Dipele tom1nt

Magnehic
Boh Mamcten
Lt u Conaclun ane mass m amd han90 -eR

MOUing4 witn velecuty magnitude U in

aUyulan Beh abit sadu u s .

COnstihutul a wUuNmagn tuds

T-nbetal beio d t h t e
T 2
ev

anbitul
om elechemgrutic tha, the magritudi t h i
urd iin a laep J
megnutic opalu memerd i o a
aua A
= iA

=ve Change, Smajrnuh p a l memnt

the
ha a
do dnbital
angulan memertum, T,
eppto
the d
L= mU

e
2m
findtpenciert t h dttails /enbils
) T (not an JT')
shouws opsA dLY

- m)L whe 1
 bidal 9-facton
calan values
om qiantum mechanid, the pennut/ed
W angulan momondum

0- anbdl quartum
J1)h when

UJe(e4)ch_
Bahy's maani on

(1-60 Xlo")(663 x16I:)

314 X ( 9 . 1 l x 1o " ka)
UTm

21
MB 9.27 xlo Am

So, inaly
A =
-g(2Aug_) T
h

LanmoDn TAussien
Ane mauing dnaund thi Mucls an atem i eguvaknt

te a magrutic oi pall. ttenu, vhen thi atem pla cud in an

ctennal magnht ield, the e nbet p l Css qbcLt the tield

d a anus This puision 1 calltd 'lanmar Pulusion'.
nd tha uuwny catld Lanman ugumcy.
Thu c b a l manuhe dupdlo momert oeia,

A-m)
t am e b'tt in aan eydenal magnti Jetd K. Thi anbital
anguian menwntum ef e i upruurdocby Ilan ta he plana
be angA b/w T B.
b . t 6
 9ulult the ínty acthon wiTh B,
thi di p l enpUiCny a
10n9uo T,

T xx6 MBsin@
acting en thu dipale always lan to
the m9ul au momuydum

AW T dL

Sco the anqulan memontum LL amans

Cen in magnttute et dis" change.

e be
t tht ongulan ueledtj )pruussien,
uleSS tMnGuh an
ongl
in tHme ct:
angki =
Cwclt= d adi w
Lsina

Cw=
olt LS ine Lsine

2m

e_6.
2m

Eanman uum C, f= C e B8
2

Spau uartbath n
-whan an otom 1 piauc in a n enlenal

magnet eld B, Tha e nbt pruccsss

ab cut ne tield oln as au.(Lasmon arnuess'en)

Th e onbiyal amgulan momechuM Uecton T

c s a coru andund Sudh that he ange Etcten
b tw 7 main enit
 The
magnhc ietd B clengz -ais, 1he (ompenind
T1 t he ieid is

aavtum mecha nicaly, h magnttuolu he amgulan mentum

Watiem,
L JaCA1)
2
uhene and m au anbiral magntii 2uantuin mo.

Ces mA

Sne n a gven thene (2lt)LtI) passib Ualus c

mL =
Co.t l, t2, ) , 1 t anglu can asum (244D

ciisCratn valus.
h angulan mementum UetAn cam have C20+) ous Cact
itvotatirs wuh Jupecd tthe magnstte eld.
This uartizaten hu uentatiem atems in space
c a l l d &paca auarttsatien

Fan 2 , e=-2
mA2 , l,0, -,+2,
2 M=
2h
2

Coso 2

J2(2)

2h
m-
- 3s, 6*, 4°, 11, 19r
 EOechevn Spin
wh
Behy- Semmnyed 2uantum thsony o eCiphe nbi
a
9Ome cJh tho
udativy CNut ienu wa)
in
ais numuCal

sthutuy y hybrop pettal ins

6ueuec dn
Uen
Teue Aenud dnom 2 man ddrawbaCkA)-
ulativtic enpla hatiom (aul d nat be appaiecd
) Semmuyelod
cON the J tdal Unu c atemy h n tham hyoJpn.

fo (plain Cnemalauy
Simple uartum theony 1ailld
hat is, th pitting
afomic d tal Luncs
UMaM ecd 3MC Lwal
more C©mpenords uwhen t h li
nt aLUn , Sin
placecdín an e ternal magnchc reld.

