Exercises Reservoir Engineering II

PVT analysis
Exercise 1

a) Describe a typical pressure-temperature diagram of a multi component hydrocarbon

system. Use the diagram to distinguish between the following three types of gas
reservoirs

1. Dry Gas
2. Wet gas
3. Gas condensate (Retrograde gas)

b) Perform the derivation of the following material balance equation for a closed dry gas
reservoir:

Pres Pic PscTic

= - Gp
Zres Zic VicTsc

where: Pic = reservoir pressure at initial conditions

Pres = reservoir pressure during production
Psc = pressure at standard conditions
Zic = compressibility factor at initial conditions
Zres = compressibility factor at Pres
Vic = volume of gas in the reservoir at initial conditions
Tic = reservoir temperature at initial conditions

c) The following production history is known for a gas reservoir:

Column 1 Column 2 Column 3 Column 4 Column 5

Pres (psia) Zres Cumulative Cumulative Cumulative
separator gas stock tank oil water
(∙106 SCF) (SBL) (SBL)
5392 1.0530 0 0 0
5368 1.0516 661.272 12314 3
5301 1.0470 2883.114 47674 762
5245 1.0442 5073.370 83132 2054
5182 1.0404 6957.608 112902 3300
5147 1.0383 8070.262 144035 4644

First neglect the produced liquid, and estimate the volume of gas originally in place at
standard conditions (IGIP).

d) Assume that all produced liquid exists as gas in the reservoir. Perform another estimate of
total well stream volume as gas (hydrocarbons + water vapour) initially present, given the
following information:

γSTO = 0.72, MSTO = 72 and the standard conditions are Psc = 15 psia and Tsc = 60ºF
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Exercise 2

Calculate Pb for the following hydrocarbon system at 180°F:

Component zi
C1 0.3396
C2 0.0646
C3 0.0987
n-C4 0.0434
n-C5 0.0320
C6 0.0300
C7+ 0.3917

K-values are determined using maps with a convergence pressure of 5000 psia. The K-
value for decane is used for C7+.

A table of K-values is given below (K-values from the GPSA-handbook):

Component 2500 2000 1900 1800

psia psia psia psia
C1 1.8 2.4 2.5 2.6
C2 1.0 1.05 1.07 1.1
C3 0.66 0.61 0.61 0.60
n-C4 0.44 0.38 0.36 0.35
n-C5 0.26 0.21 0.20 0.19
C6 0.16 0.12 0.11 0.11
C7+ 0.015 0.009 0.008 0.0075
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Exercise 3
A stream of hydrocarbons, with known composition, passes through a two-step separator
system:

1. step: T = 40°F, P = 35 psia

2. step: T = 40°F, P = 15 psia

Component zi Ki Ki Mi
1. Step 2. Step
C1 0.3396 61.0 145 16.04
C2 0.0646 9.0 20.5 30.06
C3 0.0987 2.2 5.1 44.09
n-C4 0.0434 0.61 1.4 58.12
n-C5 0.0320 0.151 0.375 72.14
C6 0.0300 0.035 0.075 86.17
C7+ 0.3917 0.0032 0.003 263.0

Further it is given that:

ρC7+ = 55.28 lb/ft3 (at sc)

(ρo)res = 46.6 lb/ft3
(Mo)res = 122.17
Vm = 380.69 SCF/lb-mole (molar volume of gas at sc)

(Note that Vm is 380.69 since the temperature at sc is 40°F).

a) Calculate the mole fraction of liquid and gas from step 1, together with the
composition of the liquid. (First assume L = 0.5).

b) Calculate the mole fraction of liquid and gas from step 2, together with the
composition of the liquid. (First assume L = 0.95).

c) Determine: GORsep, GORtank and GORtot. Given: ρSTO = 53.5 lb/ft3

d) Assume Pres > Pb and calculate Bo.

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Exercise 5
Calculate volumetric depletion parameters (data in Table 2) for a retrograde gas condensate
reservoir based on a reservoir volume of 1 acft (acre-foot) = 43560 ft3. The following data are
given:

Reservoir data Experimental data

Pic = Pd = 2960 psia Vcell = 947.5 cm3
Pa = 500 psia MC7+ = 114
Tres = 195ºF = 655ºR γC7+ = 0.755
Swr = 0.3 Vm = 379.5 SCF/lb-mole
Φ (porosity) = 0.25 sc = 14.7 psia; 60ºF

Liquid recovery factors Conversion of gas volume

from wellstream to liquid volume
C4 = 0.25 C4 = 32.04 Gal/kSCF
C5 = 0.50 C5 = 36.32 Gal/kSCF
C6 = 0.75 C6 = 41.03 Gal/kSCF
C7+ = 1.00 C7+ = 47.71 Gal/kSCF

CVD analysis of the fluid is performed. Compositions of well-stream, volumetric data and Z-
factors are given in table 1 below.

