HOMEWORK

TERMINAL VELOCITY

PRESENTED BY:
Laura Hoyos & Daniel Forero

GROUP : 1

TEACHER:
José Andrés Pérez Mendoza

UNIVERSIDAD DEL ATLÁNTICO

11/09/2022
 1. A sphere of density 2500 kg/m3 falls freely under gravity in a fluid of density 700 kg/m3
and viscosity 0.5x10-3 Pa*s. Given that the terminal velocity of the sphere is 0.15 m/s,
calculate its diameter. What would be the edge length of a cube of the same material falling
in the same fluid at the same terminal velocity?
SOLUTION
Codes were made on MATLAB.

RESULTS

GRAPH METHOD

Data that the problem gives us:

pp
2500
(kg/m^3)
p (kg/m^3) 700
u (pa*s) 5,00E-04
Vt m/s 0,15
g m/s^2 9,8

a supposed diameter is placed and the Reynolds is determined and with the logarithmic equation,
the value of the logarithm of the drag coefficient is determined
 LOG
LOG CD Diameter
Reynolds number
1,87506126 -0,2730013 0,0001
2,05115252 -0,09691 0,00015
2,17609126 0,02802872 0,0002
2,27300127 0,12493874 0,00025
2,35218252 0,20411998 0,0003
2,41912931 0,27106677 0,00035
2,47712125 0,32905872 0,0004
2,52827378 0,38021124 0,00045
2,57403127 0,42596873 0,0005

Graphs 1. Log Cd vs Lod Reynolds number.

0.5

0.4 f(x) = 1.00000001144066 x − 2.1480625641244

R² = 0.999999999999998
0.3

0.2

0.1
Log CD

0
1.8 1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7
-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4
Log Reynolds number
we place the value of the intercept and plot the slope that will give us the drag coefficient value
being approximately 0.8.

 CUBE

RESULTS

LOG
Reynolds LOG CD Diameter eq Volume P L cube
Numbers
1,9687 -0,1793 1,24E-04 1,00E-12 1,00E-04
2,1448 -0,0032 1,86E-04 3,38E-12 1,50E-04
2,2698 0,1217 2,48E-04 8,00E-12 2,00E-04
2,3667 0,2186 3,10E-04 1,56E-11 2,50E-04
2,4458 0,2978 3,72E-04 2,70E-11 3,00E-04
2,5128 0,3647 4,34E-04 4,29E-11 3,50E-04
2,5708 0,4227 4,96E-04 6,40E-11 4,00E-04
2,6219 0,4739 5,58E-04 9,11E-11 4,50E-04
2,6677 0,5196 6,20E-04 1,25E-10 5,00E-04
2,7091 0,561 6,82E-04 1,66E-10 5,50E-04
2,7469 0,5988 7,44E-04 2,16E-10 6,00E-04
2,7816 0,6336 8,06E-04 2,75E-10 6,50E-04
2 -0,1481
 Graphs 2. Log Cd vs log Reynolds number for the cube.

0.7
0.6 f(x) = 0.999970828484043 x − 2.14799016563543
R² = 0.999999967667592
0.5
Log Reynolds

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1.9 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
LoG CD

The intercept was located on the graph, then with the Reynolds values, it is located on the graph and
the 0.8 sphericity line is taken and the value of the drag coefficient is plotted

2. A particle of equivalent volume diameter 0.5 mm, density 2000 kg/m3 and sphericity0.6
falls freely under gravity in a fluid of density 1:6 kg/m3 and viscosity 2x10-5 Pa*s.
Estimate the terminal velocity reached by the particle. Is there an increase of the terminal
velocity of particle if its geometry is a hexagonal prism (figure 1) of side equal to the
equivalent volume diameter? Show the calculations and results.
Figure 1. hexagonal prism

Codes were made on MATLAB.

