‫‪Water Influx‬‬

‫مقدم من الطالب ‪ :‬طه مصباح سرطي‬

‫تحت إشراف الدكتورة ‪:‬خلود إرحومة‬

Introduction

Nearly all hydrocarbon reservoirs are surrounded by

water-bearing rocks called aquifers.
These aquifers may be substantially larger than the oil
or gas reservoirs they adjoin as to appear infinite in
size, or they may be so small in size as to be negligible
in their effect on reservoir performance.
 CLASSIFICATION OF AQUIFERS

Reservoir-aquifer systems are commonly classified on the basis

of:
 Degree of pressure maintenance
 Outer boundary conditions
 Flow regimes
 Flow geometries
 Degree of Pressure Maintenance

Based on the degree of the reservoir pressure maintenance provided by

the aquifer, the natural water drive is often qualitatively described as:
 Active water drive
 Partial water drive
 Limited water drive
Outer Boundary Conditions

 Infinite system indicates that the effect of the pressure

changes at the oil/aquifer boundary can never be felt at the
outer boundary.

 Finite system indicates that the aquifer outer limit is

affected by the influx into the oil zone and that the
pressure at this outer limit changes with time.
 Flow Regimes

There are basically three flow regimes that influence the rate of water influx
into the reservoir those flow regimes are:

 Steady-state
 Semi-steady (pseudo-steady)-state
 Unsteady-state
 Flow Geometries
Reservoir-aquifer systems can be classified on the basis of
flow geometry as:
 Edge-water drive
 Bottom-water drive
 Linear-water drive
WATER INFLUX MODELS
 Pot aquifer
 Schilthuis’ steady-state
 Hurst’s modified steady-state
 The van Everdingen-Hurst unsteady-state
 Edge-water drive
 Bottom-water drive
 The Carter-Tracy unsteady-state
 Fetkovich’s method
 Radial aquifer
 Linear aquifer
 Solving Example Using The Carter-Tracy
unsteady-state
The initial and current reservoir pressures are 2500 and 2490 psi,
respectively.
The reservoir-aquifer system has the following properties.

Aquifer Reservoir Data

∞ 2000 Radius (ft)
25 20 h (ft)
100 50 K (md)
20 15 Ø%
0.7x10-6 1x10-6 Cw (psi-1 )
0.3x10-6 2x10-6 Cf (psi-1 )
 Boundary pressure, psi Time, months
2500 0
2490 6
2472 12
2444 18
2408 24

Step(1): Determine water influx constant B

B=1.119Ø Ct re2 h
B=1.119x0.2x(0.7+0.3)x10-6 x20002 x25 = 22.38 bbl/psi
Step(2): Calculate the dimensionless time tD
tD = 6.328x10-3
tD = 6.328x10-3 = 0.98875t
Step(3): For each time step (n), calculate the total pressure drop ∆Pn=Pi-Pn and the
corresponding tD
tD =0.98875t ∆Pn Pn Time(days) n
0 0 2500 0 0
180.44 10 2490 182.5 1
360.893 28 2472 365 2
541.34 56 2444 547.5 3
721.7875 92 2408 730 4

Step(4): Since values of tD are greater than 100 by using Equations below to calculate PD and
its derivative P’D
pD=0.5[ln(tD)+0.80907] and p'D =1/(2tD)
P‘D x10-3 PD tD =0.98875t t (days) n
- - 0 0 0
2.771 3.002 180.44 182.5 1
1.385 3.488 360.893 365 2
0.923 3.551 541.34 547.5 3
0.693 3.695 721.787 730 4
Step(5): Calculate cumulative water influx by applying Equation
(We)n=(We)n−1+[(tD )n−(tD)n−1]
We after 182.5 days:
(We)n= 0+[180.44−0] = 13451 bbl
We after 365 days:
(We)n= 13451+[360.893−180.44]= 47334bbl
We after 547.5 days:
(We)n=47334+[541.34−360.893]=115163bbl
We after 730 days:
(We)n=115163+[721.787−541.34]= 222737bbl
 The following table shown results of the Carter-Tracy water influx calculations
method at the end of 6, 12, 18, and 24 months:

We bbls Time (months)

0 0
13451 6
47334 12
115163 18
222737 24