HOMEWORK

EXERCISES WEEKS 5-6

PRESENTED BY:
Laura Hoyos & Daniel Forero

GROUP : 1

TEACHER:
José Andrés Pérez Mendoza

UNIVERSIDAD DEL ATLÁNTICO

23/09/2022
 WEEK 5
EXAMPLE 1.
It is going to use a cube bed of 0.25 in as a packed for a regenerator boiler. The cubes have
a height of 10 ft. Air flows through packed bed at 80 °F and 100 lb/in2 and this outlet at
400 °F, flowing at 1000 lb/(h*ft2).
 Calculate the pressure drop in the packed bed.
SOLUTION
Equations

Data:
0,0063
Lp [m] 5
h [m] 3,048
T1 [K] 299,82
T2 [K] 477,59
P [pa] 689480
Flux
[kg/m2s] 1,356
R 8,3145
Mm 29

PARTICLE PROPERTIES
Dp 0,00635
Vp 0,000000256 Dp
3

Deq 7,88E-03

DENSITIES 1-2 PRESSURE

THROUGH GI VISCOSITIES
HEAD
ρ [T2] 5035,334293 1-2
[∆P/ 0,6265204
1,85E-
ρ [T1] 8020,896889 L] 9
μ 05
ρ prom 6528,115591 ∆P 1,91E+00
2,59E-
μ 05
μ 2,22E-
prom 05
 VELOCITY
v 2,08E-04  
ϕ 8,06E-01  

FROM THE GRAPH WE OBTAIN THE POROSITY

ε 0,43

GRAPHIC

CODE IN R

# LAURA HOYOS Y DANIEL FORERO

# Pressure Drop in Fixed Packed Bed
# Example 1.
D_p1 <- 6.35e-3
V_p1 <- D_p1^3
D_eq1 <- (6*V_p1/pi)^(1/3)
sph_1 <- 0.806
e_1 <- 0.43
T_in_1 <- 299.82
T_out_1 <- 477.89
P_in_1 <- 689.48 # kPa
R <- 8.3145; M_air <- 29
visc_in_1 <- 1.845e-5
visc_out_1 <- 2.59e-5
visc_1_av <- mean(c(visc_in_1, visc_out_1))
L_1 <- 3.048
Flux_1 <- 1.356
den_f_in_1 <- P_in_1*M_air/(R*T_in_1)
dP_1 <- 0
repeat {
P_out_1 <- P_in_1 - dP_1
den_f_out_1 <- P_out_1*M_air/(R*T_out_1)
den_f_1av <- mean(c(den_f_in_1, den_f_out_1))
v_1 <- Flux_1/den_f_1av
dP_1 <- ((150*visc_1_av*v_1*(1-e_1)^2)/((sph_1^2)*(D_eq1^2)*e_1^3) +
1.75*den_f_1av*(v_1^2)*(1 - e_1)/(sph_1*D_eq1*e_1^3))*L_1/1000
TOL = dP_1 - (P_in_1 - P_out_1)
results <- data.frame(P_out_1, dP_1, TOL)
print(results)
if (TOL < 1e-3 ) {
break }
}
dP_1r <- 0
P_out_1r <- P_in_1 - dP_1r; P_out_1r
den_f_out_1r <- P_out_1r*M_air/(R*T_out_1)
den_f_1avr <- mean(c(den_f_in_1, den_f_out_1r))
v_1r <- Flux_1/den_f_1av
dP_1r <- ((150*visc_1_av*v_1r*(1-e_1)^2)/((sph_1^2)*(D_eq1^2)*e_1^3) +
1.75*den_f_1avr*(v_1^2)*(1 - e_1)/(sph_1*D_eq1*e_1^3))*L_1/1000
dP_1r # 1912.13 Pa
# Running four times to obtain the results of the code with the repeat loop.

RESULTS
 PROBLEM 1.
A packed bed reactor with a height 2.5 m and an internal diameter of 0.035m is packed with
cylindrical particles diameter Dp = Lp = 0.003 m. The pressure drop of the bed is ΔP = 0.874 bar. A
gas of density ρ = 0.9487 kg/m3 and dynamic viscosity μ = 3.1x10–5 Pa*s flows through the bed
with a superficial mass flow velocity (flux) of 1.4 kg/m2*s.

 Determine the void fraction (ε) of the bed.