naudsmit and Whlanbeck knoposed

that n e mut
I n 25
4pining abut it
be Aeoted uben as a
changecd AphuugF
memurtum
am ininuc CVuilF "in) angulan
awn aus, hauing
IntinsiC magnetic dipale mement.
n cAe Gwmilly am

callud spin amgulan mome ntum Sand

Thue au

Lpin magnutic dipale monnn

S- Jscg)
2

sina , S =. en

S JH4)
te thu z -di"
Th lompeneyd alen9 a
magnehe fietcd 1/*
S ms
who ms = SPn magnLHC HUartum no.

and t a u C 2 + 1 ) 2 Velus twhich v ts and s ,

ms and-
 S md

Hhas ben (oncluled nem cxbeumonlal ol ata thal 7hs

79vemagnitic atie tn esp U fwiu (evrespendng
adio
-() 1he elechon anbital matio.

= -2e
2m

Is2
5pin 9tacton
eh 2mls
2m h.

(h/2r)
The pessi b compenant s along z -anis dne iven by

2
S
(h/2x)
s ms h
Z

NUW, s 2 ms
 Uecten Hoclel e atem

total amgula mementum ú

C@maidon am atom whoie

priauidcl bya singl e momerdtum cn

magnitul the @nbital amgua
ate c e
L JQs4)
and i z-CoYMPe

2.

na,
n b i t a l uamtume mA magnchc uartum
-ll, -
,1-1
S
Siulany, the magnitde spin angulan momert-um

S s (s+1)-
and id 2- Cmpe 4

S ms
S2 p n juartum ne= msms= magnchic 8pin uartum ne

ts
he t a a l amglan momuntum 1 h GMu aton, J , u t
vectan &um T 3,

So, magnutudi Tand z-(ompo 13,

JCi+) 2 m
J Innn quantm
m-nnctic uardum ne.
j . j t , i O, --*,

M Ym, ms
Sina , mi
U intgn amd ms is 0 m muut be
hay-integmal.

S that J>L
l-s de thod <L

Th angulan Mementa t h a otomic e , T amds,infeacd

antically ,which ls naud os'spin -anbut intenaction
Thuy eent tenu m each alhun. 7hue intennal tunguus
denat chamg tha maAnitudy tha vectens t 4 s, but
Cau them te Pucess uniam avnaund thur TUutat J
1h t om i n space de thoc na
entennal ngus ac n d, thun th

t t a l cngulan mennerdum I i conunuad

n magrutude amd dir".

om thv casln kaw,

J L+ 5"+ 2LS Cs CT.S)

Cos C'.3)= J - t s
2LS
Atom
R(0+1)-sCs+1)
Cas (T 3):JG+)
2Jepr) Jscst1)
 n hu vectn madal,T andS pnac
Anounod . when u dem is platod in an

entnal maqrnut le dic0 c l B , 1hon

C s aboul he d B, whull
peOAAimg a b a t J.
Uand S Continuo

SRtrescopic Tenms amd they Atem

Nottiems
h uantsid énungd tats (2mantum ttu) t an
atemic e a dsouboo în t u u the uartrum no>
m, , s a n d . The ehauing @nbitl 2uantum no'

L= O, 2, 3,4 a namid aj S,Pol ,f9-e .

Ane with n 2 am d l=o 1 in a 2S atomic State

, = in 3P atemi A7ate.

enmue-atem, thi og lavely Ca spendm

- tenms
zo,l, 2, 3,4 Calle S ,P, D, F, a -
interachien, each euu kauul c a9iven &
By spin anbt
into tw 0- ub-ovels Corespendmg to,
spithd

= -s-l-

fonS tum (Lzo)

j# Tetat angulan enaitum e cannc

be ngative

T na osibl oniend ati oms e cnd 3 and honu

The na c Hd psssi bt valuus o i i known ssnutipcity

multpti =2S+I
ulth plicity ol 1he fenms a a one aorm i

(t) 2.

Spactode epic tunm multiialy mutplict

Tenm futl Notalion

/
2Ps/
D /2 2Ds/2 2D3/2

Stenn ney lach Expeui ment

S t e n and Creylach, in 1121 Pameo an ehumint

an atem placad in a mamaie

which domemahated deucly thoct

diicull anentaties wth nspect ts

eld cam taki only cortain
f aJo lomenshcttcl
th Held spa uartiotiom )
the

Cutence e l e t r e n spn.

