EHVAC- HVDC TRANS MISsION

UNIT
Audible Noise wh terona
iTSent onondw
on
tndw ctor s,
ttors,
EHUnts 9ntYakt wditle naitt, hi ch is
hi
dasving fo wtahu Nist is broad sheually
bond, which
cndrom e
ytnyto abot 2o xHz.
Covona dishangu 2tntat tye 4-
Jitnay aahed nd rpelled by ignswhi eh axe
dic Peie v usad
polanity
ound
Ac
teitadi on. Teir mov tm tnt ives rise to
prt 6turt wav o
and tc equnciu of twice powefere
tcmoltiples, addiHon to bro ad bond
in
band st
hic is hee
tult random motion setru
ctrun
pure tont ons. Nice has
uprimposed broad band nise. Due
n
to
t o e in i onit moton btoten AC 2 DC
DC tinu exitah ons
thi bit m
roadband noise, unlike fo
AC tnt,
ise 3tatd from DC lint s
ntanly a
inoh Hoir fo tondHi

Audiblt Nrist
reantn y
spta.
AN Cmtaed by line is functi on oollooing factors

Suv face V grqditnt Con du tors

No Sub tndwctor s in bundd e .

Con dw chor diameter.

Atmos phetic distance from Rne endw tors to point
whtnenoise is to be tvalwaed
AN S Cawstd by changts in P oY Othe ran missi om
mtdium So hat itis diseribtd b Sound Pressuve evd

sPL(de)- lo legio. SPL2 xlo) pascals

This is also temed as Acoustic Pooux Level ,

dunotea by PWL

Covona Pulses Their ane two tybes of torong disthar9

Trom a n Smissim ine ton dw ctors .

Pulseless or
Gloo orona

Pulse ype o Streamer Corona,

when ondw tor s + ve w.T.t 9 Yound , an e avalahhe

move apidy in to tan dw ctor leaving hea
havy +ve -i on-dhaqe

cdoud dose to dw
con
ctor which drifts qwa.Rapid
movemt oeand mohon +ve -ion s haue dmnjAdal mh
Miochangt i sec front buls eawhi le furthe
dvit
dvit tve- ion cdoud wi fovmn tail ulaes. As fan
a +ve i ons have drifed fanenouqh dwe to winds,
de crie fid In vis einity ondwctor reqais uffiienty
high vaue for pulse fovnation to reea tsel. Thus
a pulse train results frpm a point in uovona on ondwctor
when en dw cko s -vC w..t 9ound, e qva qn che
mo s qwayfrom tgn dw ctur while, tve ions move towands
-Ve charg ed on dw ctov. Since, heay ve i ane mov inj

elechrie ields, thir moton is

into o qtSsively highe
e apid whidh give rise to a muh shanp e pulse

han tve
han +ve Similanly. lighttn move ra awa from
on dw tor and edecie ieLd ntoa on dw ctor v9au ns its

Oviginal valve .onext pulse gniation wicke han for

-ve case
small in aml tvde have smallex rise
ve pul& es ae ,

fal Hmne bk much highen tputahon rat han

+vepwsu.
tve UoY ona puu have e

B 34 65 x lo"

ve corona buses have 383 lo

8 3 xlo
i. K.ip t*.-7t-5t.

Amlitu de 3 Kir (p-*)

Covo na ulaes
p°ru)
valo t p or +ve -ve ane iwen
gen above

+Ve pule

ue
 R1 Efftct Radio
Intftrtntt TtSu lting from transmis tio
a

TIne is a man- m ade

communi cai on
htnomena Lerttr en t to

with both
systemis dscibtd throu gh s raio noise
meouAUYe tn
Samt
Standand mttr. weights rwit
sui tos ui tas le
has been
siqnarom a bvoad ast staion in
rathee to deai 9nakt
teims 5 avenage value
osignad streng th oaled fi dd inttnsity sethng o fi d
shength mer, while
ntftrtnte signad to adiortteivev
due o lne noise m&asur ed
Qvansitak (o P) det etor
dreuib.

freenu Shecrm ReftrS fo vaniation odnoise level in

O v v/m, with frtapncy maAUrem en t. fray eny
sectum osingMe covong ulst double exonen ti shapt.