Table 1: Data needed

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Pres C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7+ ΔV Vl Vl Z
(psia) (cm3) (cm3) (%)
2960 0.752 0.077 0.044 0.031 0.022 0.022 0.052 0 0 0 0.771
2500 0.783 0.077 0.043 0.028 0.019 0.016 0.034 175.3 62.5 6.6 0.794
2000 0.795 0.078 0.042 0.027 0.017 0.014 0.027 227.0 77.7 8.2 0.805
1500 0.796 0.079 0.042 0.027 0.016 0.013 0.025 340.4 75.0 7.9 0.835
1000 0.793 0.080 0.043 0.028 0.017 0.013 0.025 544.7 67.2 7.1 0.875
500 0.768 0.082 0.048 0.033 0.021 0.015 0.033 1080.7 56.9 6.0 0.945

ΔV = produced volume of gas at given pressure and Tres

Vl = volume of retrograde liquid (cm3 and %) at given P and Tres.
Z = compressibility factor at given P and Tres.
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Table 2: Data to be calculated

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Pres (ΔGp)i ∑(ΔGp)i (ΔVg)i ∑(ΔVg)i (ΔVo)i ∑(ΔVo)i GOR %ΔGp %ΔVg %ΔVo
(psia) (kSCF) (kSCF) (kSCF) (kSCF) (SBL) (SBL) (SCF/SBL) (cumulative) (cumulative) (cumulative
2960 0 0 0 0 0 0 10600 0 0 0
2500 240.1 240.1 225.1 225.1 15.3 15.3 14700 15.2 15.6 10.7
2000 245.2 485.3 232.3 457.4 13.1 28.4 17730 30.7 31.7 19.8
1500 266.0 751.3 252.8 710.2 13.3 41.7 19010 47.6 49.3 29.1
1000 270.8 1022.1 256.9 967.1 14.0 55.7 18350 64.7 67.1 38.9
500 248.7 1270.8 233.0 1200.1 15.9 71.6 14650 80.4 83.3 50.0

(ΔGp)i = well-stream volume at sc

∑(ΔGp)i = cumulative well-stream volume

(ΔVg)i = volume of separator gas

∑(ΔVg)i = cumulative volume of separator gas

(ΔVo)i = volume of STO

∑(ΔVo)i = cumulative volume of STO

GOR = average gas-oil-ratio.

%ΔGp = volume % of cumulative well-stream

%ΔVg = volume % of cumulative separator gas

%ΔVo = volume % of cumulative STO

All values are for given P (corresponding to pressure step i).

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Exercise 6

The following data for a constant volume depletion analysis (CDV) are given:

Tres = 186ºF
Pres = Pd = 4000 psia
Psep = 300 psia
Tsep = 70ºF
Vcell = 3958.14 cm3

The table below contains the composition of the well-stream fluid, together with other
relevant data, as a function of pressure:

Composition 4000 psia 3500 psia 2900 psia 2100 psia 1300 psia 605 psia
CO2 0.18 0.18 1.18 0.18 0.19 0.21
N2 0.13 0.13 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.14
C1 67.72 63.10 65.21 69.79 70.77 66.59
C2 14.10 14.27 14.10 14.12 14.63 16.06
C3 8.37 8.25 8.10 7.57 7.73 9.11
i-C4 0.98 0.91 0.95 0.81 0.79 1.01
n-C4 3.45 3.40 3.16 2.71 2.59 3.31
i-C5 0.91 0.86 0.84 0.67 0.55 0.68
n-C5 1.52 1.40 1.39 0.97 0.81 1.02
C6 1.79 1.60 1.52 1.03 0.73 0.80
C7+ 6.85 5.90 4.41 2.00 1.06 1.07
Other data
M C7+ 143 138 128 116 111 110
Zg 0.867 0.799 0.748 0.762 0.819 0.902
ΔVg (cm3) 0 224 474 1303 2600 5198
(GPM)well 5.254 4.578 3.347 1.553 0.835 0.895
GOR(SCF/SBL) 7127 8283 11621 26051 49312 45872
(Vl)cell (%) 0 3.32 19.36 23.91 22.46 18.07

