C
Inverse of Coefficient Matrix (4.53)
Schematic:
The heat rates associated with the control volume are due to conduction, q1 and q2, and to convection,
qc. An energy balance for a unit depth normal to the page yields
E in 0
q1 q 2 q c 0
Tm,n-1 Tm,n Tm+1,n Tm,n
k x 1
y
k y 1
x
h
2 x 1 T Tm,n 0.
The heat rates associated with the control volume are due to the uniform heat flux, qa, conduction, qb,
and convection qc. An energy balance for a unit depth yields
E in =0
q a q b qc 0
x y Tm+1,n Tm,n x
qo 1 k 1
2 2 x
h 2
2
T Tm,n 0.
or, with x = y,
hx x hx
Tm+1,n 2 T q o 1 2 Tm,n 0.
k k k
Problem: Cold Plate
Problem 4.78: Analysis of cold plate used to thermally control IBM multi-chip,
thermal conduction module.
Features:
• Heat dissipated in the chips is transferred
by conduction through spring-loaded
aluminum pistons to an aluminum cold
plate.
Schematic:
ASSUMPTIONS: (1) Steady-state conditions, (2) Two-dimensional conduction, (3) Constant properties
Problem: Cold Plate (cont.)
ANALYSIS: Finite-difference equations must be obtained for each of the 28 nodes. Applying the energy
balance method to regions 1 and 5, which are similar, it follows that
Node 1: y
x T2 x y T6 y x x y T1 0
Node 5: y x T4 x y T10 y x x y T5 0
Nodal regions 2, 3 and 4 are similar, and the energy balance method yields a finite-difference equation of
the form
Nodes 2,3,4:
y
x Tm 1, n Tm 1, n 2 x y Tm, n 1 2 y x x y Tm, n 0
Energy balances applied to the remaining combinations of similar nodes yield the following finite-difference
equations.
Evaluating the coefficients and solving the equations simultaneously, the steady-state temperature
distribution (C), tabulated according to the node locations, is:
23.77 23.91 24.27 24.61 24.74
23.41 23.62 24.31 24.89 25.07
25.70 26.18 26.33
28.90 28.76 28.26 28.32 28.35
30.72 30.67 30.57 30.53 30.52
32.77 32.74 32.69 32.66 32.65
(b) For the prescribed conditions, the maximum allowable temperature (T 24 = 40C) is reached when
Options for extending this limit could include use of a copper cold plate (k 400 W/mK) and/or increasing
the convection coefficient associated with the coolant.
. With k = 400 W/mK and h = 10,000 W/m2K (a practical upper limit), qo = 28.65 W/cm2.
Additional, albeit small, improvements may be realized by relocating the coolant channels closer to the base
of the cold plate.