Alw) Kie p

Mea sUTtm ent ndi cate that from a lng lin, RI o

spectrum follos closuy
-S
RI (w) f t» f
GnaLona line, thee esists a v y la-t numbe o i n k s

InLovona hoi se mettr ad viscinity the ne responmd

to a rain o ulseA originati.g from thn .

9entattd noise in line is

espen ty sectrvn from toong
In its chanacer istis that an dtviaHon
ntan y ed so

om it as msured n haise m ttr is an indicai on o

Source other han the line, temed aAbak round noise',

terro Resonan ce Ovevoltag cs Partiad Yes onance ondiions
oCCY in owen System when unbal anted n figuratiom

oO CCUYS
CCUS to as to lace e n sies with 'L'.
when a transformu s o n n t ced to lon9 ansmi sSi on

lneboth axt Switchd to gethe, sueh àcondition

mlg ht ocewY Unde operattng onditlon, the line C to
ound is ene9ised by phase voltage.

Suphose, doring Switehing oheraH on, he pde open

Y Closes non simu Itantousy with othen. The
drewit Ca)
shws ne 'c In Sni es wim he transforme L' in
open haAC. Conditiom when 2 polcs ane oen shoon in
f6 Problem ivolves veny dittorent analysis

must take into a count distributed c ' oline2 nm-lin ta

mantti Saki on Cwrve

T L T

Sb

()
t
Pin ciple o Half- wavc Trans missi on'. when even hr s
mls match oimptd an tes betwten
transmission lne 2 he
Load, rfleetlon wlll o ceuv. Tf Ahe nddnt signal is a
Con-nvous wave form, hese
reftt chios w mlx with more
the
comin Inci dnt wavt form
pm
to bro dwte stai on avy
wav
tfovmS cal Standin waves

SAam ding Wave The

Standing wave
e^resnt the o
vollage alaa the lne, binq the ertntative sum
sUm
hIncd dent i rflectd voltage waves. Tt ostllaes 1n
In Stantan tous magnitvde, but does not pro agae dawn the
Cabls len th like nei dent
the or
reftecked waveform.

Sovrce Untermi nahed

ne

Standin waveA don ot

prpage almg the tan Smi ssion
ine
 ExTRA HIGH VOLTAGE TESTING S.

uauatteutic& Geneatue mpulat Voltaye

'pulse voltae u an unidusecuon al voltaje
--

A&Llauons, Suuse Deapidky volta

vo wa c,
Ita wu cla, uA tuour
uu
DLD
e s apidly To
mOxmum vaue alLI3 more o
O. Makumum valu Caued pe0k value
Lmpuue voltat
Fuu wm pule voltage T an
Jpulse volta devalops witout
Causin Aosh- oves 09 puncre
Chopp&d umpulsc voltage T
la-owe 0 purure ocuxS, J Cousinq
a sudden collapse
mpul vol faye
A uu wpulst
voltae cuasuact esised ut peak vodue &
uts two ime unteavals (wawe fon wawe tail)
pwauwe to rut
roM aliun
rom O t peak voui Pount So7, ptak Volta
ot t a .

Wawe front ame =

(tp to)
125 a-t)
wave tail tame = (ta-to)

wowe Caled when chopping takes pRacas on Tont

Infront chopped
pasu o wawe

Tmpulse puncurt V peak vauut umpu voltape wu Causes

puncurt m a t e r i a l
flaov V
mpule atuo Impule
pear valuut o powe fre tlaahuve
fo tashove vol toe

Impust uuo Impulbe puncture

powe req punetune
volue
k puncu re eak
vot tot
Geneseauou oHs D.CVolta
Tt maly uAed u
useaCU wouk U auLa Pusu
physxcaSomeumes,eunt de voltas Os o nead ed un
appled
utulcuo tests o Cahlts Capau foaa Tmpule geneatua chatn
unts alao SuLqusud HVp aboul loo t 206kV