ΔVg = gas volume removed from the cell for each step, at given P and Tres

GPM = liquid volume (gallon) for each 1000SCF of well-stream fluid

(Vl)cell = retrograde liquid volume in the cell at given P and Tres.

a) Based on an initial volume of reservoir fluid of 1.0 ∙ 106 SCF, calculate the volume of the
well-stream fluid (SCF), separator gas (SCF) and STO (SBL) after pressure depletion for
each interval.

b) Calculate the volume of separator gas (SCF) and STO (SBL) initially in place in 1.0 ∙ 106
SCF well-stream fluid.
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c) Calculate cumulative recovery, and % recovery of well-stream fluid, separator gas and
STO.

d) Calculate the recovery (well-stream fluid, separator gas and STO) based on a termination
pressure (Pt) of 605 psia, a reservoir volume of 1 acft = 43560 ft3, a porosity (Φ) of 0.10
and a connate water saturation (Swc) of 0.20.

e) Evaluate the relevance of the calculations in d) if the retrograde fluid becomes mobile at a
saturation of 15%.

f) Calculate the additional recovery (well-stream fluid, separator gas and STO) resulting
from a change in initial conditions to: Pi = 5713 psia and Pd = 4000 psia, given that Zg is
1.107 at Pi and Tres.
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Immiscible displacement

Exercise 10

A linear waterflood is conducted in a horizontal reservoir with the following properties:

qt = 2200 resbbl/D
A = 18000 ft2
L = 2200 ft
Φ = 0.21
k = 180 mD
μw = 0.5 cp
μo = 2.4 cp
Swr = 0.15
Sorw = 0.20
Bo = 1.2 resbbl/SBL
Bw = 1.0 resbbl/SBL

Relative permeability of oil and water as a function of water saturation is given by:

Sw krw kro
0.15 0 0.920
0.25 0.020 0.725
0.35 0.050 0.470
0.45 0.095 0.290
0.55 0.150 0.150
0.65 0.225 0.060
0.75 0.335 0.015
0.80 0.410 0

Use the Buckley Leverett method, where a plane of constant saturation, moves with a constant
rate:
qt  dfw 
 A  dSw  Sw
Vsw =

a) Calculate the time to water breakthrough (tbt), and find the average water saturation in the
reservoir, produced oil volume and fractional flow of water at this time.

b) Draw the water saturation profile at water breakthrough. It is sufficient to calculate two
points between the injector and producer.

c) The production has to be ended when WOR=20 (measured at standard conditions). What
is the fractional flow of water? How much oil is produced, and what fraction is this of the
oil that can be produced?

d) What is the pressure drop between injector and producer at the start of production?
Explain briefly how we can find the upper limit (at WOR = 20) and the lower limit (when
fw = 1 and fo = 0) for the pressure drop at the end of production, and calculate these
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values.

Darcy´s law for a linear reservoir in field units is given by:

𝑘0 𝐴 P
qo = 7.081·10-3
2𝜋𝜇0 L
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Coning

Exercise 8.

A horizontal circular oil reservoir with a gas cap on the top and an impermeable layer on the
bottom. The following reservoir data are given:

h = 30 ft (height of the oil zone)

re = 1820 ft
rw = 0.5 ft
g = 0.12 g/cm3
hc = 5 ft (height of perforation interval)
o = 0.8 g/cm3
o = 2.6 cP
ko = 0.078 darcy at Swr
Pe = 3480 psia

a.
Where must the perforation interval be placed. Give a reason for the answer.

b.
Show that the maximum gas-free oil production rate is given by:

ko ( o   g )
qo  C
r 
h 2
 h  D 
2

 o ln  e 
 rw 
Where C=1.535 system constant and should not be derived, ko (darcy), o (cP), (g/cm3), h
(ft), qo (resbbl/D), D (ft) is the distance between gas oil contact, GOC, and the top of
perforation (D=h-hc)

c.
In order to derive the formula above, some assumptions are made. Explain the assumptions.
Discuss shortly how these assumptions are affecting the value of qo.
Suppose kv<<kh, what is the effect on qo ??

d.
Restrictions to the fluid flow close to the well can be described as a “skin-effect”.
Explain how, and derive the following formula:

k  r
s   o  1 ln s
 ks  rw

By using the Darcy\s law. Make an illustration and explain the symbols.

e.
Calculate the maximum gas-free oil production rate for the reservoir. (Answer: 3.34 resbbl/D)
Calculate the pressure in the well, Pw, with a skin factor of S=0.8. (Answer: 3475 psia)