LS s
H OUen P

A bAam f nunal
&iuen autems bual
48nmed by haatihg
Calmated
wen în am cuen, IE s

Ond then paajecd thoough aa nem- homagOrnuos magnen dield

aasigneo paCeptces
hiedwas bsoduiud by 8pacjag
intensitty in z -cu
eld intuca^as
in

Jt Jnes tno dhu

beam aawing the magnethc e l o was OCCIUeOd on.

phatagrapic plate P.
 On duulcping 1 plade, no t a thu diuct

&btained. Tnatead, twe toacus Lwen abtainad ymnnetocally

Situatea ulh uspct to tho dvud bea m . 7his mians one

ponut being bard in the z dy n tho othn bent in Ma

2 dir .

Lonc lusion fem Expuumnt

one ina Men-
A magnet eypuuenccs a nat clollictng
edwhich dlapends an the aventahen
homonueus magretic
the magnt in the dield.
Since atomi an t n magnci, the enpuien dajucthg danu
when
paling fhrough h
jietd
The ctems the dielcd wre ented in dpae
baxing hnough
in distnuts dinection.

h aweage r a m a u s tancs enpuuencoo

b by am atemme

agnt tonsueg th magnhè hed b:

fa-ou2
a d e o changs t dield in z dis

i 2 = P -ompo . ¥ thu T lonbital + spin) magnctie

memun
thi atem

Mje3i(u2T.
 CO
2
Becaus thus dnce the atoms have afmsvenu alceknatien

M M

U be the
onginidinal velecity the atem.A d be th
Qongth thair path in the
magnche ield, then t
t=
V

but,nem pinethe tuany , Ua i evaluateol

by
mu*=
2 2kT

Ux=kT
M.

td T
Then ane, t u tron dolichen & l t u b he atem

Bz Med
8KT
The atomuc am weutcd be dellected into (2jt1) csvpenindy,
COspending te the valuu M
t h slven atems two taw nd @btamd ,and by measwud

At hu temp the aven The ven atems u in Thi

gnoumd Hate CSv)

 So that (2j11)= 2

Hemo th ueu two toa (U,

tunthu,
Js=

M= Ms
as postulated by spin hypothsu

: 2 ) =* 1

a enpei mnta00sy obsunved

xampe
a1 Calcdete th twe palsiblt ouentatiems pin
UetonS with pR t- a magntt ielal B
JL th m agnutic Hcld 6 be along the z -qws. The magrd
h spin amgulan memertum S s i z- (6mpone d an

uartiancd
S (s(s+1)

Sz = ms h_ 2
msz
2

S Ms
1a5-3
SCS41)

S m
ms 2ms
J

rwn ms 2
0 s 77 = Sa 7°

ms 2 = =0-$ 77 9=l25.3
&2 0btain th magnituolt ospin ma9neilc oliÞolt menaru
ane- in tenms oBeh» magncI On.
Sat
eSpin ma gneftc meme n s
elcted to
Y
dpn
agulan mementim S by

T maqnutucu s p n majnoi monment is

32 s =Js(s41) 3 h
2

2(-
As M eh

us= 34

3 Callaulat passible angt b/uw T 43 Jar a al e n nee

otem
S Fn a
'o e, we hae
2
Oud C w s e
s

wo sibl uplus au
jLts anet
i 3ven by
Thu ang& bw Ta3
(+1) é (l+1) -
sCs+/1
J
-

Cey C.3) =

2JR 41) Js (St1)

fan 2 S j=
Cos ( 3 ) 0-914
 fron -2, S-4 4
Coy c i ' . a =
0-70 71

135

S0 Tu passiblangley au61-9 13

SpecdyoCopic Term L-S and J- JJ

Couplirg

t1tpL+As
Tn mutelechen atem only eptical elechons Couten mat
anbict elechors) Consduecl, Thu lanu elechens
l l d shl) have ZUNO argilan
compltely
mementum
Thu total enuay
a n aBem
() The kinchc erugt electrer
k.E= P
2m

c9 Tr elechestatc enngY I tha ele chons du to their

inlnaction wh he ucleuu,
Ze
2

( Th mutual electotaic enwn31 thie,

T h spin Spin (S S) (ovul ahen enun1y . u elechrens

wn Panalll spin np each athun < wih anh pa'lallul
atact each otwn
Spm onbt magntic intenation enugy the elechers

ughte atens Sn thse atOms tho enugid S S

ntnaclen d anbd onbrt inenation au Iugest Temanay

thom.Spn- anlbit ivttocutibn enI) s as but nat

igiblu ,Such atem U given ty L.S (euplbng.