Hay Full-wave Rect fr Co cuits

Tn o-wave uu ct e s , u Capaa toa
w clayed Vmax,Uu maximum AC
vo
la o econd asa o ugh-volage /P
hanso mek poutive ac

Cyc ve a Cy c t , C uduuay
Tn
oad
euoos en uc tuat u Jumt constant CRL
The valu n C
at dest D umes tua o Pesdo d M AC
up pl
add ihona uRistanci R provtded
Cuseent an
To umit cuasin
Selues u tlu eCendaly ransome
RectrfeA

tuu wav Ju cufiee J tve a f cy

elases C, whu
A Conducts
B conducls
-ve of u dl ucHH
&cuaure tu
Theaktource rana ftYme ouuyu ues a Cente
topped econdous y oit a aing 2V Rec B

ued ue

voltaes o above, J u cti fier valves

Fo uqh J Catl o os
SRuuctuOu A pasur rom 4 lamen,
E u al ton ve aueld o qrid st ound a ment
a nods, Juey
Contaa a protecü
Ccukai plata
Cotodu The anudt
uu usuay he a
, Uu luat
Sinu elechos Fotuc yiald qroduents aee qua
n 4 C o n d u CAi n
Catiuode extek enct JoueelcStalc osaCA dusunq
eucd s. To profct vasuou e ments rom o84CLA
qmy d te volwe Cov Oh one
anodu

Ripp volto wit Hay Ful -wawe Rechfie

wae ucHe i ud alo q
C, J u Von maxumum
medthenunq Cp ac
br when on Jucd C ges chajedrom Vs
ac vo
lla peak
valu to Xuo
Jw R, hen Vs vasues T o

wen oded, o ucuuou /P d voltou Vappeak,

Coued
 Hall wawe Full wae

>t
Voad)

Vo Cno&cad)

v,on-od)
C-Read )

scaue o dacdan pouO

I a l f ave V loe
at - o.ve Jechh
qual
J Ca
o
Rpple s g uncy ul-waue e cuHe
volul
JU

Voltae Double Cscit

dc vole J
oy
C FS proouL a
Ho-wase A C
ul-wOe
dc volas a s ned ed
maxum u m volta. wh en uqhe
double C u i t s Q ed
vo Itae double oe
CaaCaded ai cti ft
C R2 doublu CiA Cuit,
C
Tnvol Fa
asqed throu R To veltoye
+duinq -ve cyck
ac max
duue To
AS voltape o ansfoume
the
+ve Vmax duung
e Cycke
Sus to t2Vmax, wu CA
petenha ofC
Csuod hrcug R
upon tume
Jun luan 2V Max, depen dsndune
Jod ouae
V n time censtants 2R
Constant R, 0uwasd cha
Jum consta1S- ues
cha Cacad e d voltage dou bl e
Qu

eeded
sAtluot
usene Vo au leve
Ry T voltae
aAn yp a nfoumek
R2 U T ,2pro duu Vo od
Same va as dLscm bud
2maX n

aboY
The C9.Cut JA dubucalsd XConnechd
Obla
COA Cad d
e
SuA 09
o Mv.
a wte voltas doubluy
ac ppy T u olalin J n fo94 me
 MulHpurer CrOe Cu tE
Volta CHCts o uqhe Voltayes
voltae mulub lier
suppy Lsoalun
Cascaded
Cumb@ o m e
A s u o0 many
au
rans(0%me
possipl To genes.alu vo gh De volta romstnau
T m doubler
C i CAut

supp& a n s tolume by extendin

extendin vollot
vollo4
ouucu f unt
Foo t u value pu qenesatoe (Caacad ed
pe
Use
pul g enesal valn
anoou CCL F o
Dn The pule genesat Cas Cadad to
w
.C2n P oecH fU Volta
2nmax aCro R
Can-2 anquian Wawe
C2na A uqg volta
von o make vave Awitek ed on H
pro du Ce a volfe