Initial Particle (𝝓 = 𝟎. 𝟔)
 RESULTS

With graphical method:

Intersect value is found:

log C D =log ℜp + log

[ 4 ( ρ p −ρ ) gμ
3 V 3t ρ 2 ]
For 𝜙 = 0.6, constants values are found:
A= 0.5145
B= 0.4303
C= 2.6757
D= 120.3996
assumed a value of Reynolds:
Re = 1000
24 C
CD= [ 1+ ℜBp ] +
ℜp
[ 1+
D
ℜp ]
C D =2.6534

Then:
 log
[ 4 ( ρ p−ρ ) gμ
3
3V t ρ
2
] =log C D−log ℜ p=log ( 2.6534 )−log ⁡(1000)

log
[ 4 ( ρ p−ρ ) gμ
3V 3t ρ2 ] =−2.5762

The graphic

ℜp 1 1000
CD 0.0027 2.6534

Results
C D =3.1

( )
1
4 ( ρ p −ρ ) g D eq 2
V t= =1.62 m/s
3 CD ρ

Comparing data of results obtained by analytical solution and graphical solution:

 |1.84−1.62|
%E= ×100 %
1.84
%E=11.96 %

Hexagonal shape particle:

¿ k
∅=Surface area of a sphere of volume equal ¿ the particle =
Surface area of the particle m

2
Surface area of a sphere of volume equal to the particle: k =π D eq

Surface area of the particle:

m=2 ( Ahexagone ) + 6 ( A square )

( )
2
3 D eq
m=2 +6 ( D 2eq )
2 tan 30 °
2
D eq 2
m=9 +6 D
√3 eq

Sphericity:
2 2
πD eq πD eq
∅= =
( √93 +6)
2
D
9
eq
+6 D
2
D2eq
√3 eq

∅=
π
=
√3 π =0.2806
( √93 +6) 9+6 √ 3

Codes were made on MATLAB.

 RESULTS

With graphical method:

Intersect value is found:

log C D =log ℜp + log

[ 4 ( ρ p −ρ ) gμ
3 V 3t ρ 2 ]
For 𝜙 = 0.2806, constants values are found:
A= 2.0329
B= 0.2526
C= 9.3004
D= 37.5771
assumed a value of Reynolds:
Re = 1000
24 C
CD= [ 1+ ℜBp ] +
ℜp
[ 1+
D
ℜp ]
 C D =9.2668

Then:

log
[ 4 ( ρ p−ρ ) gμ
3V 3t ρ2 ] =log C D−log ℜ p=log ( 9.2668 )−log ⁡(1000)

log
[ 4 ( ρ p−ρ ) gμ
3
3V t ρ
2
] =−2. 0331

The graphic

ℜp 1 1000
CD 0.0093 9.2668

C D =7.5
 ( )
1
4 ( ρ p −ρ ) g D eq 2
V t= =1. 04 m/s
3 CD ρ

Comparing data of results obtained by analytical solution and graphical solution:

|1. 0 4−0.98|
%E= × 100 %
0.98
%E=6.12 %

3. A hollow steel ball with a thickness of 5 mm and a diameter of 25 cm. The density steel is
of 7.85 g/cm 3. Can you explain if the steel ball is going to float on water at 30 °C
(density= 996 kg/m3 and viscosity = 8.0x10 -4 Pa*s)? You have to show it by engineering
or fluid mechanics calculations.

∂ ⃗v
F =∑ ⃗
⃗ F i=m
∂t
⃗
F ext −⃗
F B− ⃗
F D=0
Each force is defined as:

⃗ mρ
F B= ⃗g
ρp
⃗
F ext =m ⃗g
2
⃗ V
F D =ρ C D A ρ
2
Replaces:
 [ )]
1

v t=
2m
ρ CD Aρ
1−
ρ
ρp( 2

The mass, the volume and the projected area of the particle are defined as:
m=V p ρ p

π 3
V p=
6
( Dex −D3¿ )

π 2
A p = D ex
4
Where Din is defined as and δ is the thickness of the sphere:
D¿ =Dex −δ

Criteria of floatability: If the addition of buoyant force and drag force is equal or higher than
external force (weight), the object is going to float.

F B + F D ≥ Fext

Codes were made on MATLAB.

RESULTS