SOLUTION
Equations

DATA

h [m] 2,5
di [m] 0,035
Dp=Lp [m] 0,003
∆P [pa] 87400
ρ[kg/m3] 0,9487
3,10E-
μ [pa*s] 05
flux
[kg/m2*s] 1,4
 [∆P/L] 34960

PARTICLE PROPERTIES
Dp 0,003
Vp 2,12E-08
Deq 3,43E-03

ε with solver
ε
asumido ε real
VELOCITY
0,32203039
0,5 4 1,4757035
v 94  
Ecuación Solver
ϕ 8,74E-01  
3,50E+04 -3,78E-03

BY SOLVER THE POROSITY IS OBTAINED

ε 0,322030394

WEEK 6
EXAMPLE 2.
It is going to use a catalyst of density 1.65 g/cm3, that has a cylindrical shape with a diameter of
0.25 mm and length of 0.25 mm. The catalyst puts in contact with a hydrocarbon in a fluidized bed
reactor at 900 °F and 1.0 atm. The packed bed in repose has a porosity of 0.35 and a height of 3.2
ft. Under the operation conditions the gas viscosity is 0.02 cP and its density is 0.21 lb/ft3.

Determine:

1) The velocity necessary to fluidize of bed packed

2) The average velocity and its expansion degree of the bed packed.

SOLUTION

DATA
ρ [g/cm3] 1,7 ρ[kg/m3] 1650,0
d [mm] 0,25 d [m] 0,00025
L [mm] 0,25 L [m] 0,00025
T [°F] 900 T [°K] 755,372
P [atm] 1 P [Pa] 101325
ε 3,50E-01 ε 3,50E-01
h [ft] 3,2 h [m] 0,97536
 μ gas [cP] 0,02 μ gas [Pa*s] 0,00002
ρ gas [lb/ft3] 0,2 ρ gas [kg/m3] 3,4
g [m/s2] 9,8 g [m/s2] 9,8
Equations

PARTICLE PROPERTIES TO OBTAIN THE VMF WITH

Dp 0,00025 FLUIDIZATION SOLVER
VELOCITY Vmf real 0,047960398
Vp 1,22718E-11
De v 0,047960398 ecuación -0,193315899
q 0,000286179 ϕ 0,8736 Vmf asumido 1
εmf 0,433163458

FOR THE VMEDIA AND DEGREE OF

EXPANSION
Vmax asumido 1
ecuación 16137,02693
Vmax 0,827831927
(rho_p - rho)*g 16137,03393
Solver 0,006998262

FOR EXPANSION
L 3,31E+00
AVERAGE VELOCITY
Vmedia 0,437896163
   
εmedia 0,808729033
Ecuacion 16137,0307
Solver -0,00322831

CODE IN R
# DANIEL FORERO Y LAURA HOYOS
# Fluidization example
# a. Minimum fluidization velocity
# b. Expansion degree
# 150*(1-emf)*visc*vmf/(sph^2*Deq^2*emf^3) + 1.75*rho*vmf^2/(eph*Deq*emf^3)-(rhop-
rho)*g = 0
# Data: cylinder
g <- 9.81 # m/s2
Dp <- 0.25/1000 # m
Lp <- 0.25/1000 # m
rhop <- 1650 #kg/m3
e0 <- 0.35 # porosity in repose
L0 <- 3.2*0.3048 # m
visc <- 0.02*0.001 # Pa*s
rho <- 0.21*0.4536/(0.3048^3) # kg/m3
Vp <- (pi/4)*Dp^2*Lp; Vp # m3
Deq <- (6*Vp/pi)^(1/3); Deq # 0.000286 m
sph <- pi*Deq^2/((pi/2)*Dp^2 + pi*Dp*Lp); sph
emf <- 0.434 # checalc web page
f = function(vmf) {150*(1-emf)*visc*vmf/(sph^2*Deq^2*emf^3) +
1.75*rho*vmf^2/(sph*Deq*emf^3)-(rhop-rho)*g}
sol = uniroot(f, c(-1, 1))
sol
vmf <- sol$root; vmf # 0.0467 m/s
# b. Expansion degree
vmax <- g*Deq^2*(rhop - rho)/(18*visc); vmax # 3.67 m/s
v_av <- (vmax + vmf)/2; v_av # 1.86 m/s
f1 = function(ef) {150*(1-ef)*visc*v_av/(sph^2*Deq^2*ef^3) + 1.75*rho*v_av^2/(sph*Deq*ef^3)-
(rhop-rho)*g}
uniroot(f1, c(0,1))
# It is not possible a fluidized bed for a average velocity of 1.86 m/s
e <- 1
f2 = function(vf) {150*(1-e)*visc*vf/(sph^2*Deq^2*e^3) + 1.75*rho*vf^2/(sph*Deq*e^3)-(rhop-
rho)*g}
uniroot(f2, c(0,1))
v_max <- 0.828 # m/s
vmean <- (vmf + v_max)/2; vmean # 0.437 m/s
f3 = function(ef) {150*(1-ef)*visc*vmean/(sph^2*Deq^2*ef^3) +
1.75*rho*vmean^2/(sph*Deq*ef^3)-(rhop-rho)*g}
sol_3 <- uniroot(f3, c(0, 1))
ef <- sol_3$root; ef # ef = 0.808
L <- L0*(1 - e0)/(1 - ef); L
# L = 3.31 m
# End.

RESULTS