Vmax I|/Cp
C acros L
Cp bay c p autan
pulue qeneatoa,
Supp Soov appued
uiCren eneuau ug volra
de ( so to loo k)wtu Auta ble humb

Va unit
CasCaded ectuf Dan
pule qenenat

Czn Can
The
dtnti Cal as volfa doblee
D
Fo q he Vo 4,62n /P

094
ConnecHDM Cy
t Vmax
cuasd
Cy Juos d nVmax. abo
D2
FarUpo tetal C
a(rus a ny undividaalA
But vol t a
Dueci fae J o n y 2ma
CO Cockcroft - wolto

Vol tape Multtplie Ce CLiLt

 1
Van de araoft Genealosus
uaually nclosta u aled maluc
qenetaluR
vacuum
C ndoucal vemel u Of atd und 0

Ca qed u Aprtyed onto an mo nsulali n muvIn halt rom

CO 9uona pants ot poten Hal on lo ookv. abovo 0a0utl

u movRd Collechd Conneced Jnsid
usuwlatrodmelaU elec hodt threuy wluch lalt m o v e s The
du vn hy elechc molo ot aAprd o l000 2000m
t

v-
Potenhal sujes at a alt
olt

ner casj Cuslut

High voltape
teminal T b
butaoin velou
Advantapes
easily db} aun
Celecher Upp puly 1 veuy high voltae
unulattcl
teuninala
rom aRi ppu ire o/p
(3 Precion eg1biu Conhro
Insuiahd e
Diad vantaes-
(L Low C u n t o/p
Mofbr dsuvu olur
beur velociy
(3 imitaion
pully
to tendency o vibesiluOu
Voito ou Lowu
3proj

hosyin balr done Jewe poa Put shap

d Qbour D t oo V, So
Conneckd to a

intaunad ub ned ley

Cueno w
JA CMecto ollecun needlea rom
rom Couo n a pe elschhode as bet
The chau
on 1 uqh-vol taus
us 1ansfeneld
volta etechod
ente S p royed
The b t i t 9e0hums uub casgsd d ropped suh a p
owe CLna pount. I n 09% C es Co
throu
ymake cuo qr hoat c u ve utizt pat o ut, Se
OsaNqemenF o Second napbiat ayium x Ca Hed by
JuStdt g voltoe termina employt d
Jeeci e ConnPcHd nqh Vo l taje
Second Suow CoLDo Ouls
d e ched towastd Pull okue
t etmu na
teumuMa Ce9u n a duc Lasag e t httt
entr
Genetaiueu o High Atenatang Cudetun volines
about bok V a n e hyanSor nme
R0qh Voltoge t e s tuann
eueAA
Con br uod o est punpc But o unqh vol tag
ansfornm ed aee u ed as ingle
Co nner ton o Cas Cading
transorme coatly dn
unsulstuou
d ulty

Coscae Taansfes me JtA

J tank
al qrdund poenlial alone w t
Fut eansfak me YhaTained a V/P
kept on nsulatoRes
han sfekmck
Second unt
volfoye wunding
u n t ) above roundHa
st ow volfa tndin
tarnk oAecend unit
Cenneched te 4s tronsfer
unt Auped
rom excetauO
wndum o
uu c us
l u ugt voIta wnd
end
ronsfermek at velta toeanatormex
wind
winduie
Connec h o m Se Con d
he u volta au tak en r o u a
b u u np
dsnteeminaí
kCfaioN r pokentral
day, rd oano%mek u ket at
Tn um
trans tme EoM Second gnAforme
Supped om
e ok
mo o enekalule
Can
obtan e d rom
Sup py to unts Vo The sealun
vaulatioy

hreu an J duchon sua ulateko 2 30 * 4boV ok m unis

A volfaje u
33 kv 6 6kv 0 IkV
hould
auy Y p u
oekA o Ta 3
Tank

Tonk

vote
2V V2

a luo
e a Talio
voltae

Second t U d
SoCnd cc eme 0
proVI dang
duanomeA (Ts,1s2, Js 3) a
gotao bsansformets
Ttlatnp
Jank pofenl tat fauls The adva ntoje
heA
usulsl ed t
unt uo halurol Coel CnE

