Nota: ln cam ob metala, th number dewa o debon n does

no
chowngt
chong with tompevetu bw Yelwactiun timt derose t h
inweo in tempevaku. Roikiui oh a metallit condutw
inuyeays ith inream in tempevatu
Kirchhob's lavws
7 Rirchhofh3 Junckiun Tule
Kirchhs6s cwre law (KCL)
The algebroic sum s tha curyenh a a noce in an elechri cal
netwvk iz ze
ie =o
Thi law is baed on th prindp s ewvahi m clhongt
Convenkionaly the Curan enrering a juni oe
takem a +ve omd the uwwwth Jeowing th
C N o d e ) I s

Junchion ae taken ad -ve.

Th, I + T + I - I - T s =O

I+1+I3 =T,+Is
Thu,
Th algobraic sum o the cwyenh entering a juntion is equ to
tha adgebroic Sum 6b tha renb Aeaving the Jundim.

2 Kirchhotb's loup vule e Rirdhhos vtage law,.(KVL)

Sum sb tha produds oh wrent and vevitome
In a loop the adgebraic
to the algelorait Sum ob the emks,
is equal

ieIR= 2E
(OR
Th algebraic sum ob change) in potential owDund om doed
yeitws omd cel in a lovp i 2er0, i e o
involving7
ww
ww
w-
Applg KViL pr loop ABCA
- I,R2t TR3t R = -E2+E

ie. IRI-TR+Ra E-Ea

E R
This las is botd on the pviniph e tayevvatim d, energ
 Jheat stone bridge
Tt is an arangement o houw Tesintoance) used to determine tHu
wnknown Yeitance,
valu o0 an

It consisks bou Thw R a. R

T
ww and S Conneched tD borm a

A
G quadvilakornd ABCD Across BD a
Yeiotona G iz
galvawmetw o
I w S
Conneche d.
i
Aor
Conneted.
AC a cell o em E

Apry kvL to loop ABDA,

IP+G-TR=o

Apry KVL td op BcDA,

-T =0 2
T-Tg)-(G+T)s
When uYen thyug the olvamo meker ia 2e0, the netuourk is
Said to be balanta. ie Ta0
IP-TR=0
IP 1R
E@ I , - 1 =0

T,=S
Divide e b r ej

S
This i b
thx cndition balana o a

wheet stur bvid.

No qvemo meter is veplau

balanud wheat sturu bvidge, i
the
In a

by high YeMntanu balaning conliliu twill not be

altered.
veintana.
fe Baland whenk stone bridge ix independen o2olvamo mete
2In a balanud wheat stuna bndge, if the Cell amd gad vamom eto ave
intevchamged, balanung conditiom ill nor be adteved.

Node ov Jundiom Node is a point in an eletical newrk c whidn

mo than two condustun meet
Loop r Mo Loop is a cloed p-th r uwwwew in aun elechricol nekvovk.

Mebre bridae
I is a device wxd uv measuring wmknom YeMtnu.
Tt k s on th pyinaple o bolomad wheatstme bnidge.

Pobentiometer
I is a device ud to meayure potehial dibbevena bju tuo poin
in am elechnial ciruit. Tt is a l wd to meaure em
celd.
intenal Yeiatana o a

Applcatio o potemti ometo

wsed o meaw
elechial Cvout
potential dibherenu(ra) bl» two poinda in an

em a Cell.
intevnal einomu oa c.

35