(B) Huawien Alpm _ Tn such atoms enng pin-nbit

actien pudemnates uch aems a 9 overed by

b
TCuping
L s Ccupling
=
Jn autems uhich otey thiy csupling toe indecluee th uarucus
PLdunbah'ery in tn ndn
Ca) Spn- Spin ulatem
C6) Oidual electdwstatic intenation

( Sph- anbd intenaticSn

Ca) As a sult s p n - spin caulaion elct,the individual

Lpin amgulan memertum uectanu h u aptical elrcdes ane

Atalu Couyeld wfh m anthn te fAm a sultqud

spin angulan momuntum uectn magntudt (3CS+)2

huch is censtard cnohon.

S +3,+3, in13+3t I,+l .

SitS t S, 1 )

hUghust S beng kouvest enuyy.

Tha
 fon

z
(2 S+1) : 2 (daublot 0ous
multpliuty

f tws elechey
S
(S, Sa)
Is-S , Is,-s.lt l ,

S : 0,1

C2s+1) =I, 3 (sin9at tiplet ayal4)

fon th elechers
S S S3
e conbine thu spins we f u t combini fwo them

So, s'= 0 ,
Omd then Combinu t u tha s3 to cach e Thom.

S with s'= o
S -
3 with s'= S S= - I 1 +) =

Thus en thr lechror

2uartts)
Ons e Ss
(DoubleD
Twe e S-0 S
CSinglct) CTiplet
3e S
(Doublo)
S
(Doubiet) CGuontt
S
cngtei) (Tplat) (Singeei) riptet) iatet) (auintet)
n
genunal ca ckectaonu, , th possibY valLus JS

S l , 2, fn
2
S
Ao odd N

C)As a usut siduat elechostadic intenaction

th individluol anbrtal amguulan memuntum vecteh Tu
ophcal electhons aan strongy Coubled wifh ént aT
nn a Jusulfat dnbital amgulan momuntum vecten L

e magnitude JL (L+1) w hich s a Gnutard mofen

L + +1,+ - - Iin , lX +T+K

- -
-

- 'pint
-

, (A+z+3+ -).
The t a t et langust L beg the lawest Cnagy.

Fan 3p 3d elechens. L=), R2

C+)
I 2 3 (P, D, P states)

Fon 2P 3p 4d eledyon . , , l2= 1 , 3 2

u i n t cembine t two p - ele cHens which ane MONe

hghtly boumd 1 the atem.

= O, 1,2
Nau, Lembiing 1h d elethons th A3=2 , whch

s s ghtl boumol
L'=O 3=2

L 2 (Dstots)
L= s=2

L 1, 2, 3 (P, D, F state)
 L' 2 A2
L= 0,1, 2, 3, (S, P, D,F, Cn states)
4
Shus,in all ue obtauno 's', 2'rs', 3 d's, 2 F
nd 1 tates.

As a Suct maln Spin onbd magnuhc intenachom,

uultant anbital amqulan mementum ve cton L
and
th
s
hh sult and spin angua memerdum uectun ane

udh tach athen to Jonm a tutal amgulan

aengly Coubled
atem.
memuntum Uectun T oth

The mag nitude T, T, S Junod ning Comstan

CL+S
J= L -sl, 1 L-SI+|,

Lamode Intenual Rule

nelan-S ceupling the 4pin anbt intenaien enngy

tre nm.
DEs, a a (l.s)
wheu a is n imteraHem Cemtont

T +5
Taking th Scalan say praduct
T. I.T + S.a+ 2T.s

L3-1fr -ttr -S
T (J+1) -LL+1) scs+I)]
-

E5,

DEs, A ICJ+) - LCL+1) -

Scs+1)]
Tm engy nunce
b/Lo two fne Jtuctuwu OwoWs
(2
Tttspending 1s J nd J+| is

' A ) ( J + ) - T (J+D
2 ACJ+1)
u s , thu tnn9 inton Ual Cspacing) betueen TontutiV

OUCLS
and J+ a Ain sbudun muttiplot 1

t that is to the ngey The

o
J-VcLlw inualued.