tTanaoe rme se) qh Compa ctran&pov lauC aMembly

 8
Reaonant Touansfoume
L (clokt)

hY
Lut

Aatah vol tay eti n

qwvalan o
Con SrsFs
bransfoemee
O42 (D Resutana o wndu
(2-) L d u a clan
(3 Manebziu aclanu
9cross 0/p
(4Shut Capai a n u
texmina du bwun U u
tekmnal
vot tas
altut Ciacuit

u s onan C powe
Possibli y a to Jve
CwenE est oiecd veyay
wCAt) wC

Jume ttod only bR

R1CX-Xc)
wLt2) wC

wC

o ekce fauo Deeduced hy acho

The Jpu volta J
tupu vA 9e eduCd

Advan toeA Uave

pUR2une

) PowoeReu unonts 94
qh o w e inq ,u es
(3 No
( CosCadant d possth
S)&impleACuac Jes can 9e monf
Gereuauey Hyk req AC Hv by Teala Coid
9erch f1o% de povwen
volloje a 9uOuvo d o
Hqh e9 ug volta
tay
oppasualu ug trt ugh Vof
upptcs, o tes n
damped oSaloo es
Advantt CosX suu
eet um e Xa
(1abit
(1DabstnAo
Mhe wae
wove
on

duA
Ov Cyc L en a no damap
(3) Sow bu t-P
b L
Lo 3us acroSS windL
dubrbulio oV
(4) Unoum
M

Sup
Teala c i ?

4,dt t , di
Mdu
ot

olt

V) = 2

Ca
Slutus oO, 4 gwea
wes

- MVI [yt- tey]

M k
w,
Wa
wW

W -WW

v
Measuument mpulse voltap
fo ten hoal davides
oten ttol o vol ta duvjoleso ual volta umpul meauwaments

Jg
Votta measuement
a-c measuxe ments, or
as usuall eite 9
oa0

sve O Copa cruve o

muLol etement pe
volta om duvdet Conne e d t a as
The ow
SeCondung oscillo qraph o& peak vol t a uns rument throu
ela Cab
hV

Delay Cablu

V,t) L
CRD

wwetom. The
du ce ototisu Jn

Cable oiso u t t t t Juutro

elements 0
Redua impedanu eluments

2 Sha Ca o citqnu OCcusN9

b/w eum ents
a eloments o qround
b yrom Srchions teminals
elements Or 2ections
high voltae Jrad J
(C)roM
errors due to
(3 The impe donce
duvide 2 test obects
(a Conne chng eads/w
Jurn Jnds e x ba nee us Cw0nt in qro und ead
(6) ground
due Jtod cable Juyducta nce s
(4 PaiLt Oscu a uons
Copatutanu o qh voltape terminals qround

Spasuk Gops
gh dc
9 Jmpulbt volt vaius
(CoT meo2 Usme nh
a pasuk O ve
A unifo24 m
Apa op U owaA nye
Fr0 wn oIora nce und ex Cohsaht apmosp hekuc
vo l a ustuin
(on bi ued
0 meas ux e ment
Cond ho nS.Henu 10uk 20p
dutance know n
pea vaiu voltae
3
Nomaly, ony phes 84 td meausme nt
u
or vol1a
Tn Ctetoaus (ae, unifom d ps red ap alae used

hut Jhe aCuira (y 4 u

 Sphee Can hu
QxanqA
veubticatly uee t ove Sphe qro unded (09)
ustAboth aheaes qrotnded Conne cted o
(2) uouLZ ontally
Lource volta o9 on e Ahes« rounded

insulalo gup pot

volt
J &e cennetho sphe 3hank

Spasek 0r

y Sbh e
Space
Dramek pu

op e t n
g e a & molo
71
olutan d
Vesutu col a9ongement

Qanpes Aucu th Ot
conhqualiou u qeneally
Tn a s u zon ta above gro u nd
au Ym mehncally
ar ugh vollag
botu sphee
udon hal shap
Two he
0ppued blw 2 4pheses dustanu
t be measus us
Voliae measus Sbasct ver V
C p au S b/w ham 2ve

A SeuCA Sestanu R JConnect b/

b e eokdo wn Cus ent
1) Jimt Sou . wo break down oCCus
oSCIJotons Jn
unwantt
2 upre rou

v) hiqh velta
Cennchon 4
not ba

SD

s u i z on tal pn ftqualo
 Cmpensatien FACTS Techniques
Seies Compens ation Seti es om ensa i on, he FIexible

w'n
rans missibn System (FACTS) is cmneched in si
owe sysBem. TA wov kS as a t o n toll able votage &oUrCC
oHa
Sits indwetance occurs in tanSmission line andwhen a
ear
CwYent 'Vd op.
fow, taus es a
lage To
tmpensake
Seits caadtors ate tonneted.
3XI

Xu
.i Xc

FACTS oY seits tomptnsadi on modity he line rea tan ce

Xis dewease so a to Ine ease. he Arantmi tttd acHve

o w , move ea ctive pow e has to be rovided.

P NV sinS
XL Xe

V,VR tos S
L-e

NegleHng fftets o ne chaxqinCwent or shvnt

vaues o nt mstants,
aau iane and n sidein lumbed
he phase to nevad V blw Sndinq2¢ceiving end can be ,

A = V-VR I R tos dr t I( XL - Xe) tindk

A
with ombensatiom.
AN IR'os r + I XL Sin dr
witho ut s i s Lomptwsathon
 Shunt ompen sai on n hi6, p bw en y
systtm
s t t m iis
s
Conntekdl In shunt (parallel) ith PACTS IworEs as
aLon trollable curremt sovree . Shun campensai on is o
wo

C1 shunt Cabadtive omen sationThis method is vsed to

imrve Powe fa ctor whm tve an Indw ctHve load is

nt ct d to
ransmi 6si on ne, f las becauselgaid
oad corrent. To omp tn s att, shont
co nntcHd
a
cabautY S

which diaw s wTrent leading the souTCe volta9e.

The net result is Impov ment In

i Shunt indwcive Comptn saion This mcthod is vsed

ethe when chaging 4he TL ov when h e r is vy Low
Lo

Load at receivin nd. D»e to low ov no - lo ad

CYrent ows thro ugh TLShwnt capautante in L

(auses, voltage ampliathon Cferramti £fHet). The

double the VsTo ombtnsale,
eceevng end 'vmay be Lome
shunt in dw ctors ane Conne cted alr o ss he T:L

P 2sin (
s (4)]
m

V 1 vs
s/N
 AdvantagA o ACTS
bwn inlin ts is onto1led in duiredd monnU a
Unt monn
tapadty is inu cased, to thomnal lmits
By rasing ran sient stabi lity
enhancted
limit, ssttm sewrity
Op1adatin oline is easier.
R tdwed rcattive wetow, thotby pomni tting grta
actieb t flow.
7Redwced tost nqy eceives dut to unhanted
Rnt tabai

Man bictives FACTS

The ow u tran stt apability otran[mi ssi m

Systnis to be inreas ed.

The wen fow is to bt
kebt ov dtsiqnatd vov tts

fACTS ntro llu

0) Soies Controll Thy aneeithn vai able eactor-
TEctor
Capai tor or a
pow eleronic basvatiabl Souvce
So as Ao senve 4he need. Thu, drop'V a cro Ss vaiable
imedance Canbe nsidnLda senies iedrd
'V

lin
(2) Shvnt Con ro|lea May be eith a vasi abl sSou Ce
or
OT 'a
a vaniable medoante ov a Combin ati on Connt ced in

shont as shown 4hey all i e ct cwryent 4nto line.