Enu1x (Jt1)

e-Arcerdng to Lamdl inienual u l t , th fna stuct

utis P% P , , P , have suptnatier in t h Tchie : 2 ,

2.3

in the rie 3. S,7

Spctal tenms fon L-S Couping

Atms wih One @phical Flnctron

U)
F a n hudiagtn i r e atem, he gyraumd Atete COnjignatin s,

S =0
S =s = multi plicdy = 2st=2

L= = o CS-dact

J= L-Sl CL+S)

1he 9ound &tate

tunm a H Uke atem =

-S/2
 Non- 2uvawnt optical
(2) Aem with tw0 on mow

electhen
t u s Considu am atem hauing two opti tal elecdoens ijea

Tnmaudm
a ne Is 25 2P 3S 3 p' us 3d'° 4p yd
ut contiqunotton 4p 4d"

S ,S R= IR, =2
The pasible valuus Lamd S a

S= Is, -S2 1S1 S+1 CS+S2)

muti pticity (25+1)= 3

L -ll , - Ral+1,
,2 ,3 P, D, f statu)

Thus we have in all si tams

3 Singect tnms 3 hiplat tms

AL thue tenms an add bacau tha comngunatie 4P 4
ia add (El: I+2 -3).

So A Cam wntA,

' p ,' , 'F*, *P, 'b

T-IL-S- CLts)

SSzo
lL= J- 'P
S=o J 2 , 'D
l= 2

L3 J '
fon tiplt tam,

P , *P
S

1 3=0, 1,2
S 1 D,, *D
-
L22 J :I, 2,3, 'D, ,

J- 2,3,4
3f
F , , f , 3f9
l-3

'P
S-0 'E

4Pd

Unpertubed 3
spin-SPm 3
esdual
CanulashiN
etchutetic T Spn sbt
magnetic enI]

>S

S Ss,) Cst S)
O,
I, 3
multi pliuty (2s + )
L -A2l Cta)
0 CS state)

JIL-s
So SP tnms= S o S

S-
S ,S , O =

S 5, s,l CS+S)
O, CSmgle, toiplel)

,+
- tl,
P-state)
CL+S)
J= lL-sl
SS*° J I 'P

S=I J-, P. 3P,3P

S-d.

S. , S2= O,, 2

S S,-S)- CS+S2)

L 2 CD-State)

S-O J: D
LL 2 J= l, 2, 3 , 3D, , 3D, , $D,

P-PP
S S = , >1
S , 1

LI 0, , 2
S=o
L=0 J=o ' s .
 S 0
lt= J I P
So
3 2D
D

J ,S,

J= 0, ,2 P, P , P
SS=
: 1,2,3 3D,, D D

Atemu wth Two m@ e u valom elecrons

Sant n and v a l u elechenu)

(A ciastd Sub-shell Juch as s,p, d -aluways

anms o S, tenm only.
The coed Sub-shul conista mannumben, 2 (21 +) s

pars da that
2uvakmte- in adipanall
m0 Zms-O.

L o CS-Stat1) Sz0O

2S+l-Clnglat)
0
1S0 passible ony.
'S
Tho tenm (enigwroien (nR) anu sane a t
(
(ny-z w huu nan n0 f e

sptal fem P =9T. Jon (p6-1)

d S11e d (do*)
s-
 Bui' Schem

Tnth dchem we wi in a tabU all fths posblu Ualuus

ML whith coam be Jenmud dy ths Combinmation e M ama mi in
aouw and in a Calumn Sp Tho&um U witfen lblinw
mAamd to h

Tu nunt ualues
anm 3 ct3
d de d by the L- s happed (doied) i n

+ -
2 (1 se)

(1 set)
ML
SetD S P ! Dm

t ML ualuu Conspenmd to L 2, amnd O. (D, P, s)

pins the tuwe lechons Cam be cembina.d te GNM eihun o

(Singicis) a S=l (biplcts).

Fon Sl,
S Si beth e
hae h Same spinguatumn
o . ms and hanu thay mut oun in Valut
me Se ue cannat
taht diagenai M valiu.
hus n = wea imtid to
thu dlcwh rL valus
- t)

whidh i Comyaonurds a tom - I.

Thus Cavuponds to a P tum on
ao,l, 2 mltiplt
rn S-0, hu edywa in thog &pin uartum no and thou s
u icm on the valus o n whvch may e cembinucl with

th value S, S
- 2
(I sut)
-

Sa l o, L2 Covwsp ondlhg to 'D and Is tenms.