77i7

3) Sei ts - Seies
Controlle A ombinadi on oseanae
seies trollUu ohuated in a to-ordinatd mannUM i
on

neuork Or thwise
,it oud be uni fied mtoll tYwhtie
in seies ton trollas provide
Indthend nt soitsreacie
eo e an rol as wel provide realuoen transe Hvogh
aowee link.

AClneT
De buwU- link for
Rtad ow Exdhanga
AClin2

4 ) S n i t s Shunt Controlln * is Lembinahi on o

seerae stuieS shunt tontrolle -

on tro lltd In a

o-Ovdinatd mann A or a unified powen lom trolle

with soies shunt elem tnt
ho FACTS Con tolle

shunt
TCR hristor Controlle Teactors at

Connett has efe cive vcatance vanits in cnti nuous

manne by on dw cion Con to hristov

This is in the part con trolleod VAR e n t a i oom. As

delay anle increas ed, Condw cti on ange dereases,

and on S tw e n t y r e a t o r current dereaseA .

TCR o nntcted In suits with

bidirtcional hy vistor

SC Staic VAR Caens ator

TeShwnt wnneched staHe VAR gtnenado r or ab sorbt

1 n vstd hile 1n
STATCOM, conventers ant
Svs
thyristors without q a t turn off CapabiliAes ane vsed.
The qe Sve
is adiuskd byontrolling cabacütve or
ndw ve arvent in ov den to Lontrel centain
aamettrS,
nOmaly magnitude bus V þoou ssttm.
STAT coMSatic Synchronous Comnsator
t 1s shunt conne cted stahc VAR omensato w hose

caaci tHve or indwchve off wrrnt can be tontrolled

Indtendt oAc system voHage. n case ovoltagc

sovrce
comv nttr, AC P voltage is Controlled in sv eh way a
aa popen atthve Current wii flow fr any bw voltage .
Thc De cabaci tor voltage is atomatically a d s ted, so
h a it ats as
voHaqe Sovr ce fortonvetes. UmiCs
The hanmor
InSysm tan be ab sorbd by dusignlng STAT&OM as an

attve .
a a w i h dehrtss'ion in voltae, STATOM will stil supply
racie pow by vsinits ove wrrent cahabilit

L
STATOH bastd on STATLOM based b

Sovvce Convt. ewvrent Sovrce lenvet¬Y.

Voltag
STA OM
D

Charactexistics
A

I$TATo
TC SCTis a ca aitive Tca ctance oombtns aBor
ssis Hn asenis capautor bank Connt thed in þaralld
with TCR So as to rovide Smovth vaniable tabaütive
Ta ctance. 4 is
lmportant tpe FACTS
bas ed n
ton trolle
hyistos withowk GTo tapabili ty

Coparltov Bomk
TL

Reacto
PFC Uni fied Pown flgw Controlle
ismbination S t a H c syntho nous omensator

CSssc). Thise
and saic
syn thronous soics lombensator
two ane toupled hrough a De lnk and allos bi-divtdimal
How f r a l powen b]w seies oudput ttminals o&sse
and shunt olp temin als STATOM. The mtaning UPFC
sanquda,vn tns trained Itim o seni e voltage to
centrol seltcivey 1ine voHge , imptdance anle

TL

SsSc

STAT OM
 TsC Thyris tor Switched (abaitw,
Tn this thu is a SuT9e limiHng Teactor Xs i s
Tn
Cemntctd., when tonnt ctel to a Sins oid al voltag suphly

N= Vstnwt

(wt) Vn we)
n-1
C Xs
m-
e
wLC

The tem strwtim s simila to TCR but the

diffuunte
is that in this Xe is tonnettd n sis with the TCR,

sSSC 4 1s a staie synthronous geneado ohutadtd

w thout an e t e n al nnysovrCe as seuies t m e n s ator whose

olP otoge is in wadrature with, and tontmll able Indepthenodenty

t h e ne wrvent for the Þurpose neasing or deereasing

he ovexa volHoa drop aross lIne 2 thecby untrolling

ran Smi4kd elecrie poe

Line